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Applications of volcanology to mineral exploration: examples from the Kalgoorlie Terrane
Patrick Hayman
Queensland University of Technology
Queensland Exploration Council Technical ForumBrisbane, February 26th 2019
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Acknowledgements
• Ray Cas
• Rick Squire
• Nico Thébaud
• Ian Campbell
• Steve Barnes
• Mark Pawley
• Yuri Amelin
• Jyotindra Sapkota
• Ian Pegg
• Peter Johansen
• David Nixon
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Orogenic Gold
Phillips and Powell 2010.
Aerial photo of the Super Pit, the mine contains 1670 t of Au (Vielreicher et al 2016). The main gold host, the Golden Mile Dolerite
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Location of the Kalgoorlie Terrane
• 2.7 Ga NNW-SSE trending westernmost block of the Eastern Goldfields Superterrane
• Dimensions 60-90 km wide x ~800 km long
next slide
Youanmi Terrane
Eastern Goldfields ST
Kalgoorlie TKurnalpi T
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Kalgoorlie Terrane and Gold
Super Pit/Golden Mile Dolerite
Youanmi T Kalgoorlie T
Kurnalpi T
Sm-Nd isotopic map of the Yilgran Craton with gold
deposits (yellow squares) (Mole et al 2013). Super Pit marked by
star with red circle.
A
A’
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Terrane Boundaries(?)
A A’
Interpretation of deep seismic reflecting profile (Korsch & Doublier 2016) VE ~x3.5
Interpretation of seismic reflecting profile (Goleby et al 1993)
OkerburryFault System
Ida Fault
Super Pit
Part I: What is special about the Bardoc Fault System within the Kalgoorlie Terrane for gold mineralisation?
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Gold and Granophyres
• There are numerous studies that examine the role of structure on local gold deposition
• Granophyres are common gold hosts:• Golden Mile Dolerite (Super Pit, KCGM & Newmont)• Paddington Gold Mine (Norton Gold Fields)• Cave Rocks and Junction Dolerites (St Ives, Gold Fields)• Centenary Mine (Darlot, Big Red)• Lake Roe (Breaker Resources)
Part II: Can a better understanding of granophyresinform on why gold occurs where it does on a local scale?
Granpohyric veins, Golden Mile Dolerite
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Kalgoorlie Terrane Background
• Although there are older components, stratigraphy consists mainly of:
1. Lower mafic-ultramafic package2. Middle turbidite package
associated with intermediate volcanism
3. Upper qtz-rich sandstone package that is coeval with voluminous granite magmatism
• Well defined sequence at Kambalda, where it is 3.3-4.5 km thick
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Kambalda Domain
Main period of mafic-ultramafic volcanism ~20 Ma
After Connors et al 2005
High-Th
Low-Th
Int-Th
Th-groups after Barnes et al 2012
TiO2 (wt%)
Th(p
pm
)
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Agnew Greenstone Belt• ~400 km N of Kambalda
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Agnew Greenstone Belt
after Hayman et al 2015
Kambalda
Lower Sequence (Cycle I)
Upper Sequence (Cycle II)
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~2720-2690 Ma Kalgoorlie Terrane
Mt Keith
Agnew GSB
Ora BandaCoolgardie
Boorara
Kambalda
Kalgoorlie
Norseman
after Hayman et al 2015
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Kalgoorlie Area
Facing direction
Lower basalts
Komatiite
Upper basalts
‘Lunnon’ Basalt
‘NCT’ Basalt
C1 normalised (M&S ‘95)
TiO2 (wt%)
Th(p
pm
)
Golden Mile Dolerite
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Deep Seismic Interpretation
Modified after Goleby et al 1993.
• Stratigraphic discontinuity highlights an important structure – deep tapping basin margin structure
• The important pathway for mineralising fluids
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Part II: Host lithology controls on gold deposition
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Quartz Dolerite/Gabbro
• Gabbro – average groundmass >5 mm• Dolerite – average groundmass 1-5 mm• (Basalt – average groundmass <1 mm)
mag
mag
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Pyroxenites & Peridotites
Pyroxenite Peridotite
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Granophyricveins
2 mm
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Hayman et al 2019 Prec Res
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Hayman et al 2019 Prec Res
Conceptual Emplacement
Model
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Gold comes later…
> 20 myr
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Barren: Condensor Dolerite (St Ives)
Mineralised 1: Golden Mile Dolerite
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Cumulate thickness as % of total ‘dolerite’ thickness
Qu
artz
do
leri
te t
hic
knes
s as
% o
f to
tal ‘
do
leri
te’ t
hic
knes
s
Saucer-shaped sills: a) Golden Valley Sill, South Africa (Galerne et al 2011), b) North Sea (Hald and Tegner2000)
a)
b)
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Schematic cross section of a layered mafic sill highlighting the distribution of lithofacies at irregular margins
Ferrar Dolerite, Antarctica; Photo by Kim Westerskov © Kim Westerskov
FerrarDolerite
Pyroxenite and Peridotite
Quartz-magnetite bearing lithologies
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Conclusions & Exploration Implications
1. The Kalgoorlie Terrane can be divided into two by the BardocFault System, which is a basin margin structure
2. The northward and southward continuation of this structure should be of interest for mineral explorers
3. There is a strong association between quartz-bearing mafic rocks and gold, which occur in the top half of mafic sills
4. One should target mafic sills with the thickest quartz-bearing lithologies (that occur near deep-tapping structures); such lithologies may be tracked using geophysical techniques (magnetic surveys)
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Thanks!