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ScienceDirect
Procedia Environmental Sciences 00 (2017) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
1878-0296 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of GU 2016.
International Conference – Green Urbanism, GU 2016
Applying Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) in Existing
Buildings, Opportunities and Constrains in Egypt
Haitham Samira,b,
*, Nourhan Ahmed Alib
aCollege of Architecture and Design, Effat University,P.O.Box 34689 Jeddah 21478, Saudi Arabia bModern Academy for Engineering and Technology, El-Hadaba El-Wosta-Elmokatam, Cairo, Egypt
Abstract
The fight against climate change and the continued trend of the rising prices of the fossil energy products in the international
market have focused on the need to develop Renewable Energy Sources (RES) worldwide. In Egypt, enjoying more than 250
uninterrupted sunshine days, the development potentials of Solar Energy appears very obvious, despite the relatively higher cost
of this energy (in kW/h) compared to other RES technologies such as wind energy. Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) are
one of the best ways to harness solar power, which is the most abundant, inexhaustible and clean of all the available energy
resources. Considering the above, the aim of this paper is to present in a coherent and integrated way the major potentials and
constraints affecting the development of applying solar energy to existing buildings in Egypt. The scope of the paper is to provide
insight to the possible opportunities of applying solar energy in existing buildings, based on a current analysis of case studies
from Egypt which introduced photovoltaic in roofs, facades, skylights and solar shades. The paper is structured along three
sections. In Section 1, emphasis is given to describe an overview of the significance of applying solar energy in the Egyptian real
estate market. The available methods and various issues are included along with the presentation of a list of (BIPV) applications.
In Section 2, the supporting opportunities for (BIPV) applications in Egypt are analyzed through some case studies such as (Egas
Building) in Cairo which has integrated 389 panel of monocrystalline on the top of the building to produce approximately 40% of
the building needs with benefit of grid connection. The last section includes conclusions and a summary of the main points that
have arisen in this paper.
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of GU 2016.
Keywords: Renewable Energy; Photovoltaics; Building integrated photovoltaics; Egypt
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +966 545 031 959 & +2 010 0 661 6959; fax: +966 12 637 7447.
E-mail address: [email protected]
2 Haitham Samir Hussein and Nourhan Ahmed Ali/ Procedia Environmental Sciences 00 (2017) 000–000
1. Study objectives
Renewable energy resources from solar energy can provide significance contribution to assure energy security
needs in parallel with diminishing fossil fuels. Egypt possesses excellent potential for renewable energy (RE)
including solar energy applications. One of these applications is using BIPV. Therefore, the specific objectives of
the present study include:
To review the Egyptian policies in the RE sector as it applies to PV. The review includes consideration of the
potential of PV applications, manufacturers and capabilities.
To construct a set of future scenarios for the introduction of PV in the energy system through applying it to the
existing buildings and to carry out an in-depth quantitative and qualitative analysis.
To formulate a clear vision to enhance the competitiveness of using PV as an electricity generator for the
buildings.
2. The significance of solar energy in Egypt
The 1991 Egyptian Solar Radiation Atlas declared that, Egypt's annual daily direct solar radiation varies between
5.4 and even more than 7.1 (KWh/m2), from north to south. The annual direct normal solar irradiance ranges from
2000 kWh/m2 to 3200 kWh/m2, rising from north to south, with a comparatively steady daily profile and only few
variations in resource. Such circumstances are enhanced by 9–11 h of sunlight/day, with rare cloudy days during the
whole year. Hence, Egypt has very fortunate solar resources for alternative solar energy technologies and
applications. The Solar Radiation Atlas and also the German Aerospace Center evaluation of Egypt’s economically
sufficient solar potential estimate approximately 74 billion MWh/year, as many times Egypt’s current electricity
production [1]. The Energy Research Center at Cairo University’s Faculty of Engineering pronounced that 6 MW of
solar PV are presently installed in Egypt [2].
3. The recent initiatives of developing solar energy in Egypt
The IEA stated that [3], in 2030 Egypt's crucial energy demand expands by 2.6%/annum achieving 109 Mtoe,
although the electricity generation is expected to double from 92 TW h in 2003 to 188 TW h in 2030. To cover the
forecast electricity demand, Egypt will need some 19 GW of new capacity by 2030 [4]. Thus, Egypt has developed
initiatives to generate more than 20% of its power from renewables by 2020, corresponding to around 12GW and up
from 12% currently. Declaring the introduction of relatively generous FITs (Feed-in tariff) in September 2014 for
projects up to 50MW, the Government launched a tender in November to obtain 2.3GW and 2GW of solar and wind
power, respectively, via 20-year and 25-year Power purchase agreement (PPAs) [5]. The lucidity and rapidity of the
process has been encouraging, with 110 companies qualifying as approved bidders in January 2015. These comprise
69 bidders with solar PV projects above 20MW, 13 for PV less than 20MW and 28 bidders for wind projects. With
2.3GW of solar capacity on offer, 2GW of which was allocated to larger-scale projects between 500kW and 50MW,
and the remaining 300MW for rooftop solar projects less than 500kW, the volume of bids described critical
oversubscription [6].
On the other hand, Egypt has created its method back to 'Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Index' (16th
place) in May 2016 after falling out of the top 40 back in May 2013 [7]. This is primarily because of a noticeable
recent focus of the Egyptian government on renewable energy gathered with the actual timely implementation of
renewable energy projects. The US, China and India featured in the top three countries in the index with the size and
scale of renewables activity outstripping others.
The Government of Egypt has sophisticated a "tailor-made", investor-friendly incentive scheme for investments
in renewable energy projects, highlighting its obligation to the development of the renewable energy sector in
Egypt. These motivations consist of the following [8]:
Haitham Samir Hussein and Nourhan Ahmed Ali / Procedia Environmental Sciences 00 (2017) 000–000 3
Discharging all renewable energy tools and spare parts from the customs taxes.
Sign long run Power Buying Agreement (PPA) (20-25) years.
All financial commitments of Egyptian Electricity Transmission Company (EETC) under the PPA will be
guarantee by Central Bank of Egypt.
New installations connection to the domestic grid.
Instituting a Renewable Energy fund that will aid through:
Adding in funding RE pilot projects.
Associate R&D activities in renewable energy domain.
3.1. Photovoltaics in Egypt
Photovoltaic systems and applications has been extended for lighting, water pumping, telecommunications,
cooling and advertisements purposes on the commercial scale in Egypt. Many projects are implemented or under
preparation by the Ministry of Electricity & Renewable Energy and New and renewable energy authority (NREA).
Purchasers are implementing PV systems in industrial and residential facilities as the simplest way to prevent the
progressive tariff correlated to the increase in total peak load. Providing the loads in part via PV reduces the total
energy cost for the facility and can offer an extremely great returns on investment. An industrial client with high
energy consumption may possibly expect a payback on their investment in the PV system over 5 or 8 years through
a very low discount rate, usually 5% [2].
Another mentioned driver of PV demand in Egypt is convenience, in the case of remote applications or
difficulties with accessibility. For instance, PV is the most appropriate power supply for highway billboards that are
positioned far from the low-voltage distribution grid. Moreover, Investments could also create good financial sense.
Convenience and the prevented risk of oil leaks from generators might guide demand in the market for farm
lighting. In some cases, applying PV to present an image of environmental consciousness, while possibly not
financially viable, is part of a marketing policy, as in the case of tourist facilities obtaining “green” labels. Other
secondary applications of PV include manifestation cases, such as projects invested by international benefactors or
environmental organizations.
There are local manufacturers of solar systems incorporating the primary Egyptian producers of electric water
heaters and one public-sector factory generating numerous products. Furthermore, solar cells are brought from
Europe, the USA, Japan, and China. Moreover, one of the companies affiliated to the Arab Organization for
Industrialization has two fabricating lines to produce PV modules, with capability of approximately 1 MWP
annually. In addition, “BIC for electronics, environment, and energy” is another private company fabricating PV
module in Egypt with a capacity of 1 MWP. PV modules made in Egypt relies mainly on importing PV cells and the
local materials used are glass, aluminum frame, and junction box. The local materials comprise about 25% of the
total module manufacturing material, as verified [9]. Besides, other companies are importing PV modules, designing
and installing complete PV systems for various application.
3.2. Encouraging the use of PV for existing buildings in Egypt
Photovoltaic systems applications in Egypt have been expanded as stated for illumination, water pumping,
telecommunications, cooling and advertisements purposes on the commercial scale. Numerous ventures have been
applied or under planning by the Ministry of Electricity & Renewable Energy and NREA. The following are certain
initiatives which have taken position in the last few years [10]:
1- Electrifying Remote Villages by Photovoltaic System:
According to the NREA assessments, about 121 rural villages are appropriate for PV electrification because of
the scarcity of access for lighting. The estimated installed capability is 1.2 MWp [4]. One case during this regard is
4 Haitham Samir Hussein and Nourhan Ahmed Ali/ Procedia Environmental Sciences 00 (2017) 000–000
electrifying Om Al Sager and Ein Zahra Villages in Siwa Oasis utilizing photovoltaic system through grant of 400
thousands euro from the Italian Government. The project has taken place since December 2010, and it included:
Electrifying (100) houses and (40) Street Lamp Poles.
Electrifying (1) school and (3) mosques.
Electrifying (2) medical clinic units.
In March 2012, a cooperation protocol was contracted between the Egyptian and Indian Governments in several
regions, including cooperation between NREA and the Indian New and Renewable Energy Ministry for Electrifying
number of houses using photovoltaic systems. - Ein Grist village has been chosen in Matrouh Governorate contains
40 Houses with total capacity of 8.8 kw to be electrified by PV Systems.
2- Photovoltaics in public buildings
Many projects has been initiated to encourage the use of photovoltaic systems in buildings, For example, in
January 2013 the Board of Director of the Egyptian Electricity Utility & Consumer Protection Agency agreed upon
applying Net Metering system where consumers can utilize photovoltaic systems on the roof top of their buildings
and sell the electricity generated to the grid through a separate meter. With the purpose of assuring the continuation
this policy and to motivate the rest of governmental entities to apply this system in their buildings. The Ministery of
Electricity and Renewable Energy implemented and operated 2 power plants with a capacity of 40 kw in its roof top
buildings each to supply a part of its electricity needs, as well as electrifying 10 street lighting by using photovoltaic
systems in front of its buildings. The power plant contains 96 solar panels mounted in metal structures on the roof of
two buildings, voltage transformer, power meter and connectivity to the low voltage grid, electrifying 10 lighting
units with solar power with storage capability for 12 hours. - This project is considered as an experimental project
and will be implemented in electricity companies and governmental buildings as a first step to raise public
awareness and support many consumers to use photovoltaic systems in electricity generation [10].
In 2015, Egypt’s Ministry of Agriculture has mounted a rooftop solar system that uses 560 solar modules from
German PV manufacturer. Native solar tech expert installed the 140 kW PV system with integrated battery storage
on the Ministry building, creating the largest rooftop solar system on a public building in the country. The generated
solar power can charge the batteries with the purpose of affirming certainty that lights can remain even within the
event of power cuts. Any further electricity generated are fed into the public electricity grid. The growing
importance of solar energy for the government was evident within the attending of six cabinet-level ministers at the
opening ceremony for the Ministry’s new PV installation. The project is considered a model for the utilization of
solar energy [11].
4. The PV option
Photovoltaic (PV) or solar electrical modules are solid state devices that transform solar radiation immediately
into electricity with no moving parts, demanding no fuel, and producing virtually no pollutants over their life span.
Throughout four decades of photovoltaic effectiveness, the devices primarily applied in space technology have
regularly found their way into many applications. The photovoltaic technology nowadays can be distinguished as
follows [12]:
PV modules are scientifically well confirmed with a predictable lifespan of at least 30 years.
PV systems have effectively been applied in thousands of tiny and huge applications.
PV is a modular technology and can be utilized for power production from milliwatt to megawatt accelerating
dispersed power generation sources in contrast to large central stations.
PV electricity is a viable and cost-effective prospect in many remote site applications where the cost of grid
expansion of ordinary power supply systems would be expensive.
PV technology is worldwide: the PV modules are characterized by a "linear" reaction to solar radiation.
Haitham Samir Hussein and Nourhan Ahmed Ali / Procedia Environmental Sciences 00 (2017) 000–000 5
While photovoltaics have the technical potential of being a main unpolluted energy resource of the future, They
do not until now sound economically effective in bulk power generation. photovoltaics find its practical applications
in smaller scale inventive "niche" markets, like consumer products, remote telecommunication stations, and off-the-
grid dwellings [13]. Because of the rapid technological developments and the declared demand for environmental
energy solutions, PV in buildings, also linked to the utility grid, now shows capability of grow to be more than just
another niche market. In buildings, designers can use PV panels as a numerous utility elements which can play the
role of a construction element like facade envelop, shades on top of the roofs, canopies, or ceilings for atriums and
courts. PV panels in that sense can achieve additional architectural value.
5. A basic review of BIPV
(BIPV) systems can offer a great response to the recent energy challenges. Operating both as a building envelope
material and electricity generator, they can simply reduce the use of fossil fuels and greenhouse gases emissions
while result in materials and electricity cost savings. Despite of uninterrupted technological and economic progress,
the benefits of BIPV are still under estimated in the current practices. Numerous obstructions (technology choice,
small volumes, lack of information and good examples) entail higher cost and undermine the project feasibility
[14]. For BIPV systems to accomplish vital response roles, numerous factors must be taken into consideration, for
instance the photovoltaic module temperature, shading, installation angle and orientation. Beside these factors, the
irradiance and photovoltaic module temperature should be considered as extremely important factors for the reason
that they affect both the electrical productivity of the BIPV system and the energy behavior imposed to buildings
where BIPV systems are installed.
BIPV systems can be realized in different classifications corresponding to [15]:
Cell and module type: The common installed to date cell type is the thin film solar cell integrated to an elastic
polymer membrane.
Architectural integration: BIPV systems can also be recognized regarding to the placement of its application: roof
systems, facade systems, glass construction systems and building elements such as shading and canopy systems.
Type of building: various buildings types or even uncompleted building structures are a conceivable place for
BIPV systems. Facades can be integrated, specifically, on existing buildings, providing old buildings a
completely new look.
Mounting technology: The several commercially existing mounting applications can be classified corresponding
to the location on the building, or to the building element itself. Typical examples are roofing elements,
integrated profiles, louvers and sun blinds components, cladding systems, tiles and shingles.
5.1. BIPV or BAPV
Two main classifications can be outlined for building photovoltaic array mounting systems [16]: BIPV and
BAPV. BIPV are counted as a valuable part of the building structure, or they are architecturally integrated into the
building’s design. BIPV modules may also function as an architectural components that improve the building’s
appearance and result is an attractive visual effects. Whereas, BAPV are counted as an attachment to the building,
not directly integrated to the structure’s function. They are fixed on a construction that supports conventional framed
modules. Standoff and rack-mounted arrays are two types of BAPV systems. Standoff arrays are attached above the
roof surface and equivalent to the slope of a sloped roof. Rack-mounted arrays are typically mounted on flat roofs
and are adjusted so that the modules are at the best orientation and tilt for the application. Moreover, occasionally
these two categorizations cannot be obviously determined in practice. From the previous definition, the distinction
between BIPV and BAPV is the degree of tightness in the integration of photovoltaic systems and buildings. For
instance, BAPV turns to be BIPV when the photovoltaic arrays are integrated strictly to the building.
6 Haitham Samir Hussein and Nourhan Ahmed Ali/ Procedia Environmental Sciences 00 (2017) 000–000
5.2. Choosing between BIPV or BAPV for existing buildings
According to the previous distinction, we know that the main function of both BIPV and BAPV is to produce
electricity from solar energy. The distinction between them are that BIPV’s level of integration is particularly high
that photovoltaic arrays can act as building envelopes, such as curtain walls, windows and skylights. The benefits of
this system are that it is architecturally interesting and desirable and can substitute the cost of conventional roofing,
facade or glazing materials. On the other hand, the total cost of BIPV is considerably higher than BAPV due to
BIPV’s complicated structures, complex mounting, and maintenance technologies.
Ordinary building materials have corresponded to many architectural needs and functions easily, such as those
related to building loads, water drainage and thermal insulation. In addition, their costs are extremely lower than
those of photovoltaic arrays. This can be apparent when a broken BIPV component immediately affects the use of
the buildings’ internal functions. While BAPV simply affect photovoltaic components to overlap with the outer skin
of the building, their structures are with no trouble to mount and maintain and, even without photovoltaic modules,
these types of buildings can function normally. Moreover, there is a space created between photovoltaic arrays and
the buildings’ envelop in BAPV. This space is vital for the performance of photovoltaic components and the
building.
The effects of temperature on electrical production and the lifetime of crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules
and arrays are usually well known. The electrical performance of most photovoltaic arrays is considerably related to
temperature and other aspects pertained to the temperature ratings for electrical elements. In general, temperature
coefficients for power output of crystalline silicon photovoltaic arrays reduce by approximately 5% for each 10 ◦C.
Mounted arrays usually do not increase heat gain to the building, and in most cases, they reduce roof temperatures
by shading the roof from direct solar gain. Reduced roof temperatures are translated into less conductive heat
transfer through the roof section, thereby lowering temperatures of the roof lower-side and therefore the
corresponding radiation heat transfer to the highest of conditioned areas. Therefore, we should pick appropriate
photovoltaic arrays according to photovoltaic technologies, architectural forms, costs and other building site
situations [16].
6. Case studies
6.1. Methodology of case studies
The presented case studies in this research demonstrate the application of PV in existing buildings in Egypt either
BIPV or BIPV type, The methodology relies on setting a definition of the installed PV type and describe where it is
integrated and determine on which tilt angle it was adjusted. Case studies were selected to include PV either with
grid connection or a standalone system, as grid connection has faster payback period, beside the fact that PV has a
lifespan of 25 years whereas batteries have only 15 years. Local case studies include buildings situated in Beheira,
Shobra Al Khima, Alexandria, and Nasr City. Throughout applying a PV software the study could determine the
annual output of PV panels for each building as well as the saving in carbon dioxide. PV monthly power production
is also estimated and payback period for each case study is calculated. Reaching an evaluation comparative format
for the presented case studies to achieve an overall understanding of the benefits and potentials of integrating PV in
existing buildings.
6.2. Tools:
Tools and techniques of data gathering of the fieldwork are mainly site survey and existing available data from
existing reports and studies. The data would be used to identify significant characteristics of the PV system installed
on each selected building. The tools applied in this fieldwork intend to collect the necessary information to feed the
evaluation of each of PV system. These tools are:
Haitham Samir Hussein and Nourhan Ahmed Ali / Procedia Environmental Sciences 00 (2017) 000–000 7
Conducting an interviews with solar energy experts in specialized companies, the most helpful was in Egypt
Company for solar energy, experts were asked about type of PV, tilt angle, PV orientation in each case study.
Applying a simulation software developed by the University of EPFL in Switzerland, providing options for
various design permutations for the consumption of solar energy. The software PVsyst, generate an input file for
the simulation including the meteorological data in hourly values and simulation needs as input for the irradiance
either the global horizontal irradiance or the global incident irradiance [17]. Using this program to estimate the
annual power production, PV area, and monthly PV production for each case study.
Figure (1) shows case studies framework.
6.3. Diwan administration building in Beheira, Egypt:
Al Beheira governorate has witnessed the implementation of the solar power plant with the capacity of 150 kW
integrated on roofs and attached to administrative building. The polycrystalline PV panels attached on the roof cost
4 million L.E. with estimated annual energy production of 249075 KWh. It saves 193 tons of carbon dioxide
annually [18]. The project payback period recorded approximately 15 - 17 years. Although the project is grid
connected but it used storing batteries which relatively increased its cost. The main purpose of integrating batteries
to the system was the need to store energy to be used in the case electric failure from the grid.
8 Haitham Samir Hussein and Nourhan Ahmed Ali/ Procedia Environmental Sciences 00 (2017) 000–000
Figure (2) First Chart (a) estimated energy produced every month, Picture (b) PV panels integrated on top of the building directed due south for
optimal power production and Picture (c) batteries storage in the building.
6.4. Vocational training center in Shobra Al Khima:
This building is situated in Shobra Al Khima, with PV panels integrated into the facade. It integrates 176 PV
panels, which consist of 160 blue colour monocrystalline panels integrated into the facade, and 16 black colour
polycrystalline panels integrated above the main entrance. Both monocrystalline and polycrystalline panels
integrated at 0° on the south facade to produce energy to light the building with energy production of 9.68 KW. It
is grid connected and produce approximately 12114 Kwh/y and save about 9.4 tons of carbon dioxide annually [19].
6.5. EGAS Building
“The Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Company (EGAS)”, is an entity mandated to focus on the natural gas
activities, and resources of Egypt. The Company integrated 389-monocrystalline PV panels attached on the top of
the building in Nasr City, at 30° angled PV panels towards the south direction in order to produce optimum energy
from solar radiation. The PV panels produce annually 175717 kwh/y, which saves 40% of the building energy
consumption and save 136 tons of carbon dioxide annually. This building is grid connected which means that in
a
b
c
a
b
Figure (3) First Chart (a) shows energy produced each month , and Picture (b) shows PV integrated into south façade
Haitham Samir Hussein and Nourhan Ahmed Ali / Procedia Environmental Sciences 00 (2017) 000–000 9
vacations the produced electricity could be sold to the domestic power system. The building payback period is
approximately 8-10 years, which is more reliable than Diwan building in the previous example [20].
a
b
c
Figure (4) first Chart (a) shows annual energy production of EGAS building, Picture (b) shows monocrystalline PV integration on the top of the
building directed due south for optimum power production and Picture(c) shows façade of Egas building.
6.6. Faculty of Science in Alexandria
The integration of PV in the building of faculty of science in Alexandria was funded by the European Union
through ENPI-CBC MED program which is concerned with fostering solar technology in the Mediterranean Region.
The building integrated 120 polycrystalline PV panels on its south facade, with 30 degree angled panel and 16
percent transparency that produce 17.28 kW(see figure 4b). These PV panels are grid connected and covers about
8% of the building total energy consumption. Figure (4a) bellow shows the monthly power production of PV shades.
These PV panels produce annually 26530 KWh/y, which is equivalent to savings of approximately 21.1 tons of
carbon dioxide [21].
a
b
Figure (5) first Chart (a) shows energy produced every month and Picture (b) shows PV panels attached on south façade.
10 Haitham Samir Hussein and Nourhan Ahmed Ali/ Procedia Environmental Sciences 00 (2017) 000–000
6.7. Ministry of electricity
The Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy in Egypt has implemented and operated two power plants with
capacity of 40 kw on its buildings' roof top, each to feed a portion of its electricity consumption, as well as
electrifying 10 street lighting units using photovoltaic systems in front of its premises. The power plant consists of
96 solar panels installed in metal structures, voltage transformer, power meter and connectivity to the low voltage
grid, thrilling 10 lighting units with solar power with storage capacity of 12 hours. These PV panels produce 70530
kWh annually and save about 54.6 tons of carbon dioxide annually [22] .
a
b
Figure (6) first Chart (a) estimated energy produced every month, Picture (b) shows PV panels attached on the roof of the building directed due
south for optimum power production.
Figure (7) shows PV area and annual energy production for cases of building attached photovoltaics.
The previous figure shows that the most effective power production are both the Diwan and Egas building. They
integrated PV on the top of the building and they have more power production than those installed on the façade.
The reason is that the roof is more exposed to the solar radiation. BAPV with grid connection has a short payback
Haitham Samir Hussein and Nourhan Ahmed Ali / Procedia Environmental Sciences 00 (2017) 000–000 11
period in EGAS building as shown in table (1). On the other hand, Diwan building has 15-17 payback period which
means that the installed batteries are going to be changed but PV panels still has 13-15 years. This could be
translated in a higher cost.
Table (1) shows a comparison between two case studies which produce highest power production from the other cases.
Diwan Building EGAS Building
PV type polycrystalline monocrystalline
PV cost 4,000,000 L.E. 1,000,000
PV angle 30° 30°
PV area (m2) 900 647
PV annual production (KWh/y) 249075 175717
Saving carbon dioxide (tons) 193 136
PV system Grid connected and batteries Grid connected
Payback period 15-17years 8-10 years
7. Conclusion
The previous discussed experiences have shown the different aspects of the integration of PV to existing buildins,
which has clearly become a highly appreciated source of energy for Egypt. Experiences clearly show several
important points:
BAPV cases are more favorable in Egypt more than BIPV, Although at some cases neglect the esthetical
aspect of architecture but on the other hand become more interesting in terms cost as it just attach PV panel
on top of the building. In contradiction to BIPV’s complex structures, difficult mounting and durable
maintenance.
BIPV or BAPV are more effective when it is grid connected. This yield a shorter payback period than
stand-alone system or grid connected using batteries. The payback period varies from 10 to 18 years, and
since PV panel's lifespan is 25 years. Therefore, building users could gain free electricity for 12 to 15 years
if it is grid connected.
Integrating PV in non-residential buildings with grid connection gives opportunity to sale extra produced
power as well as power produced in vacations and weekends. This makes the non-residential building more
opportunistic to sale its power than residential building where the occupants are supposed to use the
building for the whole year.
PV has high initial cost that prevent users from integrating or attaching it to their buildings. If PV panels
are fabricated locally with reasonable prices, and the market is more open towards such applications. The
integration of PV to buildings will be more applied and prevailed.
12 Haitham Samir Hussein and Nourhan Ahmed Ali/ Procedia Environmental Sciences 00 (2017) 000–000
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