application of x-ray diffraction (xrd) technique in nano composite materials
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
1/36
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
2/36
History of X-ray and XRD
Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen discoveredX-Rays in 1895.
1901 Nobel prize in Physics
Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen (1845-1923)
A modern radiograph of a handBertha Rntgens Hand 8 Nov, 1895
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
3/36
History of X-ray and XRD
Radiographs like the ones in thelast slide are simplyshadowgrams.
The X-rays either pass straightthrough or are stopped by the
object. The diagram on the upperleft illustrates the principle andshows a perfect shadow.
In reality, a large fraction of theX-rays are not simply absorbedor transmitted by the object butare scattered. The diagram onthe bottom left illustrates thiseffect and illustrates the fuzzyedge of the object that isproduced in the image by thescattered X-rays.
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
4/36
Schematic for X-ray Diffraction
A continuous beam of X-rays isincident on the crystal
The diffracted radiation is veryintense in certain directions
These directionscorrespond to constructiveinterference from wavesreflected from the layers ofthe crystal
The diffraction pattern isdetected by photographic film
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
5/36
The first kind of scatter process to berecognised was discovered by Max vonLauewho was awarded the Nobel prize for physicsin 1914 "for his discovery of the diffraction ofX-rays by crystals". His collaborators WalterFriedrich and Paul Knipping took the picture
on the bottom left in 1912. It shows how abeam of X-rays is scattered into acharacteristic pattern by a crystal. In thiscase it is copper sulphate.
The X-ray diffraction pattern of a pure
substance is like a fingerprint of thesubstance. The powder diffraction method isthus ideally suited for characterization andidentification of polycrystalline phases.
History of X-ray and XRD
Max von Laue (1897-1960)
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
6/36
Production of X-rays
X-rays are produced when high-speed electrons are suddenlyslowed down
Can be caused by theelectron striking a metaltarget
A current in the filament causeselectrons to be emitted
These freed electrons areaccelerated toward a dense
metal target The target is held at a higher
potential than the filament
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
7/36
Equipment
Bruker D8 Analytical X-ray Systems
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
8/36
Goniometer
2-Theta:Theta Setup
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
9/36
X-ray
spectrum
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
10/36
Braggs Law
The beam reflected from the lowersurface travels farther than theone reflected from the uppersurface
If the path difference equals someintegral multiple of the wavelength,constructive interference occurs
Braggs Lawgives the conditions
for constructive interference
2 d sin = m , m = 1, 2, 3
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
11/36
Problem: X-ray diffraction
X-rays of wavelength 0.140 nm are reflected from acertain crystal, and the first-order maximum occursat an angle of 14.4. What value does this give for
the interplanar spacing of this crystal?
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
12/36
Photo of X-ray Diffraction Pattern
The array of spots is called aLauepattern
The crystal structure isdetermined by analyzing thepositions and intensities of thevarious spots
This is for NaCl
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
13/36
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
14/36
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
15/36
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
16/36
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
17/36
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
18/36
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
19/36
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
20/36
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
21/36
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
22/36
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
23/36
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
24/36
Nano-Kompozitler
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
25/36
Nanoteknolojinin z, molekler boyutta alarak,
molekler yaps yenilenmi byk yaplar elde etmektir.Malzemelerin nanometrik boyuttaki zellikleri, aynmalzemenin makro boyuttaki zelliklerine gre deiiklikgstermektedir. Nano kompozitler, bir matris ierisinde
nanometre byklnde paracklarn dalmas ileoluan malzemelerdir.
Nano kompozitlerin malzemeye getirdii stnlkler;
modl arttrmas, glendirmesi, s direncini arttrmas,malzemeye gaz szmasn engellemesi, yanclnazaltmas olarak sralanabilir.
Nano-Kompozitler
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
26/36
NanoKompozitler
metal / seramik
seramik / seramik
metal / metal
polimer / seramik
inorganik/ polimer
polimer / polimer
NANO-KOMPOZTLER
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
27/36
1. Nanokompozitler seramik/seramik
Al2O3/(SiC, Si3N4, TiC, TiN, TiB2, BN), MgO/SiC,
Si3N4/(SiC, TiN, BN), Sialon/SiC, B4C/SiC, B4C/SiC/TiB2
2. Nanokompozitler seramik/metal
Al2O3/(W, Mo, Ti, Ni, Co, Fe, FeNi), ZrO2/(Mo, Ni. Co)
MgO/(Fe, Ni)
3. Nanokompozit temelli fonksiyonel seramiklerBaTiO3, ZnO, c-ZrO2 based nanocomposites
4. Nanokompozitler metal/seramicTi-Al Intermetalic based nanocomposites, MoSi2based nanocomposites
5. Nanokompozitler polimer/seramik ve polimer/metal
NANO-KOMPOZTLER
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
28/36
Toz
Mukavemet, tokluk, srnme, kimyasal kararllk,Yksek scaklk zellikleri
Mikroyap Makroyap
Arzu edilen zelliklereSahip KOMPOZT MALZEME
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
29/36
Nanoboyuttaki tozlar, gelimi zelliklere sahip nanokompozitleri
oluturmakzere seramik, metal ya da polimer gibi malzemeler iindedestekleyici olarak kullanlmaktadr.
Nano toz / Nano toz seramik kompozitler iin kullanlacak tozlar;
Yksek kimyasal saflk
Homojen toz boyut dalm Dk topaklama
Nano boyutta homojen olarak dalm tozlarn elde edilmesi gerekir.
BU NEDENLE TOZ RETM YNTEM NEML BR BASAMAKTIR.
NANO-KOMPOZTLER
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
30/36
DOLGU MADDELER
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
31/36
KL
Yksek iyon deiim kapasitesi
Yksek yzey alan/hacim oran,
Kolay ilenebilirlik, Dk maliyet
Polimerlerin termal, mekanik ve yanmazlk zelliklerini,kilin yap iinde kolay dalm ve kil tabakalarnnbirbirinden ayrlmasyla gelitirir.
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
32/36
MONTMORLLONT(MMT)
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
33/36
MONTMORLLONT(MMT)
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
34/36
3 tip yap olumaktadr: m
1. Mikro kompozit;Polimer kil tabakas arasnagiremez. Killer yn halindebulunur.
nm
2. Intercalated nanokompozit;Polimer zincirleri kil tabakalararasna yerlemitir.
3. Exfoliated nanokompozit;Kil tabakalar birbirindentamamen ayrlm ve polimermatriksine dalmtr.Polimer/nanokil etkileimimaksimumdur.
nm
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
35/36
Nanokompozit KarakterizasyonYntemleri
X In Krnm (XRD)
Taramal Elektron Mikroskopu (SEM)
Geirimli Elektron Mikroskopu (TEM) Taramal Sonda Mikroskobu (SPM)
Yakn Alan Taramal Optik Mikroskop
-
8/3/2019 Application of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique in Nano Composite Materials
36/36