APPENDIX: TEXTS CONSUL TED

Here we list the primary sources we used in the historical chapters, i.e. the texts we referred to directly for example sentences. Our secondary sources feature texts from many other sources, to which references are provided in the text.

Late c11 Early c12 Earlyel2

Late c12

Early c13 1212

c13 c1400

c1400

1422

1462

1466

1495

1505-15

Chapter 2: French

La Chanson de Roland, Societe des Anciens Textes Franyais, Paris. Le Charroi de Nimes, J.-L. Perrier (ed.), Champion, Paris, 1972. Beroul The Romance of Tristran, Volume 1, Ewert (ed.), Blackwell, Oxford. Le Roman de Perceval, Roach (ed.), Textes Litterazres Fram;azs, Droz, Geneve. Aucassin et Nicolette, M. Roques (ed.), Champion, Paris, 1962. Villehardouin La Conquete de Constantinople, E. Faral (ed.), 'Les Belles Lettres', Paris, 1961. Merlin, Societe des Anciens Texts Franyais, Paris. Froissart, Chroniques, Textes Litteraires Fram;ais, George T. Diller (ed.), Droz, Geneve, 1972. Les Quinze loyes de Mariage, Textes Litteraires Franfais, J. Rychner (ed.), Droz, Geneve, 1967. Alain Chartier Le Quadrilogue Invectif, E. Droz (ed.), Champion, Paris, 1950. Greban Le Mystere de la Passion, Gaston Paris and Gaston Raynaud, Slatkine Reprints, Geneve, 1970. Les Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles, Textes Litteraires, F. Sweetser (ed.), Droz, Geneve, 1966. * Le Roman de lehan de Parzs, E. Wichersheimer (ed.), Champion, Paris, 1923. de VIgneulles, P. Les Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles, Droz, Geneve, 1972.*

1530s Rabelais Excerpts from Gargantua, Pantagruel (Tzers Lzvre, Quart Lzvre, Cznquieme Livre), Bordas, Paris, 1987.

1536 Calvin Insztution de la Reizgion Chrestienne, Tome I, Societe des belles Lettres, Paris, 1936.

1549 du Bellay Deffence et Illustration de la Langue Franfoyse, Geneve, Droz, 1950 (fac-simile de l'erution origmale de 1549).

1592-1627 d'Aubigne Lettres Diverses m Oeuvres Completes, Tome I, Reaume and Caussade (eds.), Slatkine Repnnts, Geneve, 1967.

Maupas, C.: 1607, Grammairefram;azse, BlOIS. Vaugelas: 1647, Remarques sur la langue Jranfazse, Chassang (ed.), Paris, 1880,2 volumes.

* For these texts, we used a computenzed corpus, which Paul Hirschbuhler kindly made available.

341

342 APPENDIX

Godefroy, F.: 1893, Dictionnalre de fancienne langue fram;alse et de tous ses dialectes du IXe and XVe siecle, Vieweg, Paris.

Brunot, F.: 1905, Histoire de la langue framralse des origznes a nos jours, Armand Colin, Pans.

Foulet, L.: 1982, Petite syntaxe de f ancien fram;ais, Editions Champion, Paris (3eme edition).

Chapter 3: English

Chaucer, Complete Works F. M. Robinson (ed.), Oxford University Press, 1957. Shakespeare, Complete Works, 2 Volumes, M. 1. Adler (ed.), Great Books of the Western

World, Chicago University Press. Milton, English Minor Poems, Paradise Lost, Samson Agonistes, Areopagitica, 2 Volumes,

M. J. Adler (ed.), Great Books of the Western World, Chicago University Press.

Barber, C.: 1976, Early Modern English, Andre Deutsch, London. Ellegard, A. 1953, The Auxiliary do: The Establishment and RegulatIOn of its Use in English,

edited by F. Behre, Gothenburg Studies in English. Almqvist and Wiksell, Stockholm. Gray, D.: 1985, The Oxford Book of Late Medieval Prose and Verse, Oxford University

Press. Jespersen, 0.: 1938, Growth and Structure of the English Language, Basil Blackwell, Oxford. Jespersen, 0.: 1909-49, A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles, George Allen

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Chaucer. The Carnegie Institution, Washington. Visser, Th.: 1963-73, An HIStorical Syntax of the English Language, 4 Volumes. E. 1. Brill,

Leiden. Wright, J. (ed.): 1899-1905, The EnglISh Dialect Dictionary, 6 Volumes. Frowde and Comer,

London and Oxford; G. P. Putnam, New York.

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INDEX OF NAMES

Abney, S. 9, 343 Abraham, W. 344, 347, 351 Adams, M. 84-87,94-102,109-117,

123, 128-139, 142-144, 148-151, 155-157,163-164,177,199-200, 231n20,343

Adamson, S. 350, 353 Alberton, s. 39,48, 97, 138,343 Andersen, H. 158, 343 Anderson, S. 220, 235n33, 343 Angelet, C. 344 Aoun, J. 76n9, 343 Arquint, J.C. 6, 343 Aspland, C.w. 343

Bach, E. 57, 343 Baker, M. 8,12,27-34,43-45,51,67,

161,276,315,343 Bambas, R.C. 306, 343 Barber, C. 240, 257-258, 292, 302, 306,

323, 332n1, 333n3, 335n9, 343 Barnes, C. 239, 246, 265, 272, 343 Battistella, E. 252, 333n3, 343 Bayer, J. 54, 343 Bean, M. 327, 344 Behre, F. 345 Belletti, A. vii, 13, 16,46-49,276,279,

344,350-351 Beninca, P. vii, 6,39,84,97,117,123,

128,138,153,204,208-211, 226-227,344,353

Bennis, H. 56, 344 Bergman, G. 262, 344 Berwick, R. 188,227,344 Besten, H. den 13, 53-58, 66 Beukema,F. 245, 339n24, 344 Blevins,J. 343,345, 347 Borer, H. 233n29, 344 Brandi, L. 25, 68, 71, 212-213, 233n28,

236n39,344 Branigan, P. 346 Bruno~F. 149, 165, 180, 192, 194-195,

201-203,215-216,21"8-220,223, 233n30,235n33,344

Buchli, S. 170-172,344 Burzio, L. 233n28, 344

355

Cardinaletti, A. vii, 8,17,27-28,39, 55-60, 78n15, 78n16, 79n19, 79n21, 101,131-132,138,150-151,152, 329-331,344,346

Carroll, S. 259, 344 Carter, J. 343, 3435 347-348 Casagrande, J. 348 Cerquiglini, B. 84 Chao, W. 344 Chomsky, N. 9-11, 14-15, 17-21,

29-34,43-45,50-51,53-56,72, 76n5, 77n10,80n27,83, 105, 156-159,161,166,188,240, 259-260, 274-281, 299-300, 337n17, 344-345

Chung, S. 24, 345 Cinque, G. 21, 117,260,344-346 Clark, R. 227, 235n35, 345 Cordin, P. 25, 68, 71, 212-233n28,

236n39,344 Couquaux, D. 348, 350 Culicover, P. 323, 345

Daniele, A. 349 Dell, F. 345 Denison, D. 274, 283-292, 295-297,

313,345 Deprez, V. 236n42, 322, 345 Derbyshire, D.C. 75n1, 345 De Vincenzi, M. 232n26, 345 Diesing, M. 52, 58-59, 100, 345 Dikken, M. den 245, 339n24, 344 Dowty, D. 289, 345 Dupuis, F. 62, 86, 94-100, 110,

117-120,131-140,182,309,345

Eaton, R. 345 Eid, M. 349 Einhorn, E. 84, 99, 123, 151,345 Ellegfu"d, A. 240, 245, 249, 252-254,

259,273-275,282-288,291, 301-305, 308, 337n20,345

Emonds,J. 13,34, 75n2, 246, 323 Engdahl, E. 351 Everet~ D. 161,345

356 INDEX OF NAMES

Fabb,N.244, 276, 345 Falk, H. 264, 345 Fakete, D. 350 FlIckinger, D. 351 Foulet, L. 84-87, 92-94, 97-98,103,

109,112-121,123-126,141-143, 164-170,176,189-192,219-224, 23On13, 237n44, 346

Franzen, T. 114, 123, 165,346 Frappier, J. 85,97, 136-137,341 Fnedemann, M.-A. 234n32, 346 Friedin, M. 345 Fukui, N. 9, 21, 336n15, 345-346

Gairdner, J. 247 Geest, W. de 344 Giorgi, A. 24, 346 Giupponi, E. 227, 346 Giusti, G. 245, 339024, 346 Godefroy,F.147,346 Gray, D. 239, 247, 249-253, 257,

260-261,265-266,284,288, 303-304, 323, 332n1, 334n7, 346

Greenberg, J. 75n1, 346 Grimshaw, J.79n22, 346 Gruber, J. 15, 346 Guasti, M.T. vii, 243, 277, 287, 321, 346 Gueron, J. 77n13, 346

Haan, G. de 58,346 Haegeman, L. vii, 54-55, 77n13, 78n18,

346 Haider, H. 3, 45, 56-59, 346, 352 Haiman,J.6, 86, 94, 123,346 Hale, K., 22, 56, 346-347, 349 Hall, J. 334n7 Halpern, L. 346 Harris, M. 96, 126,347,350 Hendrick, R. 23,347 Henry, A. 259, 347 Heny, F. 159, 347 Higginbotham, J. 237n43, 290, 347 HlIschbuhler, P. vii, 86-87, 96-99, 110,

119-12~ 132-140, 143, 177-185, 201,204-205,270,343,345,347, 351,353

Hoekstra, T. 228n2, 347 Hohnberg, A. 6,16,35,121-122,153,

162,165,239,246,262-269,347, 350

Horn, L. 57, 343 Hornstein, N. 343

Horrocks, G. 344 Huang, J. 56,336n15,347 Hulk, A. 153, 246, 328, 348 Humphreys, H. 164, 347 Hyams, N. 21, 43, 77n13, 126, 188,

274-276,347

Iatridou,S.16,321,347

Jackendoff, R. 15,46,347 Jaeggli, O. viii, 21, 43, 77n13, 82-83,

125-127,161,208,23On18,246,256, 269,274-276,344,347-348,351

Jaspers, D. 344 Jespersen, O. 240, 248-249, 253,

256-257,266,302,305-306,332n1, 334n5,334n7,347

Johnson, K. 275, 311, 315, 343, 347 Johnson, R.C. 99 Jones, M. 99, 347 Junker, M.-O. 86-87, 96-99, 110,

120-122, 13~ 143, 177,347

Karker, A. 264, 348 Kato, M. VIi, 28, 76n8, 348, 352 Kayne,R.21,24,45,47-48,50, 65-66,

68,70,73, 75n3, 77n13, 79025,85, 111-117,149,162,194,203, 216-217,221,227,233n28,236n42, 260,336n16,338n21,339n24,348

Keenan,E.75n1,348 Kemenade, A. van vii, 153,246,310,

312-313,317,325-331,338n22, 339n23, 348

Kennedy A. 254 Keyser, SJ. 300, 346-347 Kitagawa, Y. 21, 348 Klirna, E. 240,348 Kok, A. de 39, 49,97,139,178-179,348 Koopmann, H. 8, 18-19, 21,22,24,27,

76n6,76n7,348 Koster, J. 13,348 Kottler, B. 254 Kroch, A. vii, 234n31, 249-255, 268,

274-275, 288,300-305,308,334n7, 337n20,348

Kuroda, Y. 336n15, 348

Labov, W.333n3,348 Laka, 1. 345 Langfors, A. 99 Langlois, E. 179

INDEX OF NAMES 357

Larnier, P. 133 Lasnik, H. 259, 345 Laubitz, Z. 350 Laurier, P. 98 Lehmann, W.P. 348 Lema, J. 36,62,99, 138,203, 336n16,

348-349 Lessen-Kloecke, W. van 344 Li, C. 352 Lieber, R. 26, 42, 349 Lightfoot, D. vii, 155-160, 188-189,

242-243,245-246,259-262,287, 294-295, 308-316, 333n3, 339n23, 343,349

Lobec~A.252,304,343 Lockvvood, W.264,349 Longobardi, G. 24, 346

Mahajan, A. 345 Maling,J. 62, 349, 351 Manzini, M.-R. 21, 76n7, 349 Marantz, A. 26, 349 Marchello-Nizia, C. 155, 164-165, 199,

232n25,349 Martineau, F. 227, 349 Martinet, A. 235n33, 349 Mattos e Silva, R. 6, 226, 349 Maupas,C. 201, 215-216,218,349 May, R. 43, 50, 63, 237n43, 277,347,

349 McCavvley, J. 44, 349 McCloskey, J.4, 22-23, 56, 75n2,349 Meulen, A. ter 350 Mikkelsen, K. 264, 349 Milton, J. 349 Mitchell, B. 283, 312, 349 Mohammad, M. 24, 349 MOignet, G. 120, 135, 165,349 Moritz, L. 152,279, 334n7, 349 Mosse, F. 239, 254, 256, 301, 334n7,

349 Motapanyane, V. 271, 349 Muret, E. 99-100, 116 Murray, J.AH. 350 Mussafia, A. 39,138,179, 233n29, 349 Mustanoja, F. 262, 349

Nagel, S. 333n3, 349 Nespor, M. 351 Noonan, M. 221, 349

Offord, M. 150, 350

Ouhalla, J. 42,274,276,350

Palmer, F. 307, 350 Pearce, E. 228n3, 350 Penner, Z. 77n13, 350 Perlmutter, D. 83, 315, 350 Perrenoud,M. 309, 350 Pesetsky, D. 8On26, 166,281,350 Pla~ F. 249, 305, 310, 317, 3253,

333n3,337n18, 339n23, 350 Platzack, C. 9, 16,35, 53-54, 57-59, 62,

94,98,122,153,237-240,246,254, 263-269, 301, 309, 328, 339n24,347, 350

Poletto, C. vii, 68,71, 79n25, 182, 208-214, 225-226, 236n39, 270-273, 350

Pollock, J.Y. 2-3, 9-10,13-17,21,24, 29,40,42,45-49,70, 73-74, 75n3, 77n13,120,216-217,221,236n42, 240,246,256,274-279,290,321, 335n8,348,350

Poser, W. 348 Postal, P. 315, 350 Poussa, P.290, 307-309,350 Price, G. 81, 81, 84, 87, 90, 94,103,

112-113,150,164,166,350 Priestley, L234n31, 350 Prinzhom, M. vii, 4, 346, 352 Pullum, G. 75n1, 333n4, 345, 350

Rarnat, P. 337n18, 350 Rapoport,T.345-346 Reinhart, T. 75n4, 351 Rels, M. 53, 58, 85, 96, 351 Renzi, L. vii, 84, 123, 153, 226, 236n39,

349,353 Reuland, E.333n4, 347,350, 351 Riberro,I. 6, 226, 351 Riemsdijk, H. van 351 Rissanen, M. 348 Rivero, M.L. 36-41, 62, 99, 138, 203,

336nI6,348-349,351 Rizzi, L. vii, 8-10,13,15,17,22,25,27,

29,31-33,40-45,52-55,62-74, 75n3, 75n4, 76n9, 77nl0, 79n20, 79n23,80n26, 80n27, 82-83,94, 104, 121, 127, 130, 135, 154, 161, 182-183,194,202-203,214,221, 226, 228n3, 231n23,233n28,236n39, 237n43, 270, 274-276, 330, 335n12, 336nI5,337n17,338n21,338n22,

358 INDEX OF NAMES

344,350 Roberts, 1. 8, 15-17,27-29,39,42--47,

51-52,55, 59-60,64-68,74, 75n3, 77n13, 78n15, 78n17, 79n21, 79n25, 101,104,138,152,161,194,213, 221, 226, 228n2, 231n23,237n43, 239-244,256-257,271,276, 286-287,295,308-317,320,323, 329-331, 332n1, 332n2, 333n3, 334n7, 335n12, 343-344, 347, 351

Rochette, A. 227, 343, 345, 347, 351, 353

Ronat, M. 348, 350 Rosen, C. 350 Ross, J.R. 56,244, 333n4, 351 ROSSI, A. 226, 351 Rouvere4 A.3--4, 8, 17,23,56,351-352 Rognvaldsson, E. 52, 60, 62, 79n21, 152,

351

Saciuk, B. 348 Safrr, K. 65, 82-83, 125-127, 208,

23On18, 246, 256,269-270,344, 347-348,352

Sagey, B. 345-346 Samuels, M. 289,352 Sandfeld, K. 213, 352 Santorim, B. 52, 58-59, 100, 229n6, 352 Schane,S.348 Schonenberger, M. 77n13, 352 Schulze, R. 81, 85, 87, 89-90,92-93,

103, 105-109, 228n1, 228n4,23On10, 352

Schwartz,B.53,70, 148, 152-153,352 Scur, G. 352 Selkrrk, E. 43, 352 Shlonsky, U. 352 Sigurdsson, H. 230n16, 352 Skarup, P. 117-119,352 Skautrup, P. 264,324,352 Silva-Corvalan, C. 348, 351 Speas, M. 8-9, 20-21, 346 Sportiche, D. 7,18-23,27,47, 75n4,

76n6, 76n7, 348, 352 Sproat, R. 3--4, 17, 75n2, 352 Stem, D. 284, 289-290, 352 Stephens, J. 75n2, 352 Stockwell, R. 328, 352 Stowell, T. 51, 61, 352

Taraldsen, T. 54, 82, 321, 352

Tarallo, F. 28, 348, 352 Tatlock, J. 254 Thoni, G.-P. 6,352 Thniinsson, H. 52, 57-62, 79n21, 152,

352 Thurneysen, R. 94, 352 Todd, W. 351 Tomaselli, A. 52-56, 60, 78n15, 78n19,

96,131,148,331,352-353 Torp, A. 264, 345 Traugot4 E. 248, 353 Travis, L. 8, 16, 33, 53, 153, 272, 353 Trosterud, T. 264-265, 353 Trudgill, P. 290, 304-307, 333n3, 353

Vance, B. 86-87, 96-98, 110, 117-122, 125, 128-129, 132-133, 136, 143-150, 165, 177-185, 204, 231n22, 232n25, 270, 353

Vanelli, L. vii, 84, 87, 94,115,123,128, 153,204,208-210,213-215,226, 236n39,353

Vendler, Z. 289, 353 Vergnaud, l-R. 8, 17,352 Vikner, S. vii, 5--6, 52-53,57-62, 70,

148,152-153,243,245-246,264, 268,272-273,301,318-321,326, 335n10, 339n24, 352-353

-Visser, Th. 239-242, 251-252, 259-262, 274,282-289,293-295,303-304, 307,311-316,323, 332n1, 335n8, 34On25,353

Wackernagel, 1 39, 353 Wakelin, M.F. 307-308, 353 Warner, A. 310, 312-314, 353 Wartburg, W. von 94,123,353 Weerman, F. 58,246,276,346,353 Weinberg, A. 343 Whitehead, F. 134 Williams, E. 12, 77n13, 353 Wilmotte, M. 100 Wrigh4 J. 178,307-308,353

Zaenen, A. 349, 351 Zagon~K.21,244,276,353-354 Zanuttini, R. 41, 213, 354 Zubizarreta, M.-L. 28, 77n13, 316, 354 Zwanenburg, W.l44

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Absorption, 237n43 Accusative, see Case Acquisition, 82, 95, 143, 148-149, 153,

155-157,173-174,176,185, 187-189, 193, 196, 227, 235n34, 244,256,268-269,328

input to, see Trigger experience output of, 82

Adaptation, 82 Adjacency, 55, 114, 116, 121-125,259,

265 -government, 121 strrng-, 116

AdjectIve, 9 Adjunct, 19,21,31, 77n13

-extraction, 338n21 Adjunction, 29,43,44,50,51,104-106,

111,130,145-150,154-155,157, 161-162, 184-186, 231n22, 232n27,236n38,236n42, 254-255,258,275,277-281

left-, 109-110,221,253 right-adjoined, 221

Adverb, 2,5, 7,14,16,24,47,62,95, 119-120,135-136,139-142, 144-158, 198-202, 210, 231n23, 245,253-255,259,301,323, 326-329, 333n3, 339n24

-adjunction, 197 AdvP, 133-134

AfflX, 13,29,34,49,50,56,126,138, 177, 180, 226, 23On18, 235n33, 258-262,267,269,274-276, 280-281,284-287,289-292,295, 302,307-308,311,318-321, 335n12, 336n13, 339n24

-Hopping, see Agr-Lowering stranding of, 33-34, 50-51

Agent, see 8-roles Agr, vi, 9-10,16-19,21-30,35-37,

39-50,53-57,61-62,65-74, 76n8, 78n14, 78n15, 78n17, 78n19, 79n20, 79n23,80n26, 81-82,84-88,93-97,105,109, 113-117,121,124-126,129-145, 150-153,154-166,171-173,

359

177-180,182-186,189,193-234, 231n23,232n27, 233n29, 234n32, 236n39,236n42,238-240, 244-245,246-272,273-282, 293-297,299-309,311,318-326, 326-331, 334n5, 335n8,336n13, 336n15,336n16, 337n18, 338n21, 34On25

double, 59, 102, 125, 151-153, 157-158,204,271,331

-lowering, vi, 21, 233n28, 240-241, 245,255,258,267,274-276, 280-281,299-309,310-311, 317-318

-proJection, 36, 138, 151, 180 -raising, see Inversion -recursion, 23, 28,59,87, 101, 139,

183-185, 328-329 -to-C, 36, 45, 60-63, 68-70,72,

80n25, 80n26, 129, 152-153, 182-183, 185-186, 192-193, 196-202, 225, 233n28,234n32, 236n42, 246, 250-252, 335n12

-to-V, 51 Agreement, 9, 13-14, 16, 18-23,25-28,

30,34,36,41-42,54-5,63,67, 70,75, 76n7, 78n15, 78nI9,81, 86-94,97,105-106,118,120, 125-131, 138, 141-144, 159-167, 171,177-189,194-196,204-221, 226, 23On18, 233n28, 239-244, 256-258,262-277,284,296-298, 301-302,306-309,315-318, 320-324, 326-328, 335n8, 336n13,336n15, 337n17, 338n21

Case-assignment under, 17-29 number, 262-264, 267, 269-270,272 paradigm, 56, 126-127, 177, 184,

208, 212-214, 23OnI8,235n33, 236n39, 239, 245-246, 256-258, 263-270,277,297,300-302,305, 308,321, 335n8,336n13

person, 2, 41, 54-55,82-83, 125-127, 131-132, 165, 177, 180-183,205,212-215,219,221, 2265, 228n4,228n5, 230nll,

360 INDEX OF SUBJECTS

234n32,235n33,256-258, 262-272,280,306,321-322

nchness of, 45-47, 54, 82-83, 87, 126-128,176,181,184-185,208, 213, 226, 236n39 formal, see Morphological

Uniformity functional richness, 126, 213,

236n39 richness of, 256-257, 262-266,

269-270, 318,338n22 Spec-head, 19,62-63,94,120,201,

337n17 AgrP, 17,40,66,68-69,71,74, 79n21,

88,93-94,104-105,133-134, 142-158, 166, 173, 179-187, 193-196,199,204-205,216-217, 222-225, 231n22, 231n23, 232n27,236n38,236n42,248, 262,278-28~284-293,296-298, 328-331, 336n15

-adjunction, 151, 179-180 -analysis, 179-180

Aktionsart, 289 Analogy, 126, 283 Anglo-CeltIc creole, 309 Anglo-Saxon, see English, Old Antecedent, 88, 277, 310 Antecedent-trace, 162 Applicative, 29, 31 Apposition, 165 Arabic, 24 Article, 170 Aspect, 274, 289-290, 295-297,300,

307,310,315,324,336nI5 habitual, 290, 307 imperfective, 290 perfective, 282-283, 288-290, 307 progressive, 238, 333n4

Auxiliary, vi, 3-4, 8-9,11-12, 14-17, 33-42,46-50,62,203,209,222, 236n42,238-340

aspectual, 243-244,248,255,276, 305-308,312,32~338n21

modal, vi, 7, 38-39, 62, 77n13, 228n3,238-245,248-249,255, 258,261-262,273-277,281-286, 289-300,305-308,309-326, 332n2,333n3,337nI8,338n22, 339n23,339n24 double-modal sequences, 295,

333n3

lexico-semantic properties of, 238, 295,311

null,323 premodal, 310-318, 338n22,

339n23 raising, 316

-to-Comp, 25-27, 50, 202-203, 336n16

Auxiliarization, 337n18 AlvdalsmaJet, 264-265, 272

Barrier, 19, 21, 30-31, 76n5, 76n9 Basque, 130 Beneficiary, see E)-roles Bilingualism, 188 Binding, 88, 135, 232n27, 337n17

A-,337nI7 Breton, 75n2 Bulgarian, 37-38

Case, v, 6-8,13,17-61,64,66-74, 76n6, 76n7, 76n8,81-85, 88-94, 104-125, 128-136, 140-142, 143-158,159-166,167-168,172, 173-196,198-201,202-216, 225-227, 229n8, 233n29, 244, 272,281,285,289,294,322

Accusative, 18, 19, 30, 76n8, 233n29, 261-262

-assignment, 4, 8, 17-28, 56,67-74, 76n8, 81, 84-86,88,93-97, 110-112, 115-118, 124, 129, 142-144,160-162,178,183,186, 192-195,207,215-216,236n41, 244,261,270-274,276,280-282, 292,297-299,301-303,305, 307-308, 324,330-331, 335n8

-checking, 161-162 Dative, 314 Exceptional Case Marking (ECM),

274,282-293,296-299,308, 339n24

Filter, 25, 76n8, 162, 166,276 Genitive, 17, 332 inherent, 17-18, 76n8 -matching, 162-163 morphological, 141-142, 151, 233n29 Nominative, v, 7, 17-30,40,56,60,

67-68, 72-74, 76n8, 81-94, 101, 105-106,110-123,125,131,138, 141-144,159,165-166,171,175, 186-189,196-197,202-203,

INDEX OF SUBJECTS 361

210-219,226,229n8,233n29, 237n44,259-260,270-273,277, 328-331,335n8 -assigner, 23 -assigning, 67-68 -assignment, 17,20,23,25,30,

67-68,74,81-82,85-88, 92-93,99-101,109-110, 116-118,121,124-125, 131-132, 138, 141-144, 159, 172,175,185-189,192-194, 196-200,202-204,207-208, 210-211,213,215-217, 226-227, 233n29,288, 326-331

morphological,141-142 NomP, 141-142

morphological nominative case, 331 Oblique, 17,86, 115-116, 165, 186,

233n29 quirky,314 strucrural,17-18,76n6 verbal, 244, 297

Causative, 29,31, 243,274,277, 282-293,297,308,321

Causer, 285 Celtic, 1, 23, 25, 75n2, 309 Chain, 27-33, 68,74, 80n27, 105, 109,

121, 156-158, 159-162, 165-166, 172-173,185,223,225,232n26, 235n36,277,292,296,316, 337n17

A' -, 32, 39-40, 156 A-,32,39-41, 151, 156 -formation, 74, 76n9, 77n13, 80n27,

165 extended, 337n17 -position, 165, 172-173, 175, 192,

223,225,232n26,235n36 8-,74

Chamorro, 24 Change,

abductive, 218 analogical, 171 in distribution of do, 249 in distribution of English modals,

283,310,312 in distribution of pro, 139, 185 in English agreement system,

265-273,306,326,331 in English infinitives, 259-262, 292,

296

in English negation, 303-305, 338n21 in French pronominal system, 120,

165 in parameter-values, 81-82, 84-88,

90-94, 129, 131, 141-144, 154, 158-160,172,175-176,185-194, 195,197-200,201-208,213-220, 224, 226-227,234n32,235n37, 244-245,270,311,324,326,328, 331

word-order, 338n22 Chinese, 336n15 Clitic,26,38-41,54-56,64,67-74,

78n19,79n25,85-86,92-94,96, 97-98,110-123,138-139, 141-144,149, 154, 159-172, 186-188,189,193-194,213-215, 220-227, 229n8,229n9, 231n20, 231n23,233n28, 233n29,234n32, 236n39,244,268,276,303-306, 327-331, 338n21

climbing, 50, 203, 227 decliticization, 330 doubling,54 first, 39, 62, 96,102,139,141,179 object, 95 -placement, 331 subject, 110, 192-194, 203, 211-213,

216,328-331 Coeur d' Alene, 75n1 Coindexation, 68, 76n9,224 Command,

c-command, 18-20,32-33, 37-38, 40,74, 75n4, 76n7, 76n9, 88, 121-123, 162, 232n27, 277-280, 338n21

I-command, 19, 75n4 m-command, 19,46, 75n4, 76n7 mirumal c-command, 121

Comp, see Complementizer, CP Complement, 6, 10-11, 16-21, 30-31,

46,51,54,57-63, 75n4, 77n13, 79n20,86,94-95,97-102,111, 119, 132-141, 148-150, 163, 177-184,199-200,233n29, 259-260,273,277,278-280, 282-296,308,313,316,325,327, 333n4,338n22,339n23,34On25

-fronting, 149 Complementizer, 8-9,12,36,54-58,65,

83,100,134,175,181,231n21, 260-262,330, 334n6,338n22,

362 INDEX OF SUBJECTS

339n24 CP,9, 12,60,65-74,89-90,93-94,

101-109, 128, 134, 138, 143-158, 166-169,173-175,179-181, 183-187,193-197,204-205,216, 222, 224-225, 231n22,236n38, 328-331, 336n13,337n17 adjUnctIOn to, 178-180, 199,

231n23,234n31 -mternal conjunction, 236n38 -recursion, 59, 139, 180, 183

Post-C position, 171 Compound, 89-90,114-115,174 Concessive, 201, 215 Conjugaison interrogative, 87, 219-220,

23On17 Continental West Germanic, see

Germanic, West Control, 249, 293, 309, 313-318

dative, 314-315 subject, 315

Coordination, 287 Copular,313 Coreference, 287, 291 Cosuperscripting, 25 Crossover, 337n17 Czech, 36 C-selechon,61

Darush, viii, 6, 35, 58, 62, 78n17, 152, 243,246,264-268,285,318-320, 325, 335nl0,339n24

Defiruteness, 324 Determiner, 9, 17 Diachronic Reanalysis (DR), v, 87,

153-160,165,166-176,185-187, 198,222-227, 236n39,243-244, 258,261,274,284,287,293-296, 301-31~315-320,325,328-331,

337n18,339n24 Dialect,

Continental West Germamc, 1,52,54 Early Modern English, 306 Franco-Provenyal,79n25 German,

Alemanruc, 289 Bavarian, 289 South-Western, 289 Northern Italian (Monte Rosa

Dutch), 290 Middle English,

East Midland, 256, 258, 265,

267-268,307 Northern, 257, 258, 265 Southern, 257, 258, 265, 268 Scots, 265, 267-268

Modern English, 77n13 American, 333n3 Belfast, 259 Leicestershire, 317 Ottawa Valley, 259 Ozark, 259 Northumbrian, 333n3 Scots, 317, 333n3 South-Western England, 307-308

Northern Italian, 87, 138, 153, 193, 196,204,208-216,225-226, 231n20,233n28, 236n39, 270, 273 Renaissance, 213, 225

Norwegian, 265 Rhaeto-Romansch, see Romansch Southern Italian, 99 Swedish, 264

Disjoint Reference, 291 Dislocation, see Left-dlslocation Do,

insertion of (do-support), 238, 240, 244,249-252,259-260,268, 274-309,315,317-318,321, 323-324, 326, 331, 332n2, 334n5, 336nI6,337n19,337n20,340n25

in Early Modem English, 248, 251-252,292-299

in Middle English, 282-292 anticlpative, 282-283 raising, 282-283, 286, 288-292, 294,

296,299 Doubl-ing Filter, 333n4 Downgrading, 30-35,42,48,51,273,

276-277, 280, 299, 337n17,

DP,9

339n24 see also Agr-Iowering, T­lowering

Dutch, 1, 11,20,54-57, 131-132, 151, 157,245,270,289,325-326, 339n24

Middle, 289 Standard, 55,131

D-linking,80n26 D-structure, 17,21,43,46, 76n7, 83,

101,110,119,274-281, 299-301, 308, 337n19

INDEX OF SUBJECTS 363

Earliness Principle, 166 Economy, see Least Effort Strategy Empty Category Principle (ECP), 29-35,

43,69-70, 76n9,84, 105, 121, 154,162-163,176,232n27, 277-280

Enclisis, 39, 96, 115-117, 138-139 English, vi, 1,4,7-17,20--22,24-25,

27-28,33-36,40-43,46-49, 51-52,62-64,67-69,71-74, 77n13, 79n20, 79n24, 80n26, 81-83,88,102,117-120,127, 138, 142, 145, 148-153, 162-165, 190, 193,228n2,233n28,234n31, 238--340

American, 333n3, 34On25, see also Dialect

Early Modern (ENE), vi, 239-245, 246-255,257,260--265,270--274, 283,287,290--293,292-299, 301-306,308,315,322-323,326, 332n1,333n3,335n8,338n21

Middle, 62, 102, 151-152,239, 241-242,244-245,246-255, 256-258,260--262,271-274, 282-292,293-296,298,301,306, 307-308,312-316,320,322, 325-326,328, 330, 332n1, 334n7, 335n8, 337n20, 338n22,339n23, 339n24

Modern (NE), 238-248, 251-256, 259-262,266-268,272-274, 284-287,293,296-301,304-305, 308-323,325-326,329-332, 332n1, 335n8, 337n20, 338n21, 338n22,339n24

Old (OE), 272, 283-284, 288, 312-313,322, 326-331, 332n1, 338n22

Standard, 249, 305-307, 314-317, 334n5

Sub-standard, 335n9 Ergative, 76n8, 282,288-290 Exclamatives, 79n22 Excorporation, 29-35,50--52,281 Existential, 77nI3, 337n19 Expletive, 21, 54-56,62,67-74, 78n16,

78n17, 79n25,83,87, 105, 130-132, 137-139, 150-153, 156, 173,177,180-181,185,187,194, 196,200,206-208,211-219, 228n4, 234n32, 235n36,236n42,

270-273, 288,313-314, 335n8, 335nI2,336nI4,337nI9

Extended Projection Principle, 56, 138 External language, see E-Ianguage Extraction,3,30,65,70,83-84,189-191 Extraposition, 128, 195 E-Ianguage, 158

Facttve,58-59,79n20 Faroese, 62, 240, 246,264-269, 272 Feature-percolation, 26 FinIte, 2-9, 12-13, 16-17,23,36-41,

48-49,152,203,241,276,288, 311,315-316,318,322,325,331

Fiorentino, 71, 208-213, 236n39 Florentine, see Fiorentino FlemIsh, 54-55 Franco-Proven9al, 79n25, 225 French, v, vii, 1-8, 12-17,20,24-30,36,

41,43,45-49,52-53,56-60, 62-75, 79n20, 79n25,81-237, 238,246,253,258-260,266-267, 269-272,273,276,284,327-332, 334n7,335nl1,335n12

Middle, 28, 53, 70, 86-87, 117, 123, 128-129,142,142-187,197-198, 201-202,204,207-208,212,219, 228nl, 231n19, 231n22, 232n25, 235n33,236n41, 269-273, 328

Modern, 81-87, 90-94,103-105, 109-123, 126, 154, 160-165, 168-174,181-185,192-194,197, 202, 213-220, 229n7, 233n28, 233n29, 235n33, 236n42, 250, 336n14

Old, 28, 60, 62, 87-142, 144-152, 154-155, 157, 160, 163-164, 165-168,170-171,176-179, 182-187, 189, 197, 199,201, 204-205,208,210-211,228n1, 228n3,228n4,229n8,230n18, 233n29,234n31, 236n41, 237n44, 269,327-331 'conservative', 135-137, 139-140,

179,208 Early, 86, 127, 135, 160, 177, 179 'innovative', 139, 143, 157,

178-179 Picard, 215 Popular (jraJU;ais populaire), 87, 213,

226 Standard, 214-215, 221

364 INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Substandard, 65, 220-224 FrisIan, 58 Friulian,79n25,208 Future, 39

GenitIve, see Case German, 1,5-6, 10-12,15-17,53-60,

72-73, 78n16,96, 131-134, 142-143, 145, 148-151, 153, 157-158,193,233n29,245, 266-267,271,289,314,325-331, 335n8,339n24

Middle High German (MHG), 289 Modern, 193 Old High German (OHG), 331 Standard,54-55

Germanic, 1,5-7,16,20,53-60,64-67, 73, 77n13, 78n15, 78n17, 79n24, 81,96-97,102,131-134,142, 151,153-154,157,186,202, 229n6,230n12,239-240, 245-251,262,271-273,276,282, 289-290,308-311,317-318,321, 326,331, 334n5,335n8,339n23, 339n24

North, 4, 52, 308 Proto-, 315 West (WGmc), 4,52,54,56, 77n13,

78n15, 78n17, 78n19, 79n24, 131, 151,238,245,272,276,282, 289-291,307-308,318,326, 335n8, 339n24 see also Dialects, Continental West Germanic

Gerundive, 333n4 Gerund,260 Government, 10-11, 14-15,29-35,

42-45,51,60,68-73, 75n4, 76n9, 79n20,79n23,81,84-85,87-88, 92-106,110,121-125,129-132, 137-144,154,159-163,177-178, 186-193,197,200,202-213, 218-219, 229n8,260,269-272, 276,280,288,322-324,329-330, 335n8, 338n21

antecedent-, 30-34, 50, 74, 76n9, 80n27, 278-280,338n21

Case-assignment under, 17-29, 75 head-, 30-31,41-42,49-50,69-70,

76n9, 79n23, 94, 108,203, 234n31,235n32, 337n17

proper, 42,51, 70, 79n20,84,94, 121-123, 154, 338n21 see also

Empty Category Principle strict, 70 Transparency Corollai}' (GTC),

27-31,44,60,73,203,277, 281-282

Hallingdalen, 265-267 Head, 10-12, 15-19,26-27,29-46,

49-52,54-64,67-74,75n4, 77n12, 77n13, 78n15, 79n23, 82, 84, 108-114, 121-123, 129-132, 135, 141, 156, 161-163, 182, 186, 195-196,203, 213,228n2,228n5, 23On12,231n20,233n29,239, 243-246,255,259,268,276-277, 282,287,291,304-305,310-312, 324-326,332,335n8,336n16, 336n17,339n24

-final, 10-11 functional, 8,39,48, 53, 59, 75n4,

78n15, 110, 121, 124,213,246, 259,262,276,282,292,310,322, 324-326, 331,334n7,339n24

hybrid, 45-47, 69-70, 79n23, 104-106,255

-initial, 10-11, 151-152 -level,39 lexical, 8, 10,41, 75n4, 276, 324 licensing (for pro), 82 Movement Constraint (HMC), 16,

33-38,41-44 -to-head-movement, see Excorpora­

tion,Incorporation radically empty, 43 -traces, 66, 280

)(-,39-42 A-,40-42,56,61,79n20

Heavy NP-Shift, 119

Iberian, 271 Icelandic, 17-18,28,36,64,57-62,

79n21,99-102, 134, 138, 142, 152-153,23OnI6,263,266-267, 271-272,329-331

Modern Icelandic, 153 Identification,

Biuniqueness restriction on, 281 of pro, see pro PF-, see Case-assignment

Imperative, 223, 320 Imperfect, 126, 128,203,294 Impersonal, 78n16, 217, 236n42,

INDEX OF SUBJECTS 365

313-315, 335n8 Incorporation, v, 8, 11-12, 16, 26-27,

29-53,56-57,60-63,67-70, 74-75, 77n10, 77n13,86-87, 105, 110-116,121-123,154,161-166, 172,186,199,203,221,227, 229n8, 231n20, 231n23, 244, 246, 255-256, 276-277, 282, 335n12, 339n24

at LF, 233n28 by substitution, 29,43-52,75,

244-245, 255, 335n12 fre~45-51,68,244,255,335n12 successive-cyclic, 11-12, 29, 33-34,

36,51,53 Indefinite, 169-170 Indicative, 294, 322 Indrrect Object, 314 InfmitIve, 1-4, 14-17,37,48-49,61,

204,243-247,259-268,277, 284-287,290-294,308,313-316, 320-325, 338n22,339n24

-movement, 49 morphology, 243, 260, 284 InfP, 321, 339n24

Infl, 11-17,23,239,245, 336n15 IP,9, 10-12,20-21,89-90, 104, 128,

15~ 167-168, 175, 337n17 -parameters, 272 -to-Comp, 15-16,33, 105,281

Inflection, ~ 8-9, 36,42,46, 77n13, 244-246,256-258,262-269, 276-277,306,315,321-324,328, 331, 338n22

morphology, 245, 328, 331 Inner Island, 338n21 Innovation, 159, 160, 166, 219, 231n22 Insertion,

of do, 21, 34,42, 51 of -t-, 220, 221

Internal language, see I-language Interrogative, v, 7, 11-12, 15,25-26,57,

61-74, 79n22,81,81-237, 238, 248-252,274-275,281,288,293, 299-306, 308, 335n12,336n14

Intervener, 20-21,32-33, 58-42, 70, 101, 250 see also Minimality

Intransitive, 46, 75n4, 119, 173, 190-191 Inversion, v-vii, 1-75, esp. 8-16, 17-28,

29-51,64-75, 75n3, 77n13, 79n25, 80n26,81-110, 110-112, 114,117,121-126,128-130,139,

140-144, 146-149, 152, 154-155, 160,162,166-177,183,186-189, 189-19~ 197-203,208-216, 217-219, 220-227, 229n7, 23OnI6,231n19,231n20,231n23, 232n25,236n38,236n41, 238-244,246-252,303,311,324, 332n2, 333n3, 334n5, 337n17, 338n21 see also Agr-to-C: Verb, movement; Verb, second

complex, 7~, 47, 56, 62, 64-74, 75n3, 79n25,82, 86-88,92-94, 103-110, 123, 142-144, 148, 154-155,159,165-176,186-188, 189,192-197,201-202,214-215, 220-224, 227, 231n20, 231n23 proto-complex, 112, 146-148,

234n31 free, 24-30, 83-84,97, 101, 118, 128,

173-176,183,186,189-191, 195-196,200-201,202,217-219, 231n19,232n25, 234n32, 236n41

in conditionals, 56, 95-96, 203, 246 optative, 202 simple, v, 82, 85-87, 103, 110, 142,

143,160,170,173-176,186-187, 189-197,200-201,203,208-212, 216, 219, 226, 232n25,233n29

stylIstic (Styl-Inv), 24, 27,66,68, 70, 72-74, 75n3,87, 101, 122, 173-176, 181-183, 185-187, 191-194, 196,216,217-219, 234n32, 236n42

Subject-Auxiliary (SAl), 7, 12, 33-36, 67, 239, 336n16, 338n21

SubJect-Clitic, 8, 65-67,70,73, 75n3 with subjunctive, see InverslOn, in

conditionals ~ish,4,22-23,56, 75n2 illealis,290 Is-a, 45 Italian, 1,22-28,48-49,54,63,68-74,

80n26, 82-84, 86,97-102, 118-120,127-128,130-131,138, 153,183,193,195-196,203-204, 208-216, 226, 228n3, 230n12, 231n20, 233n28, 236n39, 236n41, 260, 270-273,276, 335n12, 336nI4,338n22

Modern, 208 Old, 36 Standard, 63, 69-71, 74, 196,210,

366 INDEX OF SUBJECTS

212, 231n20,273 see also Dialects, Northern ItalIan

I-language, 158

Japanese, 130, 336n15

Landing-site, 9, 16,22,68-69, 79n21 Language-particular Rule, 281 Language-particular (LP) Structure, 281 Language types, 28 Last Resort Strategy, 275, 277, 280--281,

299-301 Laun, 125, 130, 160 Learnability, 227 Least Effort Strategy (LES) 85, 153-160,

166, 188--189,227, 231n22, 256, 268,275-276,277,291,296,297, 308, 316, 325, 337n18

Left Dislocation, 80n26, 86--87, 103-109,143-148,166-173,223, 23On13, 231n22, 234n31

Lexical Insertion, 161,245,258, 261-262,274,277,281-282,292, 299-300,316,320

post-DS, 275, 277-281, 299-300 LeXIcal Conceptual Structure (LCS),

300,324 LeXIcal Split, 293, 310 LeXIcalist Hypothesis, 34 LeXIcalization,78n15 LeXIcon, 8 Llruson,220,237n44 Licensing, 108, 142, 193, 197,213,215,

219, 228n5, 230n12 A-chains, 39, see also Case-assign-

ment A' -chains, 39 clitics, 2210 content, see Pro, identification formal, 83 Long Head Movement, 37-38 pro, see Pro Q,193 specifiers, 45, 56, 68, 154 trace, 105 Uniqueness Condition on, 71-74 VI orders, 102 VP-Fronting, 38, 40--41

'Lively Narrative Style', 56,96 Locality,38 Locative, see 8-roles Logical Form (LF), 21,42,48,52,74,

77n13, 162, 166, 232n27,233n28, 274-281, 299, 338n21

excorporation at, 280--281 movement at, 277-280, 305

Long Head Movement (LHM), 36-43, 62, 138, 203, 239, 336n16

Loss, 49-50, 82,84-87, 125-132, 139-142, 149-153, 157-159, 163-165,172,176-177,179, 183-189,189-215,218--219, 226-227, 234n32, 239, 243-249, 255-256,258--262,268,270,273, 275,281-284,291-293,298, 301-302,308--311,315-331, 339n24

L-marking, 19,21,31, 76n5

Main Clause, see Root Clause Malagasy, 75nl Matrix Clause, see Root Clause Medieval Florentine, 6 Milanese, 208 Minimal Chain Principle, 232n26 Mimmality, 19,31-34,41--42,50,68,

74, 76n9,80n27, 151, 154, 234n31

Relativized (RM), 31-33, 40--41, 50, 68,74, 76n9, 77n11, 77n12, 80n27, 151, 154, 233n29, 277, 279, 336nI6,338n21

Modality, 169,310,317-318,324-328 Modifier, 47 Mohawk, 43 Morphological,

identification (m-identification) 161, 221, 229n8, 299, see also Case­assignment, Verb-visibility

Uniformity (MU), 126-127, 177,184, 208, 230n18, 235n33, 246, 256, 258, 269-273, 335n8

Movement, 2, 7-8,11-17,22-23,25-27, 29-54,57, 60--64, 68-72, 77nl0, 77n11, 78n15, 79n22,80n26, 239-240,245,246-273,277-281, 285,292,296-297,299-309,313, 317,321-325,328, 335n12, 336n13,336n15,337n17,338n21

A'-, 40--41,107,138,224, 336n16 A-, 41, 44, 118, 336n16 clitic-, 165 head-to-head, see Excorporation,

Incorporation

INDEX OF SUBJECTS 367

improper, 43, 277 Last Resort, 138 rightward, 236n42 string-vacuous, 328 verb-, see Verb

Negation, 2-3, 5-6, 9, 13-15,22-24, 36-40,48-52,62, 77n13, 79n22, 119-120,122,152,157,239-246, 249-254,260,262-265,267-268, 275,278,280-281,288,293,299, 303-306,308,311,313,322-324, 329, 333n3, 334n7, 338n21, 339n24

NegP, 17,40, 120, 122, 237n43,250, 278-281, 322, 334n7

Neg-placement, 36 Neg-polarity, 7 n't, 249, 279, 305, 308, 317, 338n21 preverbal negation, 334n7

Nominal, 3-4, 24, 67, 120, 150, 161, 259-26~287,294,313,332

Nominative, see Case Norwegian, 265-267, 339n24 Noun, 3-4, 8-9, 17,21,332

-mcorporatlOn, see incorporation NP,7, 10-12, 17-23,40,60,64-69,

74,88-93, 103-112, 117-119, 121-124, 133-134, 141-144, 156-158, 161-162, 165-175, 189-196,200-202,211-215,219, 223-224, 23On13,231n19, 232n27, 236n41, 243, 248, 259-262,273-280,291,295-299, 313-315,321, 328-331, 337n17, 339n23,339n24 -movement, 68, 77n11, 236n42

see also Chains, A-; Movement, A-

-trace, 77nll, 88-90 Null Subject, see Pro

Object, 5-6, 30, 75n1, 76n8, 85, 89, 95, 116-118,129,139,149, 157-159, 160,174,179,191,221,223, 241-24~ 310-312, 317-319, 329, 336n15,337n17

Oblique, see Case Occitan, 6, 204, 208 Old Norse, 263-264, 273 Old Provenc;:al, 36 Old Catalan, 36

Operaror, 39-40,45,47, 57, 62-63, 73-74, 80n26, 88,96, 219, 277-278, 295,325-326, 337n17

-hcenser,40

Parameter, 2, 10-11,27-28,48, 76n6, 76n8,227,240,246,273,276

binary values of, 235n34 change in, see Change, parametnc fixation, 235n34 format, 227 licensing pro, 70,127-130,182,

230n18, 272, see also Pro negative value of, 81, 88, 193, 245 Nominative-assignment, 20, 23,

27-29,67,81,81-94,129,132, 141-144,184-208,213-219, 222-227, 234n32, 270,328, 330 28, see also Case, Nominative

positive value of, 82, 88, 189,245 -setting, 82, 88, 158-160, 178,

188-189,194,200,226-227, 235n34

shifted system of, 227, 235n35 word-order, 10-11, see also Word

Order, X-bar Theory X-I, 243-245, 272-273, 275, 310,

321,325-327 Parsing, 232n26 Participle, 1-5,38-41, 62,94, 194,

200-201, 221, 236n42,276, 284-286, 316, 320, 333n4

-fronting, 62,99 Pas, 2-3,13-17,48-49,120,122,152,

203,221, 237n43, 250, see also Negation

Passive, 29, 89, 118, 236n42, 238, 285, 313-315, 335n8, 339n23

Patient, see E)-roles Penutian, 75n1 Perfect, 3, 11,238,293,320, 340n25 Perlmutter's Generalization, 83 PF,34, 111,114-118, 123, 149, 162-163

-cliticization, 109, 122, 162, 233n28 -identification, see Case-assignment

Pied-piping, 51 Piedmontese, 208-213 Pleonastic, see Expletive PolarityP,280 Portuguese, 1, 6,28,36-39, 126,

224-226,273 Position,

368 INDEX OF SUBJECTS

A'-, 22, 27, 36,40,51,59,61, 77nll, 88, 151, 156, 179, 231n22, 284, 336n16,338n21 A' -head-position, 279

A-, 41, 44, 50-51, 60-61, 74, 77n11, 88, 108, 149-150, 156-157, 195, 255, 285, 336n16

base-, 26, 37, 68, 76n7, 123,250, 277,299

cham-, 268, 291, 296, 302, 316, 325, 328, 34On25

CP-adjoined, 109 first, 39 freely-inverted, 130, 230n16 head-,245 indirect object, see Indirect Object object, see Object of infinitive markers, 339n24 of nominative pronouns, 111-123,

229n8 of pas, 194, 237n43 of pro, see Pro, licensing condition

for of ti, 221-223 pre-Agr, 245, 255 preverbal, 254, 259

in V2 clauses, 94, 145-160, 194, 198-203

second, 318, 328 see also Verb, second

specifier, see Specifier subject, see Subject topic, 141, 150 verb, see Verb Wackernagel, 78n15, 141, 151,

233n29,329-331 X-I, 262, 269, 308

Possessive have, 77n13 Possession, 324-325, 340n25 Postposition, 332 Postverbal subject, see Inversion PP,90,95, 101, 128, 133, 236n42 Predicate-Argument Structure (PAS),

300,310,324 Predication, 9 Preposition, 8, 21,259-262 Presupposition, 80n26 Pro, 22-23,40,50,54-57, 62, 71-74,

78n16, 78n17, 82-92,94-102, 106-112,123-142,143-144,149, 154-155,159,172-175,177-186, 186-189,193-197,198-201,203,

204-216,216-220,223,226-227, 228n2, 228n4, 228n5, 230n12, 23OnI8,231n20, 232n25, 234n32, 235n33,235n36,236n42,240, 246,256-257,269-273,288,291, 299,313-314, 335n8,335n12, 336n14,336n15

identification of, 71-74, 78n16, 83, 82,87,109,126-128,131, 135-139,176,182-186,204-207, 215-221, 256, 269, 271, 336n15

licensing of, 50, 54-55, 70--74, 82-88,94-95,102,108-110, 123-125,127-144,159,177-187, 194-197,204-208,215-216, 218-219, 224-225, 228n2, 228n5, 234n32, 240, 269-273, 287, 335n8,335n12

referential, 72, 270, 272 arbitrary, 288-289 C-licensed,270

PRO, 261, 299, 320 Theorem, 261

Proclisis, 117 Pro drop, see Pro Progressive, 3 Projection, 141, 161, 177, 231n20,

232n27 immediate, 76n9, 79n23 maximal, see XP segments of, 44, 50, 232n27

Projection Principle, 45-52, 63, 255, 276,322

Pronoun, v, 17,39,53-57,64, 67-68, 71-72, 78n16, 82,86-93,95-99, 103-109,110-142,149,160-166, 166-177,183-185,186-187,189, 194-195,199-203,207-216, 221-223, 228n5, 229n8, 23On11, 23OnI6,233n28,233n29,234n31, 237n44, 257,265-273, 288, 291, 303-306, 308, 328, 331, 336n13

atonic, 122, 155, 157, 166,223,259, 320

object, 149 subject, 82, 110-142,149,160-166,

202, 210-212, 236n38 double series of in French, 87,

110,115-117,121-123, 143, 160-166

weak, 121, 162, 165 Zap, 57, 96

INDEX OF SUBJECTS 369

PropositIon, 9 Provenyal, 87, 128 Pseudo-cleft, 319 Puter, 123

QuantIfication, 270, 324 Quantifier, 64, 80n26, 109, 130, 213, 277

Floated, 2-3, 6,13-14,46,73,130, 253,322

non-referential, 168 Raising (QR), 162,277-281,299,

304-305, 336n16,338n21 Cyclic, 277

Quasi-argument, 131 Q-morpheme, 79n22

Raising, 46-47 Agr-to-C, see Inversion have/be, 34, 41, 307, 322-324,

336n16,340n25 head-to-head, see Excorporation,

Incorporation I-to-C, see Inversion in LF, 42, 274 subJect-, 21-23, 77nll, 156-157,

172,223,296 to SpecC', 70, 85,151

verb-, see Inversion, V -to-Agr Relative clause, 59, 62, 136, 139, 184,

224-225,304 free, 224

Reprise (pronominale), 108, 234n31 Restructuring, 226n3,339n23 Romance, 1,4,6,10,17,19-21,24-25,

30,35-40,48,62,99,111-112, 130,161,208,213,215,226-227, 238-240,245-246,260,262, 271-273,276,282,286,308-310, 318, 321, 326, 334n5, 338n22

Medieval, 6, 35-40, 62 Romansch, 6, 94,123,153 Root Clause, 1,5-7,9, 11-13, 15,35,

37,45,53,55,57-65,73-74, 75n3, 78n19, 84, 86-88,94-97, 121-125, 132-134, 140-142, 144-153,153-158,159,172-180, 183-186, 189-194, 197-203, 207-210,220,262,281,287, 291-292, 296, 327-330, 334n6, 335n12

Rumanian, 36-37, 39, 99, 271

Salishan,75nl Sardinian, 99 Scandinavian, 94, 123, 244, 263, 264,

266-268,273,308-309 Mamland (MSc), vi, 6,16,18,35-36,

43,45,47,55-56, 78n15 ,78n17, 79n24, 121, 138, 142, 151-153, 157, 23On18, 239, 243, 246, 251-252,262-265,268,271-272, 287,301,309,318,318-326,331, 334n5, 336n15, 339n24 see also Darush, Norwegian, Swedish

Modem Scandinavian, 94 Old (OMSc), 272

Selection, 21,60-61, 79n22, 97, 310, 338n22

Morphological (m-selectIon), 40, 43-52,52-64, 67,68,70,78n14, 78n15,86, 138, 151, 161, 193, 244, 255-256, 258, 322, 334n5, 335n12

Semitic, 24 Serbo-Croatian, 36 Sister, 30,47,50 Siuslaw,75n1 Slavic, 37-39 Slovak, 36 Small Clause, 76n7, 77n13, 274,

284-286, 34On25 Spanish, 1, 25,36, 62, 82-84, 99,

125-130,270-273 Modem, 128 Old, 36-37, 62, 99

Specifier, 10, 18-19,22,25-26,45-47, 56-59,67-71,74, 75n4, 100-102, 130,138,151,154,172,193-194, 231n23,245,254-255,280,304, 338n21

A'-, 22, 32,40, 338n21 A-, 32, 40, 68, 70,105 double, 45, 69, 79n25, 193-195 of Agr (SpecAgr), 17, 21-23, 25-26,

56-60, 65-74, 77n11, 80n26, 82-85,87-90,93-97,117-122, 125, 131, 138, 141, 144, 150-152, 159-163,177-180,185,192, 195-196,202,205, 216, 228n5, 231n20,234n32, 260, 277,314, 330, 337n17

of C (SpecC'), 11-12,53, 56-59, 63-64,68-70,85,87-88,93-96, 105-108,114,117-120, 144-151,

370 INDEX OF SUBJECTS

154-157, 197, 201, 207, 228n5, 236n38, 236n42, 330, 336n13, 337n17

ofI (Spec!'), 10-11,30-31, 100, 104, 117-120, 128, 152, 337n17

of Neg (SpecNeg'), 24, 279, 304, 338n21

ofT (SpecT'), 21-23, 27-28, 37, 77n11, 120, 122, 221, 231n23, 250,279, 284, 336n15

of V (SpecV'), 13-14 of X (SpecX'), 10

Split-Infl Hypothesis, 10, 16-17,239, 244, 256, 321, 337n17

Step, 154-160, 166, 177,227 StrIct Cycle CondItion, 79n21 Structure Preservation, 16,45,72,

231n20, 258-259, 302 Stylistic Fronting, 62, 79n21, 97-101,

123,134,140,153,184,245, 252-254,274,301,303-309

SubcategoIlzation, see Selection Subject, v, 1,5-7,10-11,13-14,17-31,

37-40,46-49,52-60,62,64-75, 75n1, 75n3, 76n7, 76n8, 77n11, 77n13, 78n16, 78n17, 79n20, 79n21, 79n25, 81-108,110-142, 144-159,160-166,167-175, 177-186,187,194-203,204-216, 215-220, 223-227, 228n4, 228n5, 229n9, 230n12, 230n16, 23On18, 232n25,233n28, 234n31, 234n32, 235n33,236n39, 236n41, 236n42, 240,246,249-257,259-262, 265-267,269-273,276,282-290, 293,301-306,306-322,325, 328-330, 335n8, 335n12, 336n15, 337n17

-Auxiliary Inversion, see Inversion base-position of, see VP -Clitic Inversion, see Inversion -imtial clauses, 70 -lowering, 24 -object asymmetries, 30 -postposing, 75n3 pre-C, 67-68

SubJunctive, 27, 57,127,202-203, 216-219,309,315,322-326

Subset Principle, 188, 193-194, 197, 227, 235n34,244, 256,272

Superraising, 151 Superset Grammar, 189

Surmeiran, 123 Swedish, 36, 58-59, 62, 97-99, 121-122,

152-153,246,262-268,285, 339n24

Modern (NSw), 263-262 Old (OSw), 98, 112, 263-264

Syllable Structure, 219-220 Syncretism, 126-127, 177,225,257,

269-273 S-structure, 273-281,299, 334n5,

338n21

Tag Question, 333n3 Tense, 2, 5,9, 12-14,16-17,23-24,30,

40-42,48,51,54-55,57-58,61, 76n8, 78n14, 82-83, 89, 125, 140, 152, 162, 174, 177, 191, 236n42, 241,244-246,255-256,264-265, 272,282,293,302,307,312, 320-321, 324-325, 330, 336n15, see also Finite

empty, 323-326 -lowering, 240, 275-282, 299-304,

see also Agr-Lowering, Downgrad­ing

-marking, 41 -raising, 281, 296 -to-Agr, 27,41 -to-Agr-to-C, 63, 71-72, 277-280,

299 -to-C, 338n21 TP, 16-17,51,66,68, 101, 133, 137,

150-151,179,222,250,278-280, 284-287,291

Thematic role, see 8-role Tobler-Mussafia Law, 39, 96, 102, 139,

141, 179, 233n29,331 Topic, 157 Topicalization, 3-4, 39, 58-60, 79n21,

105-108, 138, 141, 144, 148-150, 154, 157-158,179, 183, 23On10, 231n22,234n31,236n42,336n13

Trace, 30-34, 41-42,49-51, 62, 69-70, 74, 77n13, 79n20, 79n21, 83, 88, 94,98,105,108-109,121,128, 138,154-156,159,161,165,173, 203, 231n20,232n27, 234n31, 234n32,236n42, 273, 277-282, 337n17, 338n21 see also Movement, Chain

that-trace violation, 83 Transitivity, 310

INDEX OF SUBJECTS 371

Transparency Principle, 156, 159,203 Trentino, 70 Trigger Experience, 125, 156, 159-160,

174,178,188,194,197,227, 232n26, 235n34, 268-269, 272

Opacity of, 174-178, 194 Turkish, 130

Uniqueness Condition on Licensrng (UCL), 71-72, 74, 87, 108-109, 132,193,196-197,213,215, 218-219, 228n5, 231n20, 234n32

Umversal Grammar (UG), 10-11,21-22, 76n8,156,232n26,235n34

Uniformity Condition, 17

Vald6tain, 79n25, 214, 226, 227, 231n20,237n43

Vallader, 123 Variable, 41, 51, 93 Veneto, 71,182-183,208-214,226,

236n39,271 Modern Veneto, 212 Renaissance Veneto, 182,212-214

Veneziano, 226 Verb, 83-86, 89,93,94-102,105-108,

112-115,117-127,133-134, 137-142,144-153,157,160-163, 173-174,177-18~ 191, 196, 197-204,208-212,215,219-223, 228n3,229n8,235n33,238-243, 246-273, 273-332, 332n2, 333n4, 334n5,332n7,338n22,339n23, 339n24

accomplishment, 288 achievement, 288 aspectual,333n4 auxihary, see Auxiliary bridge, 97, 133, 139, 177-178, 181 clitlcisatJon to, 65 dummy, see Do -frnal, 130-131, see also Word Order inflected, 2,4, 12,35,39,47,53-56,

60,62, 64, 72, 78n15, 85-86, 93-97,105,114,117-127,138, 142-143, 151, 160, 185-186, 196, 221, 229n8, 239, 251-253, 262, 314,328, 334n7, 338n21, see also Finite

main, 13-17,42,47-50, 77n13, 238-239,241-243,245-246, 248-252,271,273,275-276,282,

284-285,290,296,303,305,310, 313,317-322,325,327,331, 332n2,336n23

movement, vi, 1,3-5,7-9, 11-16,27, 23-24,29-30,33-35,53-54,56, 58-60, 62-63, 66, 75n2, 75n3,85, 93,135,138-140,150-151,202, 223, 235n33, 236-240, 245, 246-273,274-282,293,296, 297-299,301-303,305,311,322, 325, 328, 330, 334n5, 335n12

non-finite, 36, see also Infinitive perception, 277 VP, 10-14, 16-17,20-21,24,67-68,

76n7, 77n11, 77n13, 84, 90,94, 99-101,105,118-122,128,139, 152, 167, 173-175,221, 236n41, 236n42, 242-244, 250-255, 259-262,277-280,283,288, 241-292,295,299,304,312,315, 320-322, 328, 336n15, 337n17, 339n24,340n25 adverbs, 2-3, 6, 152,322 -external subject, 36 fronting (VPF), 38-41 -internal subject, 21-27, 46, 76n7,

77n11, 83, 101, 105, 118-122, 175,203, 23On16,236n41

trace-of, 40-41 preterit-present, 315 (Projection) Raising, 338n22 psych, 300 raising, 284, 295, 308-310, 313-314,

319, 325, 338n22,339n24 second (V2), 2, 5-7, 16,52-64,70,

85,94-102,140-142,144-153, 154,171,177-186,191-192, 197-204,226 residual, 8, 52, 202, 323

stative, 289, 297 -to-Agr, vi, 43-47, 58-59, 76n8,

77n13,152,202,235n33, 245-254,258,262-276,281, 297-297,301-303,306,310, 317-320,328,331

-to-C, 138, 152, 231n22, 248-249, 262

-to-I, 30-34, 243, 249, 255-256, 302, 336n13

-to-I-to-C,41 -to-T, 49, 322 -to-T-to-Agr, 156

372 INDEX OF SUBJECTS

-to-T-to-Agr-to-C,156 transitive, 76n8, 119, 174, 191,317,

320 -visibility, 161, 276 verba dicendi, 133

VisIbility, 152, 161, 165, 186,203,276, see also Case

Wackernagel's Law, 39, see also Position

Welsh, 2-4, 13,22-28,56,262,289,309 Wh,54,57-64, 70, 78nI8,79n22,

86-88,94,97-101,105-109,112, 132-139,153-156,167-173, 180-184,189-195,205,212, 216-220, 224-226, 231n19, 231n23, 237n43, 239, 249, 281-282,299,303,326-330, 335n12, 336n14, 337n17, 339n24

-constituent, 7, 64, 66, 68, 80n26 -criterion, 63, 72, 8On26, 226,

231n23, 282, 299, 303,330, 335n12,336n14, 337n17, 339n24

-in-situ, 63, 229n7 -movement, 36, 63, 68 -question, 7, 8On26 -operator, 47, 63, 231n23 -questions, 89-92, 105-108, 167,

169-172,176,195-196,212, 224-225, 228n4, 237n43

Word Order, 1-6, 10-12, 15, 18,22-23, 36,39,47,57-59,62,64,67,69, 71, 75n1, 84,87,94-110, 122-125,128,134-142,144-160, 160-161,164-176,179-180, 183-186, 189-190, 198-200, 201-204,206-210,215-218,221, 23Onl0,231n19, 231n22, 232n25, 236n38,236n42, 262, 318, 326-328, 338n22, see also Case, Inversion, Movement, Parameter

AdvSV,217 AdvVS, 217, 221 OV, 129, 157,327 SOY, 1-3,327, 338n22 OS V, 75n1 OVS,75n1 SV, 87, 123, 155-157, 198-199 SVO, v, 1,3-6, 13-14,85, 141-142,

151-158,179,186-187,198-199, 328, 338n22

TopSV,157

TopVS,157 VO, 85, 94, 127-130 VS, 155-157, 160, 198,206,220 VSO, 1-4, 13-14,22-24,56, 75n2 XOVS,150 XSV,231n22 XSVO, 150, 186

XP, 10-12, 16, 18,21,29-34,39-40, 44-45,50,53,57-60,64,66,69, 72, 77n12, 95, 99-104, 107, 111, 128, 135-137, 144-149, 153, 166-168,181-182,185-186,204, 231n20,231n21, 304, 328-329

-adjunction, 13 -level, 40, 245, 279 -movement, 40, 204, 336n13

X'-pfOJection,19 X-bar Theory, v, 8-18, 267, 332

Yes/no questions (Y INQ), 89-94, 95-96, 103-104, 108, 139, 167, 172, 175-176,191-192,195,212, 218-220, 224, 228n4, 228n5, 23On12, 234n32, 237n43

Yiddish, 1, 52, 58-59, 101, 134, 153, 229n6

-<P-features, 19, 24, 336n13 8-assignment, 30, 45-46, 50, 77n13,

242,245,255,258,275,285-292, 294-296,299,312-313,316-318, 325, 334n5, 340n25 -transparency for, 45

8-criterion, 45-49, 256, 275, 322 8-domain, 46-47 8-grid, 46, 300, 325

Empty, 325 8-marking, see 8-assignment 8-relations, 316, 325-326 8-role,4, 15, 17,30,39,45-47,49,

67-68,74, 77n13, 105,242,254, 276,284-289,291,295,299,312, 315-318, 325, 337n19, 349,425

Agent, 15 Adjunct, 311, 316-317 Benefactive, 260 Beneficiary, 15 Event Caused, 283, 289-290, 295 Experiencer, 314-315 External, 288 Main, 312

Patient, 15 Secondary, 77n13 transmission of, 45

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

8-theory, 15-16, 77n13, 325, 334n5

373

Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory

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