April 12 Turn in homework Figures of Speech Quiz Notes on chapters 17-23

Song, sound, rhythm, forms, symbol TP-CASTT – Poetry Analysis Primary and secondary sources Developing a poetry explication Poetry Presentation assignment REMINDERS

No class April 19 – Poetry exam online I will have mid-term grades for you Thursday

Song Chapter 17

Stanzas – groups of lines whose pattern is repeated throughout the poem

Rhyme scheme – order in which rhymed words recur

Refrains – words, phrases, lines repeated at intervals in a song or songlike poem

Ballads – any narrative song Folk ballads – anonymous story-songs

transmitted orally before they were written down

Song Chapter 17

Traditional English or Scottish folk ballads speak of the lives and feelings of others

Ballad stanza – four rhymed lines abcb Literary ballads – imitate certain

features of folk ballads; tell of dramatic conflicts or of mortals who encounter the supernatural

Sound Chapter 18

Euphony – pleasing sound to mind & ear Cacophony – harsh, discordant effect Onomatopoeia – attempt to represent a

thing or action by a word that imitates the sound associated with it

“Who Goes with Fergus?” p. 538 “Recital” p. 538

Sound Chapter 18

Alliteration – repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of successive words (initial, internal, hidden)

Assonance – repetition of the same vowel sound (initial, internal)

“All Day I Hear” p.541

Sound Chapter 18

Rhyme – two or more words or phrases contain an identical or similar vowel-sound, and the consonant-sounds that follow are identical.

Exact rhyme Slant rhyme Consonance End rhyme Internal rhyme Masculine rhyme Feminine rhyme

Sound Chapter 18

Reading poems aloud… Most effective way to read a poem Read it slower than you would read a

newspaper Don’t lapse into singsong Observe punctuation Don’t make rhymes stand out unnaturally

Rhythm Chapter 19

Produced by series of recurrences of stresses and pauses

Not identical to sound…it is part of sound Stresses – (accent) greater amount of

force given to one syllable in speaking than is given to another

Comes out slightly louder, higher in pitch Each English word carries at least one

stress with a few exceptions

Rhythm Chapter 19

Meter - when stresses recur at fixed intervals

Stressed syllables – power and force Unstressed syllables (slack) – hesitation and

uncertainty Pauses – (caesuras) influences rhythm too;

indicated by a double vertical line End-stopped – line ends in full stop Run-on line – no punctuation; only slight

pause “We Real Cool” p. 557

Rhythm Chapter 19

Types of Meter Iambic – unstressed syllable followed by

stressed syllable; most common in English poetry

Line Lengths Iambic pentameter most familiar - 5 feet

= 10 syllables

Closed Form Chapter 20

Poet follows some sort of pattern, such as rhyme scheme, line numbers, and meter.

Most poetry of the past is closed. Epic poems – long narratives tracing the

adventures of popular heroes Some complain that it limits free

expression Blank verse – unrhymed iambic pentameter

Closed Form Chapter 20

Couplet – two-line stanza, usually rhymed; equal length; often printed solid, not separated from the next by white space…heroic couplet or closed couplet

Parallel – words, phrases, clauses, sentences side by side in agreement or similarity

Antithesis – contrast and opposition Tercet Quatrain

Closed Form Chapter 20

Sonnet – fixed form of 14 lines, usually written in iambic pentameter and rhyme

English/Shakespearean – ababcdcdefefgg Italian/Petrarchan “Let me not to the true marriage of true

minds” p. 575 Epigram – terse, pointed statement ending

in a witty or ingenious turn of thought; often a malicious gibe with a stinger at the end

Open Form Chapter 21

Poet seeks to discover a fresh and individual arrangement for words in every poem

Neither a rhyme scheme nor basic meter Words at the end of the lines are

important p.593 Free verse – “free from shackles of rime

and meter” “Thinking About Free Verse” p. 602

Symbol Chapter 22

Visible object or action that suggests some further meaning in addition to itself

Conventional symbols have a customary effect on us

Power of suggestion – leads us from a visible object to something too vast to be perceived

Allegory – usually a narrative in which persons, places, and things are employed in a continuous and consistent system of equivalents.

Symbol Chapter 22

Identifying symbols read poems closely Pick out references to concrete objects Notice any that poet emphasizes by detailed

description, by repetition, by placing it at beginning or end

Not an abstraction Not a well-developed character Not the second term of a metaphor “Neutral Tones” p. 607

Myth & Narrative Chapter 23

Myth – traditional stories abut the exploits of immortal begins tells of gods or heroes usually reveal part of a culture’s worldview Explain universal natural phenomena

Archetype – basic image, character, situation, or symbol that appears so often in literature it evokes a deep universal response Reflect key primordial experiences

“Thinking About Myth” p.632