approaches strategies and policies of cd
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Approaches, Strategies and Policies of Community
Development
Prepared and Presented By:Roll No: 1-5 BSc. Ag 6th Semester IAAS Paklihawa
Campus
Defining Community Development A group of people in a community
reaching a decision to initiate a social action process (that is, planned intervention) to change their economic, social, cultural, or environmental situation.
» Christenson and Robinson, 1978
Collective Agency– believe working together can make a
difference– organize to address their shared needs
collectively
Key Qualities of Community Development It is always purposive Its purpose is always positive It exists in the efforts of people and not
necessarily in goal achievement. Trying is enough to qualify as community development
It is structure-oriented
Development “In” vs. “Of” the Community
Development in the community is principally concerned with building the economic or physical infrastructure of a community.
Development of the community is focused on building the human capacity to address local issues and concerns. As such, it affects the structure of the community.
Reasons for Community Development Expand participation Reaction against some proposed
change in the local area that is deemed as having negative consequences on residents’ quality of life
Modify severe social, economic or environmental problems in the community
Satisfy missing needs or resources
Approaches to Community
Development
Approaches to Community
Development
Three Approaches to Community Development
Technical Assistance
Conflict Approach
Self-Help Approach
Technical Assistance Characteristics Usually involves the delivery of programs of
services to a local area by some agency or organization
It is often a “top-down” approach that involves the use of experts
The focus is mainly on the task to be performed
Assumes that answers to community problems can be arrived at scientifically
Technical Assistance Characteristics If residents wish to participate, they
must study and understand a great deal of complex information
Local citizens are defined as consumers of such development - not participants in it
The most frequent employers of the technical assistance model is government
Problems with this Approach Local community participation is
downplayed due to a greater interest in realizing efficiency rather than access on the part of citizens
Some question as to whose values are influencing development decisions; often are guided by middle class values of the government officials and consultants
The assisting group does not always have a full understanding of the community
Conflict Approach Primary focus is upon the deliberate use
or creation of confrontation by professional organizers
The goal is to redistribute power A major organizing tool is to confront
those forces seen as blocking efforts to solve problems
In this approach, there is a deep suspicion of those who have formal community power
Conflict Approach This perspective assumes that power is
never given away, that it has to be taken.
Goal is to build a people’s organization to allow those without power to gain it through direct action. Their strength is in numbers -- people working collectively.
Steps in the Conflict Approach
An outside organizer enters the community, usually at the request of a local group wanting change. Outside person usually informs the local leaders, analyzes the power structure, and assesses what the major problems are
The organizer and the local allies seek to build a people’s organization
Steps in the Conflict Approach The coalition engages in direct action
– traditional power structure is confronted through direct action involving a large number of people• publicity or threat: press conferences,
advertising, public hearing• action: courts, lobbying, sit-ins, strikes,
demonstrations• pressure: boycott of goods or facilities
People’s organization is then formulized by developing a permanent organizational structure (although not always)
Criticisms of this Approach Maintenance of effort: once problem is
solved, hard to maintain commitment Burn-out: key organizers and volunteer staff
often become burnt out after their initial organizational efforts
Loss of leaders: professional organizer often leave after the issue has been addressed; leaders who remain get tempted to seek local or external positions in government/corporations
Finance: hard to keep a reliable source of funds available to support the group’s work
Self-Help Approach
Emphasis is on process -- people within the community working together to arrive at group decisions and taking actions to improve their community
Based on the principle that people can collaborate in a community to provide important needs and services
The process is more important than any particular task or goal
In the Self-Help Approach . . .
Want to institutionalize a process of change based on building community institutions and strengthening community relationships, rather than to achieve any particular objective
Self Help Approach Also Includes
Key Persons & Interpersonal Relationship Approach
Group Approach Committee Approach
Key Features of the Self-Help Approach Project is community controlled Local needs are clearly defined and action is initiated
by the community Effective leadership and skills are present; effective
use of volunteers Good efforts to secure financial resources Significant cooperation and integration of people and
organizations in the effort Access to outside support, as needed Self-sustaining enterprises that can spur other
community improvement efforts
Community vs. Economic Development
Community development is much broader than economic development
Unlike CD, economic development does not necessarily involve local citizen action, and it may not result in an improvement in the quality of life
If economic development is undertaken without much community involvement, than there is no community development
Economic development for community development has distinctive features that economic development alone might not have
Community vs. Economic Development
It seeks to increase the resources for people to meet their needs
It encourages the development of jobs, services, facilities, and groups that are needed by the whole community
It seeks to reduce inequality It provides for and depends upon local
community action and involvement
Strategies Of Community Development
•
A) Locality DevelopmentImprovements in the well-being of local citizens through increased resources, facilities, services, etc., brought about by the active involvement of citizens.Examples:Building a community center, Home renovation subsidies B) Social Action~Seeks a redistribution of power~Focus is on a specific issue~Advocacy activitiesExamples:Anti-poverty activists seeking increases to social assistance rates.
•
C) Social Planning~Rational problem-solving process to address social problems~Involves needs assessments, analysis of service delivery mechanisms, systems co-ordination and other technical expertise~Involvement of community members in consultation, interpretation of results and service planningExamples:Conducting a needs assessment of people who are homeless and using the results to plan a new housing development in needed locations, with appropriate services on-site.
D) Social ReformActivity by one group on behalf of a relatively disadvantaged groupExample:Advocating for community acceptance, supports and services for people that have a mental illnessE) Community RelationsFocus is on increasing social integrationOften attempts to improve the social status of minority populationsExamples:Mediating between community factions, Anti-racism programs
F) Social Capital Formation~Focus in on connections among individuals - social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness~high social capital = effective schools, governments, lower crime, higher economic equality, greater tolerance~includes political engagement, civic and religious organizations, family gatherings, socializing, group recreational activities Examples:Creating places and opportunities for community members to gather and network with each other, Orientation programs to welcome newcomers, Community activities to develop and/neighborliness.
G) Capacity BuildingCapacity is the participatory leadership, skills, resources, knowledge and tools of individuals in communities and organizations that enable them to address, and have greater control over, conditions and factors that affect their quality of life. (a) Individual Capacity is the sum of the assets (skills, talents, experience and knowledge) possessed by an individual that will help them succeed and contribute to their community.(b) Organizational Capacity is the participatory decision-making, program development, planning, research, resources, tools, skills, education & training, knowledge contained within an organization(c) Community Capacity: the combination of a community's commitment, leadership, resources and skills that can be deployed to build on community strengths and address community problems and opportunities.
H) Asset-Based Community Development~Assets are the gifts, skills, resources and abilities of community residents; sometimes physical resources are also included~Every community has a unique combination of assets upon which to build its future~Starts with identifying assets rather than needs~Is internally focused and relationship-drivenExamples:Some communities have mapped the location of their community assets and used the data to connect people with similar interests, or people in need of help with someone that can provide it. Co-operative businesses and new volunteer groups have been established from community mapping projects.
Policies of Community Development
National Policies and Legal Provisions for Community Development
Local Self‐Governance Act, 2055 The Local Self Regulations, 2056 and The Local Body (Financial
Administration) Regulations, 2064.
Being based on them a new national program is in operation called LGCDP
What is LGCDP????
Local Governance and Community Development Programme (LGCDP) is a national programme, managed and implemented by the Ministry of Local Development (MLD).
financed by the Government of Nepal Supported by ADB, CIDA DFID,
DANIDA, GTZ, Norway, SDC, and UN Agencies including UNDP, UNCDF, UNICEF, UNFPA, UNV, UNIFEM etc.
Programme Components
Policy: Governance Reform Supply: Service Delivery and Capacity
Development Demand: Citizens Empowerment Local Development: Socio-Economic
and Infrastructure Development
Programme Goal To contribute towards poverty reduction
through better local governance and community development
Programme Outcomes (1st Phase) Citizens and communities hold their local
governance actors accountable. Local Bodies are more responsive to citizen's
demand. All citizens are provided with efficient and
effective local services. Strengthened policy and institutional
framework for devolution, sub-national governance and local service delivery
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