application form for the european green capital award 2019 1....

Application Form for the European Green Capital Award 2019

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1. Climate change: Mitigation & Adaptation 1A. Present Situation Low greenhouse gas emissions with hydropower Direct greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from Oslo amount to 1.43 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents (table 1.1) This equals 2.3 tonnes of CO2 per capita – down from 2.5 tonnes in 1990, the baseline year. The relatively low emission level is partly due to the fact that Oslo does not have any GHG intensive industry within the city borders, the electricity is generated by renewable hydropower and the heating relies to a large extent on electricity. In addition, public transport, walking and bicycling covers 65% of all transport needs, a result of the city´s efficient measures to exchange car traffic for public transport and increased urban densification.

City Reduction Targets (add rows if needed for further commitments)

Base Year

Target Year

% Reduction

1990 2020* 50

1990 2030 95

*provided we get implementation of CCS at Klemetsrud waste incineration plant

CO2 Emissions / capita t CO2/inh -

Total Transport t CO2/inh

Total (less transport) t CO2/inh

2.3 1.4 0.9

Total CO2 emissions (tonnes) per year

1436000 Tonnes 2013

Total CO2 emissions per MWh electricity

consumed

0 Tonnes

2013

Table 1.1: City reduction targets and status emissions Applied methodology The emission inventory is developed by the national bureau of statistics, Statistics Norway, and includes CO2, CH4 and N2O, but CO2 is by far the most important component. Emissions are converted into CO2 equivalents. The numbers are published every second year. The same methodology is followed in the national and the city inventory and is very close to the methodology of the protocol for cities, the GPC-protocol. Total CO2 emissions per MWh electricity consumed is zero, as Norway in 2013 produced more electricity from hydro power than it consumed.The inventory forms the basis for the design of policies and measures and for the “climate budgets” for 2017-2020 (see 1 C). In July 2016 the Agency for Climate was established, and its main function is to ensure and facilitate the attainment of Oslo’s climate goals – both mitigation and adaptation. The establishment of the Agency substantiates Oslo’s political commitment and holistic approach to climate action. Population growth increase emissions In absolute numbers Oslo ‘s GHG emissions have increased by 25 % from 1990 to 2013, largely due to a population increase of 36 %, or approximately 165,000 people (figure 1.1). Oslo’s target is to reduce the GHG emissions by 50 % by 2020 and by 95 % in 2030, compared to the1990 levels. These targets are both city-wide and for the municipal agencies. The local business community is invited to sign the Oslo Climate Pact, in which they commit to reducing emissions in line with the City’s targets. 73 companies with 38.000 employees have signed. Population growth is expected to continue. Thus, to reach its target, Oslo needs to implement rigorous measures. Through the combined effects of planned measures (see 1C), the targets are within reach.


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Figure 1.1: Direct GHG emissions in Oslo between 1991 and 2013, total, transport and stationary. Source: Statistics Norway/Norwegian Environment Agency (1D1). Emission sources A breakdown of the main sources of emissions shows that transport constitutes the largest share, at 61 %. In the transport sector about half of the emissions come from transport of people whereas the other half comes from the transportation of goods, construction vehicles and non-road machinery.

Figure 1.2: Main sources of GHG emissions in Oslo in 2013, total. Source: Statistics Norway (1D1) combined with The City of Oslo´s own numbers (1D2).

Buildings 17 %

Waste incineration, landfill, wastewater

19 %

Energy production 3 %

39 %

3%3 %10 %

15 %

30 %

Transport61 %

Main sources of GHG emissions in Oslo

Private cars

Taxi

Public transport

Leight freightvehiclesHeavy dutyvehiclesConstructionmachinery


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Transport has experienced the biggest increases (fig. 1.1 and 1.3) of GHG emissions. This is largely due to growth in emissions from Oslo’s construction boom. Additionally, in expectation of a tax-increase many companies increased their fuel-reserves in 2013.This is confirmed by fuels sales statistics from 2015 indicating that 2013 was an extraordinary year. GHG emissions from buildings (figure 1.8) and landfill have been reduced considerably.

Figure 1.3: GHG emissions from transport in Oslo, per capita. Reduction can be seen from 1991 to 2011. From 1.3 tonnes of CO2 equivalent per capita in 1991, via a peak of 1.4 tonnes in 2005, to 1.1 tonnes in 2011. The increase to 1.4 tonnes in 2013 is due to an increase of emissions from construction vehicles and machinery. The City of Oslo Statistics, combined with data from Statistics Norway (1D3) Adaptation A cross-sectorial working group has developed a comprehensive climate change adaptation strategy (1D4) for the City of Oslo. The strategy has two main messages: A cross-sectorial network approach is essential and a stronger knowledge and data base is needed. The strategy was politically adopted in 2015; it meets objective 1 of EUs adaptation strategy, and now continues to guide Oslo’s adaptation efforts. Additionally, through risk, vulnerability and impact assessments climate change adaptation is also integrated in the Municipal Master Plan (1D5)

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1991 1995 2000 2005 2009 2011 2013

Tonnes of CO2 per person

GHG emissions per capita from transport


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Figure 1.4: The map shows areas with an accumulation of damage resulting from stormwater and flooding that coincide with mapped drainage lines. Source: Agency for Planning and Building Services


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1B Past Performance Oslo has implemented a series of measures to reduce GHG emissions in the past years. The measures have been developed and implemented in the Urban Ecology Programme (1D6), Action Plan for the Cities of the Future (2010 - 2014) (1D7) and the Climate and Energy strategy for Oslo (1D8), adopted in June 2016. Replacing cars with public transport Improving public transport services has been a priority in the past few years. The City of Oslo has invested in new tracks and carriages, higher frequency, lower fares, punctuality, and digital travel planners with real-time data. In addition, Oslo has implemented a stricter parking policy and has built more densely around public transport hubs. The result is that, between 2005 and 2015, the public transport share increased from 21 to 32 %, while the car share decreased from 45 to 34 %. With this Oslo has achieved substantial emission reductions compared to a business-as-usual scenario.

Figure 1.5: Modal split in Oslo 2005-2015. Source: the City of Oslo Statistics, with data from Institute of Transport Economics, Prosam.org and Ruter (1D9). The toll ring secures financing for public transport. In 1990, 10 % of revenues were used for public transport. When the master transport plan for Oslo and the neighbouring Akershus County (Oslo Package 3), was renegotiated in 2016, the share of revenue used for public transport reached 93 % (1D10).

Decline in emissions from public transport Ruter is Oslo’s public transport company responsible for buses, trams, metro and ferries. Oslo’s target is that all public transport will use renewable fuels by 2020. So far buses have shifted from diesel to a variety of technologies and fuels (2015): 17% is biodiesel, 8% biogas, 8% natural gas and 2% bioethanol. Between 2007 and 2015, total emissions from buses have thus been reduced by 13 % in

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

By car 45 40 39 37 36 35 34 35 34 35 34

By public transport 21 23 24 27 27 29 29 30 30 30 32

By foot 26 30 30 29 30 30 31 29 29 28 28

By bicycle 5 5 4 5 6 5 5 4 5 6 7

Others 3 2 3 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1

05101520253035404550

% of modal share

Modal split in Oslo 2005 ‐ 2015


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total and by 41 % per person/km (1D3 and 1D20). Sewage and food waste becomes fuel The City has invested heavily in the development of a lifecycle-based waste management system, which includes biogas production of source separated food waste and municipal sewage. Today, this biogas fuels 42 waste trucks (100 %) and 150 buses (1204 buses in total), with no direct CO2-emissions.The City has driven the development of the biogas market by requiring sustainable technologies in its public procurement. The electric vehicle capital Increasing the number of electric vehicles (EVs) in the capital has been a priority. A battery of incentives has been developed to encourage people to choose EVs in cooperation with national authorities. This includes zero tax on purchase, no VAT, free parking, exemption from road toll, free electricity, access to the bus lane and free transport on ferries. 2000 charging points for electric vehicles have been established in the city. As a result of all this, more than 30 % of all new cars sold in Oslo in 2015 and 2016 (by sept.) were EV’s or plug-in hybrid and there are now almost 35 000 EVs or plug-in hybrids in the Oslo region (figure 1.6). Today, Oslo and larger cities in Norway represent the first mass market for EVs in the world (1D11).

Figure 1.6: There has been a rapid growth in the number of electric vehicles in the Oslo region since 2009. Source: Norwegian Road Federation (1D12) Emissions from new cars declined from 178 g CO2/km (2006) to 93 g CO2/km (sept. 2016) in Norway (1D12) due to described EV policy, general tax rules favouring low-emission cars and the EUs requirements to the car industry. To encourage cycling in a hilly city, a pilot support scheme for e-bikes was announced by the City Government in early 2016. It became a success.


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Figure 1.7: Illustration of electric mobility measures in Oslo; from the left freight company Bring, opening of a quick-charge station for el-taxis and a happy e-bike user. Promising pilot The City has started a "Zero emission construction vehicles and machinery through public procurement”-pilot. To initiate market development, the City of Oslo has had a broad dialogue with stakeholders aiming at developing a market for zero emission construction vehicles and machinery. The pilot is promising, showing zero emission construction to be possible, with relatively low additional costs. This will be required in the City`s procurements. Significant drop in CO2-emissions from fossil heating


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In 2008, the City Council decided to phase out oil-fired heating in all municipal buildings, by 2012. 180 municipal buildings have converted to renewable energy, and emissions have been reduced from approx.7200 tonnes of CO2 in 2009, to 600 tonnes of CO2 in 2015 (figure 1.8). Since 2008 approximately 1500 oil-fired boilers, equivalent to 80 000 tonnes of CO2 (1 D2) in private homes/buildings have been exchanged with renewable energy by way of grants or loans from the municipal Climate and Energy Fund (EUR 8.3 million). The support scheme has contributed to a significant drop in emissions (figure 1.8), working along with a national support scheme, communication measures, adaption to a warned ban on fossil fuel used for heating in 2020 and relatively mild winters.

Figure 1.8: Development of CO2-emissions in municipal buildings (1D3) and in the building sector in total. The dotted line is estimates from the Agency for Climate based on the sales of heating oil, in Oslo. The numbers are from Statistics Norway 2015 (1D13), but they are still not published in the official GHG inventory of Oslo. Approaching fossil free district heating EUR 220 million have been invested in renewable district heating in Oslo the last 10 years and the production has increased from1200 GWh in 2008 to 1700 GWh in 2015. This includes massive investments in a waste-to-energy incineration plant, a new bio-pellets boiler and heat pumps. The main energy sources in the district heating is waste (59 %), flexible electricity (27 %), waste water as heat source for heat pumps (10 %). In 2015 only 1.3 % of the energy used in the district heating was oil/gas with emissions of 3700 tonnes of CO2. In 2011 the number was 59 000 tonnes of CO2 (1D14). Climate budget and divestment from coal companies Oslo has established monitoring and performance evaluation schemes for the targets through a yearly report (1D15) to the City Council and by strengthening the strategic climate work through integrating climate budgets (1 D2) in the municipal budget process. A digital solution is also being developed, providing real-time climate- and energy data combined with trends. The aim is to make it easy for residents, businesses, organisations and authorities to keep up with of performance in the City’s climate and energy policy. Oslo has sold the coal investments in its pension portfolio as the first capital city in the world. Blue Green Factor is a key tool Oslo will experience more intense precipitation periods, higher temperatures and stronger winds. Storm water is, and will be, the main challenge. Still, the full impact of climate change and a complete understanding of Oslo’s vulnerability is yet to be uncovered and is a focus area in the Climate Agency.

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2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

tonnes of CO

2

CO2‐emissions from fossil heating in municipal buildings

‐

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

2009 2011 2013 2014 2015

Tonnes of CO

2

CO2‐emissions from fossil heating in Oslo


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Blue Green Factor is the guiding principle of the action plan for storm water management (1D16). It is a tool to ensure priority and predictability in use of green infrastructure and surface water management in outdoor spaces. It was adopted in 2014, and meets objective 3 of the EUs adaptation strategy. The strategy states that storm water management in Oslo shall use open and local solutions. A 35000 m2 pilot plot in Furuset area was developed using green roofing combined with very few impervious surfaces. This ensures that the water does not drain directly into the sewage system, and gives the area a particularly high Blue Green Factor score. The Emergency Planning Agency is now revising its overarching risk and vulnerability assessment with a chapter on natural hazards, and climate change impacts integrated in all chapters. Oslo’s participation in the Openness project, a pilot study on how valuation of ecosystem services can be used to support urban management and decision making, illustrates the importance of ecosystem services in enhancing the City’s resilience.

Figure 1.9: Bluegreen infrastructure is integrated in the design of the transformation of Ensjø area. Photo: Tharan Åse Fergus, Agency for Water and Wastewater Services


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1C. Future Plans In the Climate and Energy strategy the City Council has (1D8) set ambitious climate and energy targets (table 1.1). Several intermediary targets and various measures are being identified and planned in the strategy and the climate budget for 2017 to 2020 (1D17): 20% car traffic reduction in the term of office (2015-2019), and 33% by 2030 To achieve this, the proportion of passenger transport covered by public transport, cycling and walking must be increased considerably. Future investments in the public transport include a further modernization and building of the Metro and the tram. In the period between 2017-2036, over EUR 1 bill is set aside for metro and tram projects and EUR 411 mill for a new metro tunnel from the City centre (1D10). Over EUR 19 mill are set aside for cycling lanes. The financing source is the toll ring. The new designed toll ring (1D21), that will take effect in early 2017, will introduce congestion and emission based pricing. The redesigned tariff scheme combined with additional tolls, is expected to reduce the traffic through the ring by 15 %. This will be compounded by fewer and more expensive parking solutions. Two other contributing factors are the “Carfree city life” (1D22) to be realized in 2019 as well as continued densification.

Figure 1.10: Development in car traffic and public traffic in Oslo. The figure illustrates the 20% reduction in car traffic that the City Government aims for by 2019. All new cars and light freight vehicles shall use renewable fuels or be plug-in hybrids from 2020 New potential measures initiated by the City will be environmentally differentiated tariffs in the toll ring, establishment of low emission zones, charging points (better charging facilities in apartment buildings), establishment of “energy stations” (with hydrogen, charging and biofuel) and requirements to run on renewable fuel to get a permit to drive a taxi. 400 new public charge points are planned in 2017 (1D2) and continued replacement of city fleet of vehicles with zero-emission vehicles. 100% renewable fuels used in public transport by 2020 Electrification will be an important solution for the bus fleet in Oslo, of which 60% is expected to be electric by 2025 (figure 1.11). Large scale roll-out of battery electric buses will start in 2020. Renewable solutions on the boat services will be introduced. In the budget for 2017, an extra EUR 2.5 mill was set aside for renewable fuel in the public transport.


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Figure 1.11: Development of the energy sources in the Oslo region bus fleet between 2015 and 2025. Most likely, the greater part of the fleet will be biodiesel buses and run on biogas from Oslo’s waste and sewage in 2020. Large scale roll-out of battery electric buses will start in 2020. 60% is expected to be electric in Oslo by 2025 while 30 % is expected to be electric in the Oslo region by 2025.Source: Ruter (1D18) The measures to reduce the car traffic and to phase in low-emission/zero-emission cars, buses, taxis and light freight vehicles are estimated to reduce emissions by 250 000 tonnes of CO2 from 2013 to 2020 (figure 1.1 and table 1.2). At least 20 % of heavy duty vehicles in Oslo shall use renewable fuels by 2020. Furthermore, all heavy duty vehicles and construction machinery shall be able to use renewable fuels by 2030. Estimated effects of measures in this sector are 102 000 tonnes of CO2 from 2013 to 2020, and the measures include climate smart public procurement, a consolidation center, better facilities for loading of goods in the city and the transition from road freight transport to transport by sea and rail.


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Table 1.2: Mitigation measures including financing, responsible agency and estimated emission reductions. Source: The Proposed Municipal budget 2017 and Economic Plan 2017-2020 (1D2). Fossil fuels for heating shall be phased out in Oslo in 2020 and replaced by renewables. The City of Oslo’s Climate and Energy Fund, combined with the national ENOVA fund and an expected national ban that will take effect in 2020, constitute the main measures to ensure that oil-fired heating is phased out in private buildings. Achieving the target, means that Oslo will reduce emissions by 240 000 tonnes of CO2 from 2013 to 2020 (table 1.2). First ever: Carbon capture from waste Carbon capture and storage (CCS) from the city-owned waste incineration plant at Klemetsrud is one of the major initiatives put forward in Oslo’s climate and energy strategy. The Klemetsrud Plant is now in the last phase of a national program to put in place a full CCS value chain in Norway. A 6-month pilot has showed promising results. It will be decided by 2019 if the Klemetsrud Plant is granted the necessary funds by the State to complete the project. The plant is a major point source for CO2

emissions, with annual emissions exceeding 300,000 tons of biogenic and fossil CO2 (1D19). Estimated emission reduction for fossil CO2 in 2020 is 165 000 tonnes.

Sector Area MeasureResponsible

Agency/OrganizationFunding for 2017

CO2 reduction

2020 (ktCO2)

Phase out remaining oil heating in municipal buildings

Climate/ Agencies for

buildings Existing budget

Incentives to phase out fossil energy in stationary sources (incluClimate 25 MNOK OpEx from the Fund

Fossil free district

heating Phase out fossil fuels for peak loads in district heating Hafslund Hafslund Varme AS46

Energy system plan Climate Existing budget

More stringent specifications for buildings Finance Regulatory change

Energy efficiency and mitigation in municipal buildings Agencies for buildings 75 MNOK CapEx increase

Establish micro energy system (Furuset Pilot 1) Climate Existing budget

Carbon capture and

storage

Carbon Capture and Storage at the Klemetsrud waste recovery

facility KEA AS KEA AS165

Increased sorting Increased material recovery Waste Management Existing budget 0*

Increased landfill gas

utilisation Increased landfill gas utilisation at Grønmo Waste Management Existing budget8

Sewage Equipment to verify emissions from sewage Water and Wastewater SExisting budget 27

Fossil‐free bus fleet Ruter 26 MNOK OpEx

Fossil‐free local ferries Ruter Feasibility study ongoing

Procurement requirement for zero‐emissions services Improvement and Devel Existing budget

Introduction of new permit regulation for zero‐emission taxis Urban Environment Regulatory change

Facilitate taxi‐charging infrastructure for Council uses Urban Environment Existing budget

Taxi project: hydrogen and rapid electric charging Climate 5 MNOK OpEX

Establish low emissions zones in Oslo Urban Environment Regulatory change

Establish energy stations: personal vehicles and delivery vehicl Climate Existing budget

Advocate increased differentiation of registration and fuel taxeClimate Existing budget

Procurement requirements for zero‐emissions Council fleet ve Improvement and Devel Existing budget

Charging infrastructure: personal vehicles Urban Environment Existing budget

Coordination of charging infrastructure for zero‐emissions vehi Climate Existing budget

Establish system for parking and traffic management Urban Environment / CarExisting budget

Strong accessibility measures Urban Environment Oslo package 3

Cycle project Sykkelprosjektet / UrbanPartly existing budget. Increa

Environmentally differentiated congestion toll fees Urban Environment / O3 Regulatory change

Increased public transport capacity Ruter 68 MNOK OpEx

Project Carfree city life Car‐free city life / Urban 26,5 MNOK OpEx, 20 MNOK Ca

Introduce parking restrictions Urban Environment 67 MNOK OpEx

Public transport hub development Planning and Building SeExisting budget

Mobility system plan Existing budget

Facilitate increased car sharing Urban Environment Existing budget

Establish freight loading and unloading sites Car‐free city life / Urban Existing budget

Green procurement strategy including procurement requireme Improvement and Devel Existing budget

Establish urban freight facility Urban Environment 2 MNOK OpEx

Establish energy stations: freight (Alnabru) Real Estate and Urban Re5 MNOK OpEX

Increased biogas production from water/sewage (Bekkelaget) Water and Wastewater SExisting budget

Increased biogas production from water/sewage (VEAS) Water and Wastewater SExisting budget

Procurement requirements for green construction machinery Improvement and Devel Existing budget

Green construction sites Improvement and Devel Existing budget

Infrastructure for zero‐emissions energy in the harbour area Climate / Oslo Port Auth 5 MNOK OpEX

Cumulative CO2 emission reductions compared to 2013 836

Greener goods

transport50

Greener construction

equipment52

Transport

Fossil free 2020 30

Zero emission taxis 22

Shift in passenger

traffic

152

Reduced passenger

traffic

Greener freight 46

Energy/

Buildings

Phase out fossil fuel

heating in buildings238

Energy restructuring 0

Resources


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Figure1.13: The waste incineration plant at Klemetsrud, and three politicans opening the CCS-pilot. Action plan on adaptation The next step is to broaden the approach to adaptive capacity of municipal services and thus enhance resilience of the city as a whole. The City of Oslo is currently reestablishing and redefining a cross-sectorial network to develop an action plan on adaptation. The focus will be on organization and integration, knowledge and research (a key is to undertake a comprehensive climate change vulnerability assessment) and information sharing and capacity building. Oslo will develop indicators and a monitoring system as part of the overall governing and budget system, all of which will meet objective 2 of the EUs adaptation strategy.

Figure 1.13: Storm surge year 2100. Example of risk zoning map, developed for the Municipal Master Plan (1 D5). Source: Agency for Planning and Building Services


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1D. References

1. Statistics Norway/Norwegian Environment Agency (Norwegian) The emission inventory of Oslo and other muncipalities in Norway is developed by the national bureau of statistics, Statistics Norway.

2. The proposed Municipal Budget 2017 and the proposed Economic Plan 2017-2020 (Norwegian)

3. The City of Oslo Statistics, climate and energy (Norwegian)

4. Climate Change Adaptation Strategy 2014-2030 (English) Adopted by the City Council in 2015. The English version is a short version.

5. The 2015 Municipal Master Plan: Oslo towards 2030 (Norwegian) Smart, Resilient and Green

6. Urban Ecology Programme 2011–2026 (English) The environmental policy of Oslo adopted by the City Council in 2011.

7. Action Plan for Cities of the Future, Oslo 2010 - 2014 (Norwegian)

8. Climate and Energy Strategy for Oslo (English) Adopted by the City Council in June 2016, outlining the targets and measures for ghg emission reductions and the development of a sustainable energy system. The English version is a short version.

9. The City of Oslo Statistics, transport (Norwegian)

10. Revised Oslo Package 3 agreement (Norwegian) Revised Oslo Package 3 agreement for the period 2017-2036. Political agreement signed June, 2016.

11. Good Practice 2 in the Application: Oslo - The electrical vehicles capital of the World (English)

12. Norwegian Road Federation

13. Statistics Norway, Sales of petroleum products, table 11185 (English)

14. Norwegian Environment Agency, report from Hafslund (Norwegian)

15. The City of Oslo Environment and Climate Report 2015 (Norwegian)

16. Action plan for storm water management (English) Adopted 2016. Holistic action plan on managing storm water today and in future based on climate change projections. The English version is a short version.

17. Good Practice 1 in the Application: Climate budget (English)

18. Ruter, Fossil free 2020 (English)

19. Best Practices in The City of Oslo: Carbon Capture of Non-recyclable Waste (English)

20. Best Practices in The City of Oslo: Fossil free transportation 2020 (English)

21. Good Practice 3 in the Application: The toll ring - developing public transport and reducing traffic (English)


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22. Best Practices in The City of Oslo: Carfree citylife in Oslo (English)

23. Best Practices in The City of Oslo: Future Built (English)

www.oslo.kommune.no/green-oslo Provides an overview of environmental efforts by the City of Oslo. On this site, Oslo shares its best practices.

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