1.) Fill in the missing boxes.

Molecule Normal Range

Arterial pH 7.35-7.45

Bicarbonate 24-28 mEq/L

Sodium 135-145 mEq/L

Calcium 4.5-5.5 mEq/L

Oxygen 17.2-22.0 mL/100mL

Urea 12-35 mg/100mL

Amino Acids 3.3-5.1 mg/100mL

Protein 6.5-8 g/100mL

Total Lipids 400-800 mg/100mL

Glucose 75-110 mg/100mL

2.) What are the purposes of positive and negative feedback mechanisms? Give one example of each.Negative feedback – to prevent sudden and severe changes within the body (Ex: beta cells of the pancreas release insulin when blood glucose is high)Positive feedback – to enhance or exaggerate the original stimulus (Ex: oxytocin release during childbirth) 3.) Describe the 8 necessary life functions.a. Maintaining boundaries – internal environment distinct from externalb. Movement – locomotion, propulsion, and contractilityc. Responsiveness – ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to themd. Digestion – breakdown of ingested foode. Metabolism – all chemical reactions occurring in bodyf. Excretion – removal of wastes from the bodyg. Reproduction – cellular and organism levelsh. Growth – increase in size of a body part or of organism4.) Describe the 5 essential survival needs.a. Oxygen – needed for metabolic reactionsb. Atmospheric pressure – required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs

c. Maintaining normal body temperature – necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining ratesd. Nutrients – chemical substances used for energy and cell buildinge. Water – provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions

5.) Match each of the following definitions to one of the pictures below. There are no repeats. Blood plasma and interstitial fluid __c__Fluid between the cells in your tissues, but not in blood _e___Fluid in the cells, but not around the cells __b__All fluid in and between cells and tissues __a__Fluid in blood, but not in blood cells _d___

6.) Which of the following is not an inorganic molecule?a. Waterb. Lipidsc. Saltsd. Acidse. O2

7.) Bases release __OH-_____ in water; acids release __H+____ in water. 8.) Match the following:Acidic pH = 7

Basic (alkaline) pH < 7 Neutral pH > 79.) What does a buffer do?Resist change in pH with small additions of acid or base. 10.) A molecule that is a mirror image of another, having a key functional group oriented in a different direction, is called a ___stereoisomer________ of the other. 11.) What forms do humans and plants store glucose as?Humans – glycogenPlants – starch 12.) How many double bonds do the following fatty acids have?a. Monounsaturated: 1 double bondb. Polyunsaturated: 2+ double bondsc. Saturated: 0 double bonds 13.) Define each of the structural levels of proteins.Primary – single strand of amino acidsSecondary – 3D arrangement (alpha helix or beta sheet)Tertiary – overall molecular structure/secondary pieces that have come togetherQuaternary – 2+ polypeptides come together14.) When DNA polymerase creates a copy of the DNA, it makes RNA. This process is called __transcription________. After that, the strand of RNA creates a protein strand. This process is called ____translation___________. The entire process of going from DNA to RNA to Protein is called the ___Central____ ____Dogma____. 15.) The enzyme involved in transcription is __________________. Whereas the enzyme involved in DNA replication is _____________________.a. Helicase; RNA polymeraseb. DNA polymerase; RNA polymerasec. DNA polymerase; helicased. RNA polymerase; DNA polymerase 16.) Name the five nitrogenous bases and correctly pair them.A-T (DNA) A-U (RNA) C-G 17.) Name the three types of RNA and describe their main functions.mRNA – carries the genetic code to make proteinstRNA – has anticodons that correlate the correct amino acid to the codons on mRNArRNA – enzymatic activity that helps create the protein strand

18.) Using the Genetic Code Table below, change this strand of DNA into a protein.

3’ GGC TAC TTG GAC CCA AAG TAG TCA ACT TGA CAA CCC 5’

5’ CCG AUG AAC CUG GGU UUC AUC AGU UGA ACU GUU GGG 3’Met Asn Leu Gly Phe Ile Ser 19.) Transcribe the following DNA antisense sequence:

3’ ATG GGA CAG GGG AAC CAT TTA 5’5’ UAC CCU GUC CCC UUG GUA AAU 3’ 20.) The location of protein synthesis explains a lot about the function of the protein. For each of the following locations a protein is created, where would the destination of the proteins likely be?

a. In the cytosol: remain in the cellb. In the rough endoplasmic reticulum: the plasma membrane or sent outside the cell 21.) How do cells know where to send proteins?a. The nucleus tells the proteins where to go.b. The information is held within the protein leader sequence.c. Carrier proteins lead the newly synthesized proteins to their destinations.d. The proteins freely float in the cytosol until they are needed. 22.) What is splicing, what sections are kept, and what sections are discarded?Splicing is a post-transcriptional process. The introns in pre-mRNA are discarded and the exons are kept to create the mature mRNA strand. 23.) What is a polyribosome? Why would a cell contain polyribosomes?Many ribosomes on one mRNA. The cell is trying to produce many of one kind of protein. 24.) By coupling a reaction, an ___exergonic_______ reaction allows an ___endergonic______ reaction to become spontaneous. This is caused by the release of __energy__ as usable ___heat__. 25.) Describe the two models of the relationship between enzymes and substrates. Which is the most accurate model?Lock and Key: the substrate and enzyme fit together perfectlyInduced Fit: the enzyme changes shape to accommodate the substrate **most accurate** 26.) How can multiple diseases appear from the same metabolic pathway?Different enzymes are affected at different locations along the pathway 27.) Molecules that have lost electrons have been _oxidized_______. Molecules that have gained electrons have been __reduced________. 28.) Create an arrow diagram that shows the transformation of glucose to ATP. Place the products before and after the arrows, and the reaction name above the arrow. Include the amounts of ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2 made. *Note: pay attention to how many are made PER CYCLE

29.) In the electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation, ___34____ ATP are produced. This is a result of ___10____ NADH molecule(s) producing ___3____ ATP and ___2___ FADH2

molecule(s) producing ___2___ ATP. 30.) Where do each of the following reactions take place?a. Glycolysis: cytoplasmb. Transition reaction: Moving from cytoplasm to mitochondrial matrixc. Kreb’s Cycle: mitochondrial matrixd. Electron transport chain: mitochondrial cristae (inner membrane)e. Cori Cycle: From muscles to liver and back 31.) What type of energy storage provides the greatest amount of energy?a. Glucoseb. Fatc. Ketonesd. Lactic Acid 32.) The brain uses ___glucose___________ for energy, while the skeletal muscles prefer ___fatty acids_______. The liver and heart are capable of using ____lactic acid_________ as energy, unlike the brain and skeletal muscles. 33.) Describe each of the following:a. Facilitated diffusion: movement of ions/molecules through protein channelsb. Simple diffusion: movement through the membrane with no helpc. Active transport: movement across membrane using energy 34.) The movement of water across the membrane is titled __osmosis_________.

35.) What will happen to a cell placed in a hypotonic solution? Hypertonic solution?Hypotonic: cells will swell and burst (lyse)Hypertonic: cells will shrivel (crenate)