approaches and research methods revision

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  • 7/30/2019 Approaches and Research Methods Revision

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    Approaches and Research

    Methods

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    Strengths & Weaknesses of

    Experiment Types

    STRENGTHS

    more control of the

    experiment

    More ethical as it iseasy to get consent

    WEAKNESSES

    Lacks ecological

    validity not in

    natural setting High demand

    characteristics as

    they can see what

    is expected of them

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    Strengths & Weaknesses of

    Experiment Types

    STRENGTHS

    Higher ecological

    validity

    Lower demandcharacteristics

    WEAKNESSES

    Can be unethical:

    difficult to get

    consent e.g.Piliavin

    Experimenter has

    less controlPiliavin

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    Strengths & Weaknesses of

    Experiment Types

    STRENGTHS

    Higher ecological

    validity as there is

    no tempering withthe IV

    WEAKNESSES

    Difficult to repeat

    as the IV is

    naturally occurring

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    Design of the Experiment

    STRENGTHS

    Less demand

    characteristics as

    they will not learnconditions

    WEAKNESSES

    More difficult to

    compare as there

    could be severalreasons such as

    gender etc.

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    Design of the Experiment

    STRENGTHS

    More accurate and

    easy to compare

    the results Costs less than

    getting twice as

    many participants

    WEAKNESSES

    Demand

    characteristics:

    participants maybecome familiar

    with what is

    expected

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    Design of the Experiment

    STRENGTHS

    Less demand

    characteristics as

    the study wont belearnt over time

    WEAKNESSES

    Using different

    participants in

    same condition notas accurate as

    originally thought to

    be

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    Appropriate Hypothesis

    Alternate hypothesis Testable statement that proposes the expected

    outcome of the study

    Suggests significant difference between resultsof the two conditions

    Null hypothesis Findings not consequences of predicted effect

    but due to chance

    Two-tailed hypothesis

    Predict that the outcome could fall in one of twodirections

    One-tailed hypothesis Predict that the outcome will fall in one direction

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    Operationalising a Hypothesis

    Hypothesis should contain a clearstatement of the IV and the DV as well

    as the word significantand an

    indication as to whether it is one-tailed, two-tailed or null.

    Peop le in a vi l lage w i l l pos t a

    signi f icant ly greater number ofapparent ly m islaid letters than

    people in a city[example]

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    The Procedure

    IV if looking for differences between 2 people, you need 2groups of participants. This is the variable that CHANGES

    DV this has an effect on the materials used to measure thisvariable. This is the variable that is MEASURED

    Controls ensure extraneous variables are controlled as faras possible (particularly for simple things such as age, gender

    etc.) Ethical guidelines ensure the study follows for participants:

    1. Consent

    2. No deception

    3. Right to withdraw

    4. Prevention from Harm5. Confidentiality

    6. Debreifing

    A step by step procedure of what participants will be doingis ideal

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    The Procedure continued...

    Ethical guidelines ensure the studyfollows for participants:1. Consent

    2. No deception3. Right to withdraw

    4. Prevention from harm

    5. Confidentiality

    6. Debriefing

    A step by step procedure of whatparticipants will be doing is ideal

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    Decide on a Sample

    STRENGTHS

    Varied selection of

    participants

    WEAKNESSES

    Can be

    ethnocentric

    (biased towardsexperimenters

    cultural influence)

    Available Participants

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    Decide on a Sample

    STRENGTHS

    Completely fair

    Mixture of

    participants

    WEAKNESSES

    No theory behind

    how sample is

    chosen

    An equal chance of being chosen

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    Decide on a Sample

    STRENGTHS

    Ethically sound

    Informed consent

    received

    WEAKNESSES

    Not always a

    varied sample

    Participants mayhave time

    Participants may be

    more motivated

    Volunteers