approximately how many radioactive atoms are present in a tritium sample with an activity of 0.4 x...
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Approximately how many radioactive atoms are present in a tritium sample with an activity of 0.4 x 10-6 Ci and a half-life of 12.3 years? (1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 decays/s)
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1. 13 x 107
2. 7 x 108
3. 3 x 1010
4. 8 x 1012
What is the binding energy per nucleon of Au-197 (atomic number = 79)? (The following information regarding atomic masses will be needed: Au-197, 196.966560; hydrogen, 1.007825; neutron, 1.008665; also 1 u x c2 = 931.5 MeV)
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1. 7.3 MeV
2. 7.7 MeV
3. 7.9 MeV
4. 8.3 MeV
Approximately how many half-life periods must elapse if the activity of a radioactive isotope sample is to be reduced to 0.004 of the original value?
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1. 3
2. 6
3. 8
4. 60
Tritium has a half-life of 12.3 years. What proportion of its original radioactivity will a sample have after 9 years?
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1. 0.55
2. 0.60
3. 0.73
4. 0.84
The activity of a newly discovered radioactive isotope reduces to 96% of its original value in an interval of 2 hours. What is its half-life?
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1. 10.2 hrs
2. 34.0 hrs
3. 44.0 hrs
4. 68.6 hrs
If there are 128 neutrons in Pb-210, how many neutrons are found in the nucleus of Pb-206?
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1. 122
2. 124
3. 126
4. 130
The existence of the neutrino was postulated to account for which basic conservation laws during the beta decay process?
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1. conservation of energy
2. conservation of momentum
3. both of the choices are valid
4. none of the choices are valid
A radioactive isotope which emits a gamma quantum will change in what respect?
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1. atomic number increases by one
2. atomic number decreases by one
3. atomic mass number decreases by one
4. none of the choices are valid
A radioactive isotope which emits an alpha particle will change in what respect?
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1. atomic number decreases by four
2. mass number decreases by four
3. both atomic number and mass number decrease by four
4. none of the choices are valid
Tritium has a half-life of 12.3 years. How many years will elapse when the radioactivity of a tritium sample diminishes to 10% of its original value?
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1. 31 years
2. 41 years
3. 84 years
4. 123 years
A pure sample of Ra-226 contains 2.0 x 1014 atoms of the isotope. If the half-life of Ra-226 = 1.6 x 103 years, what is the decay rate of this sample? (1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 decays/s)
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1. 2.7 x 10-12 Ci
2. 3.4 x 10-10 Ci
3. 7.5 x 10-8 Ci
4. 9.6 x 10-6 Ci
What energy must be added or given off in a reaction where one hydrogen atom and two neutrons are combined to form a tritium atom? (atomic masses for each: hydrogen, 1.007825; neutron, 1.009665; tritium, 3.016049; also, 1 u x c2 = 931.5 MeV)
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1. 8.5 MeV added
2. 8.5 MeV given off
3. 10.3 MeV given off
4. 10.3 MeV added
An ancient building was known to have been built 3000 years ago. Approximately what proportion of C-14 atoms are yet in the building's wooden framing compared to the number which were present at the time of its construction? (half life of C-14 = 5800 years)
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1. 0.425
2. 0.500
3. 0.517
4. 0.698
The isotope Zn-64 has a nuclear radius of 4.8 x 10-15 m. Which of the following is the mass number of an isotope for which the nuclear radius is 7.2 x 10-15 m?
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1. 144
2. 96
3. 125
4. 216
A pure sample of Ra-226 contains 2 x 1014 atoms of the isotope. If the half-life of Ra-226 = 1.6 x 103 years, what is the decay rate of this sample?
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1. 6.7 x 109 decays/yr
2. 8.7 x 1010 decays/yr
3. 9.4 x 1010 decays/yr
4. 12.6 x 10-10 decays/yr
The beta emission process results in the daughter nucleus differing in what manner from the parent?
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1. atomic mass increases by one
2. atomic number decreases by two
3. atomic number increases by one
4. atomic mass decreases by two
The gamma radiation first detected by Becquerel was in fact which of the following?
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1. helium nuclei
2. high energy quanta
3. electrons
4. positrons
The alpha emission process results in the daughter nucleus differing in what manner from the parent?
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1. atomic mass increases by one
2. atomic number decreases by two
3. atomic number increases by one
4. atomic mass decreases by two
If the sum total mass of reactants in a nuclear reaction is greater than that of product particles, then which of the following statements best describes the conditions of the reaction?
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1. reaction is exothermic
2. reaction is endothermic
3. atomic number of each reactant must be greater than 40
4. atomic number of each reactant must be less than 80
The isotope Zn-64 has a nuclear radius of 4.8 x 10-15 m. Approximately what is the nuclear radius of an isotope of Al-27?
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1. 2.0 x 10-15 m
2. 2.7 x 10-15 m
3. 3.6 x 10-15 m
4. 4.0 x 10-15 m
The ratio of the numbers of neutrons to protons in the nucleus of naturally occurring isotopes tends to vary with atomic number in what manner?
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1. increases with greater atomic number
2. decreases with greater atomic number
3. is maximum for atomic number = 60
4. remains constant for entire range of atomic numbers
The atomic mass number of a nucleus is equivalent to which of the following numbers?
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1. # neutrons present
2. # protons present
3. difference in neutron and proton numbers
4. sum of neutron and proton numbers
Of the main types of radiation emitted from naturally radioactive isotopes, which of the following is the most penetrating?
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1. alpha
2. beta
3. gamma
4. positron
Samples of two different isotopes, X and Y, both contain the same number of radioactive atoms. Sample X has a half life twice that of Y. How do their rates of radiation compare?
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1. X has a greater rate than Y
2. X has a smaller rate than Y
3. rates of X and Y are equal
4. rate depends on atomic number, not half life
The beta radiation first detected by Becquerel was in fact which of the following?
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1. helium nuclei
2. high energy quanta
3. electrons
4. positrons
The alpha radiation first detected by Becquerel was in fact which of the following?
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1. helium nuclei
2. high energy quanta
3. electrons
4. positrons
The atomic number of a given element is equivalent to which of the following?
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1. proton number in the nucleus
2. neutron number in the nucleus
3. sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus
4. number of electrons in the outer shells
Chromium-55 (54.9279 u) emits an electron (0.0005 u) leaving a daughter nucleus of manganese-55 (54.9244 u). How much energy is released in this reaction? (1 u x c2 = 931 MeV)
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1. 5.59 MeV
2. 2.79 MeV
3. 1.40 MeV
4. 0.70 MeV
An endothermic nuclear reaction occurs as a result of the collision of two reactant nuclei. If the Q value of this reaction is -2.17 MeV, which of the following describes the minimum kinetic energy needed in the reactant nuclei if the reaction is to occur?
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1. equal to 2.17 MeV
2. greater than 2.17 MeV
3. less than 2.17 MeV
4. exactly half of 2.17 MeV
If a fossil bone is found to contain 1/8th as much Carbon-14 as the bone of a living animal, what is the approximate age of the fossil? (half-life of C-14 = 5800 years)
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1. 8,000 years
2. 17,400 years
3. 23,000 years
4. 46,400 years
Rutherford's experiments involving the use of alpha particle beams directed onto thin metal foils demonstrated the existence of which of the following?
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1. neutron
2. proton
3. nucleus
4. positron
The components of natural radiation, in order of least to most penetrating, are which of the following choices?
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1. alpha, beta and gamma
2. gamma, beta and alpha
3. beta, gamma and alpha
4. alpha, gamma and beta
A radioactive material initially is observed to have an activity of 800 counts/sec. If four hours later it is observed to have an activity of 200 counts/sec, what is its half life?
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1. 1 hour
2. 2 hours
3. 4 hours
4. 8 hours
The experiment which gave the first evidence for the existence of the atomic nucleus involved which of the following?
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1. X-ray scattering
2. radioactive dating
3. cosmic ray detection
4. alpha scattering
The nucleus of an atom is made up of which of the following?
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1. electrons and protons
2. electrons and neutrons
3. protons, electrons and neutrons
4. protons and neutrons
Radium-226 decays to Radon-222 by emitting which of the following?
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1. beta
2. alpha
3. gamma
4. positron
When bismuth-214 emits a beta particle, the remaining daughter nucleus is which of the following?
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1. lead-213
2. actinium-215
3. polonium-214
4. bismuth-215
Certain stars at the end of their lives are thought to collapse combining their protons and electrons together to form a neutron star. Such a star could be thought of as a giant atomic nucleus. If a star of mass equal to that of the sun (M = 2 x 1030 kg) collapsed into neutrons (mn = 1.67 x 10-27 kg), what would be the radius of such a star? (HINT: r = r0A1/3)
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1. 25.4 km
2. 18.7 km
3. 12.7 km
4. 6.4 km
Calculate the binding energy of the tritium nucleus, given that the mass of the tritium nucleus is 3.01605 u. (mp = 1.007276 u, mn = 1.008665, and 1 u = 931.5 MeV/c2)
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1. 2.24 MeV/nucleon
2. 2.45 MeV/nucleon
3. 2.66 MeV/nucleon
4. 2.86 MeV/nucleon
The half-life of radioactive iodine-131 is 8 days. Find the number of 131I nuclei necessary to produce a sample of activity 1.0µ Ci. (1 Curie = 3.7 x 1010 decays/second)
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1. 4.6 x 109
2. 3.7 x 1010
3. 7.6 x 1012
4. 8.1 x 1013
How much kinetic energy must an alpha particle (charge = 2 x 1.6 x 10-19 C) have to approach to within 10-14 m of a gold nucleus (charge = 79 x 1.6 x 10-19 C)? [k = 9 x 109 N-m2 /C2 and 1 MeV = 1.6 x 10-13 J]
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1. 11.70 MeV
2. 14.55 MeV
3. 18.15 MeV
4. 22.75 MeV
Tritium is radioactive with a half-life of 12.33 years decaying into with low-energy electron emission. If we have a sample of 3 x 1018 tritium atoms, what is its activity in decays/second? (1 year = 3.15 x 107 s)
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1. 4.20 x 1010/second
2. 5.35 x 109/second
3. 3.69 x 108/second
4. 6.64 x 107/second
An alpha particle (mass = 6.68 x 10-27 kg) is emitted from a radioactive nucleus with an energy of 5 MeV. How fast is the a-particle moving in m/s? (1 MeV = 1.6 x 10-13 J)
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1. 2.40 x 107 m/s
2. 1.55 x 107 m/s
3. 3.70 x 106 m/s
4. 1.85 x 106 m/s
A 1-gram sample of petrified wood is taken from a petrified forest. If the Carbon-14 activity of the sample is 12.5% that of present-day organic material, what is the age of the petrified wood? (T1/2 for C-14 is 5,730 years)
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1. 4,460 years
2. 8,600 years
3. 13,150 years
4. 17,200 years
In the beta decay of 14C, the existence of the anti-neutrino was required to maintain?
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1. energy conservation.
2. charge conservation.
3. conservation of the number of nucleons.
4. all of the choices
The fact that the binding energy per nucleon doesn't depend very strongly on the volume of the nucleus indicates that?
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1. the strong nuclear force saturates.
2. nucleons don't move throughout the nucleus.
3. all nuclei have the same volume.
4. the radius of a nucleus is directly proportional to the number of nucleons.
According to the shell model of the nucleus, radioactive decay which produces beta rays occurs because?
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1. there is a vacant energy level for a neutron and as a neutron drops down to this lower energy level it gives up its energy to an electron.
2. there is no vacancy in a neutron energy level so the neutron goes to an energy level previously occupied by an electron.
3. the neutron must change to a proton before it can go to a lower energy level.
4. the neutron gets rid of excess angular momentum by giving it to ejected electron.
Some nuclei are not spherical and this can best be explained by the?
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1. liquid drop model.
2. shell model.
3. collective model.
4. model of nuclear tunneling.
If the stable nuclei are plotted with neutron number vs. proton number, the curve formed by the stable nuclei does not follow the line N = Z. This is predicted by examining how the binding energy is influenced by?
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1. the volume of the nucleus.
2. the size of the nuclear surface.
3. the Coulomb repulsion.
4. the proton-neutron mass difference.
The binding energy of a nucleus is equal to?
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1. the energy needed to remove one of the nucleons.
2. the average energy with which any nucleon is bound in the nucleus.
3. the energy needed to separate all the nucleons from each other.
4. the mass of the nucleus times c2.
The gram molecular mass for chlorine is not a multiple of the mass of hydrogen but is about 35.5 times the mass of hydrogen. This is primarily because?
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1. the proton and neutron have different masses.
2. there are several isotopes of chlorine.
3. of the binding energy of the chlorine nucleus.
4. the chlorine nucleus has 35.5 nucleons.
The mass of 238U is not quite an integer multiple of -H. This is primarily because?
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1. the proton and neutron have different masses.
2. there are several isotopes of uranium.
3. of the binding energy of uranium.
4. uranium is radioactive.
The neutron is radioactive and can beta decay to form a proton. This can occur primarily because?
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1. the proton has less mass than a neutron.
2. there are several hydrogen isotopes.
3. of the binding energy of hydrogen.
4. the neutron is neutral.
For every stable nucleus except hydrogen, if the number of nucleons is doubled, the quantity that will change least is the?
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1. mass.
2. charge.
3. volume.
4. density.
What particle is emitted when P-32 decays to S-32? (atomic numbers of P and S are, respectively, 15 and 16)
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1. alpha
2. beta
3. positron
4. gamma quantum
What particle is emitted when Pu-240 decays to U-236? (atomic numbers of Pu and U are, respectively, 94 and 92)
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1. alpha
2. beta
3. positron
4. gamma quantum
The original nucleus and the final nucleus will be isotopes for which decay scheme of the original nucleus?
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1. alpha decay followed by two beta decays
2. two gamma decays3. a beta decay followed
by an alpha decay4. a beta decay followed
by neutron emission
The mass of 12C is 12 u where 1 u = 1.660559 x 10-27 kg. This mass is equal to?
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1. the mass of the 12C nucleus.
2. the mass of the 12C nucleus plus 6 electrons.
3. the mass of the 12C nucleus plus 12 electrons.
4. the mass of 6 protons and 6 neutrons.
A proton is captured by an oxygen-16 atom which in turn emits a deuteron. What is the element and mass number of the product isotope?
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1. nitrogen-15
2. oxygen-17
3. oxygen-15
4. fluorine-15