Applications of GIS in irrigation water managementBY P.VENKATESH REDDY

CONTENTS :-Introduction

-Study area

-Experimental analysis

-Conclusion

-references

Introduction Since our project is linked with irrigation ,we need to discuss about Indian rivers and types of irrigation.

GIS is a power full spatial technology , provides the scientific environment to store and analyze the multidisciplinary data for solving such real world problems.

In India, the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development reports that there are 1401 lift irrigation schemes financed by them. These schemes irrigate 22000 hectares of land, and have a total financial outlay of Rs. 6462.5 million. However, as many as 573 of these schemes are defunct, mainly due to poor distribution of water. Other schemes have been financed by the government, sugar factories, or individual farmers. Lift irrigation schemes must accomplish two main tasks: first, to carry water by means of pumps from the water source to the main delivery chamber, which is situated at the top most point in the command area. Second. they must distribute this water to the field of the beneficiary farmers by means of a suitable and proper distribution.

What is remote sensing?Collecting and interpreting information about the environment and the surface of the Earth from a distance, primarily by sensing radiation that is naturally emitted or reflected by the Earth’s surface or from the atmosphere, or by sensing signals transmitted from a device and reflected back to it. Examples of remote-sensing methods include aerial photography, radar and satellite imaging. (ESRI)

Why we need this project?

India is basically an agricultural country and 70% of population depends on it.

Paradoxically , some regions of country faces inadequacy of water resources where as others receive supplies in excess than the requirement.

Drought and flood are two opposite phenomena affecting different parts of country simultaneously.

Indian rivers are mainly classified into two types

(i)Himalayan rivers

(ii)peninsular rivers.

Study area 1.Ramachandrapuram , East Godavari

Geography:

Ramachandrapuram is located at 16.85°N 82.02°E.[1] It has an average elevation of 10 meters (32 feet). and the present municipal chair person of this town is Panthagada .jeevana jyothi

Main crops : Rice and sugarcane

EAST GODAVARI DISTRICT . (RAMACHANDRAPURAM)

Types of irrigationThere are many types of irrigations, some of the ways which are widely used are :

Lift irrigation

Micro irrigation

Sprinkler irrigation

Drift irrigation..etc

Required Factors for Lift irrigation by using GIS :Site and location

Command area / cropping pattern

design discharge

Water availability ( ground & surface )

Water lifting permission

soil characteristics

power

Conventional systemIn this system pipe lines are designed from main delivery chamber :

The area under irrigation is divided into blocks according to topography determined by contour plan. The water requirement for individual block is determined by contour plan or by using satellite images . The water requirement for individual blocks is determined then the pipe lines are designed for these blocks depending on available head and discharge required.

The next available diameter than the design diameter is selected for the pipe line e.g.: if the design diameter is 95 mm, the next higher diameter of 110mm OD in pvc pipes will be selected and fitted. ( these things may not be shown by using GIs but are the fundamentals in conventional irrigation method)

Field delivery chambers are constructed on distribution pipelines , the valves are fitted to control the flow of the pipe lines

Flow is controlled by valves

In this system above reasons lead to un equal and disproportionate distribution. The lines for lower fields carry more discharge. The control of valves is misused or is at the mercy of influential farmers.

Irrigation schedule systemThis is similar to the above process . The only difference arises as each part gets rotation of the water supply.

Advantages:

Every farmer gets precisely equal or proportionate water at the same time.

If the scheme is on the basis of area, and if a farmer has invested for two hectare area, he will precisely get double the water

As long as the pump is running all the farmers get proportionate discharge

There is no scheduling time table such as so many hours or days per week

No need of an operator

Total discharge delivered at a time.

Maintenance of Lift Irrigation Schemes in AP

In Andhra Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh State Irrigation Development Corporation (APSIDC) was established in 1974 to exploit the ground and surface water potential through lifts in a big way. Till now APSIDC has constructed around 1150 Lift Irrigation Schemes, creating an irrigation potential of 430000 acres. There are several LIS constructed by Irrigation & Power Department, private farmers and farmer societies, creating an irrigation potential of about 2,70,000 acres. The schemes constructed by I & P D are being maintained by the department even now. APSIDC has constructed some schemes with the share capital (25%) given by the government and the balance 75% capital raised through Nationalized banks refinanced by NABARD. These schemes were maintained by APSIDC (IDC) till 1995. Later all these schemes were either handed over to the farmer's societies for maintenance or kept under lock and key. Some other schemes were constructed by IDC on agency basis as deposit works. These were handed over either to the beneficiary societies or sponsoring agencies for maintenance after commissioning.

Crops are mainly four types according to seasons

Kharif

Rabi

Summer

Advantages of irrigation system through GISCan control the crops by seeing the satellite images.

Drought proofing can be done

Irrigation can be done from a small scale to a large scale

Crop harvesting time can also be stated

Watering to the plants can be done by observing satellite images

Schedule system can also be located by using GIS

No need of man at the field.

Disadvantages of irrigation system through GISThe ground water table is sinking 1-2 meters alarmingly every year. (have to observe carefully)

Sedimentation problem cannot be viewed through GIS

Effects on monsoons

Consumes power

Minor problems like insects cannot be detected

Conclusion:

•We will design a irrigation project using remote sensing applications, which helps the farmers of respective villages for their crop in any season. Our design helps in reducing cost , time, manpower . So, we can finally conclude that this process is highly beneficial for small villages…

References:www.iamz.ciheam.org/ingles/cursos11-12/telerieg-11-pub-eng.htm

www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377400000809

www.earsel.org/Advances/2-3-1993/2-3_04_Maurel