application of biotechnology and genetic engineering in crop improvement
TRANSCRIPT
APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND
GENETIC ENGINEERING IN CROP IMPROVEMENT
•Lower yield potential of varieties
•Land decreasing
•Biotic stresses
•Abiotic Stresses
•Nutrient deficiency
Low yield
What are the problems?
Scarcity of quality crops
Lack of genetic variation among close relatives of crops
Arable land decreasing
What are the challenges?
• Increasing yield potential of crop varieties
• Developing stress tolerance/resistance for biotic and abiotic stresses in crop varieties
• Developing good quality varieties with enhanced nutrients, agronomic features and commercial attributes
What is Biotechnology?
Biotechnology is broadly defined as any technique that uses live
organisms viz. bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeast, animal cells, plant cells
etc. to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals or to
engineer micro-organisms for specific uses. It encompasses genetic
engineering, inclusive of enzyme and protein engineering plant and
animal tissue culture technology, biosensors for biological
monitoring, bioprocess and fermentation technology. Biotechnology is
essentially and interdisciplinary are consisting of biochemistry,
molecular chemistry, molecular and microbiology, genetics and
immunology etc. it is concerned with up-gradation of quality and also
utilization of livestock and plants and resources for the well being of
both animals and plants.
What are the tools used in biotechnology?
Gene Cloning - identification and isolation of specific DNA fragments that are introduced into a self-replicating genetic element so that the fragment can be reproduced and expressed in the target organism.
Tissue Culture - a technique that involves culturing plant parts and animal cells under laboratory conditions.
Microbial culture - a method of multiplying microbial organisms.
DNA-marker technology - involves the identification of DNA fragments associated with a certain desired trait and its utilization.
Genetic Engineering - the manipulation, introduction, and expression of specific genes or DNA in the target organisms. This is the method used in developing genetically modified organisms (GMOs).The technology is often called “modern biotechnology” or “gene technology,” and sometimes, “recombinant DNA technology.”
How B&GE contribute in crop improvement?
• Shortening of Breeding cycle:
- through tissue culture techniques
- Use of Marker assisted selection (MAS)
• Improve quality: tissue culture, somaclonal variation, gene insertion,
genetic transformation, e.g. GMOs, Bt resistant crops
• Creating genetic variation: somaclonal variation
• Transferring male sterility, apomictic genes, etc.