Appendix: List of Seminar Participants

Below is a list of the participants at the International Seminar on 'Dilemmas of National Security and Cooperation in South Asia', in honour of Dr Justice Javid Iqbal, formerly of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, 16-17 November 1990.

Dr Justice Javid Iqbal, Lahore, Pakistan

Professor Nasira Iqbal, Lahore, Pakistan

H.E. Mr Najam-ud-Din Shaikh, Ambassador of Pakistan to the United States

Dr Vyacheslav Ya. Belokrinitsky, Chairman, Department of Middle East Studies, Institute of Oriental Studies, Moscow

Fr. Kail C. Ellis, Dean. Arts and Sciences. Villanova University

Maj. Gen. lmtiaz Ali, former Military Secretary to the late Prime Minister Z. A. Bhutto, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Mr Mushahid Hussain, Islamabad, Pakistan

Dr Shireen Hunter, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, DC

Dr Saleem Qureshi and Dr Regula Qureshi. Alberta, Canada

Col. James McWilliams. Freedom Eve House, Fairfax Station, Virginia

Dr Arshad S. Karim, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan

Commander Charles J. Dale, US Navy, Office of Assistant Secretary of Defense. for International Security Affairs. Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs, Country Director. India/Nepal/Sri Lanka/Bhutan, Washington, DC

Michael L. Waldron, Department of the Army

Maj. James W. Hertsch, Jr. Department of the Army

Dr John Schultz, National War College. Washington. DC

311

312 Dilemmas of National Security and Cooperation

Dr Paul Gutland, National War College, Washington, DC

Lt Col. Roger Cunningham, Pentagon

Col. James Corcoran, Director of Asian Studies, US Army War College

Col. Donald Boose, Director, National Secmity Secretary, US Almy War College

Mrs Lil Boose, Carlisle, Pennsylvania

Col. Rich Crites, Pentagon

Lt Col. Lawrence Velte, Pentagon

Dr Thomas P. Thornton, School of Advanced International Studies, Washington, DC

Dr Raju G.C. Thomas, Marquette University

Dr Melvin Goodman, National War College. Washington, DC

Dr Alvin Z. Rubinstein, University of Pennsylvania

Dr Maya Chadda, William Paterson College

Dr Robert Wirsing, University of South Carolina

Dr Sumit Ganguly, Hunter College, New York

Dr Lawrence Ziring, Western Michigan University

Dr Craig Baxter, Juniata College

Dr Riaz Ahmad, Detroit, Michigan

Dr Sakhawat Hussain, Indus Society of North Alnerica

Dr Robert LaPorte, Penn State University

Professor Saroj Khanna, York College, York

Dr Loretta Butler, Mount Saint Mary College, New York

Dr Grace Clark, Baltimore, Maryland

List qf Seminar Participants 313

Dr Naseem Sahibzada, University of the District of Columbia, Washington, DC

Dr Niaz Sahibzada, Greenbelt, Maryland

Dr Rashid-ud-Zaman, Glassboro State College, Glassboro, N.T

Dr Russell Blackwood, Clinton College, New York

Dr Zaheer Chaudhary and Mrs Shahida Chaudhary, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania

Mr Horace L. Kephart and Mrs Dolores Kephart, Newtown Square, Pennsylvania

Mr Magdy Barsoum and Mrs Nadia Barsoum, Newtown Square, Pennsylvania

Mr Haroon Chaudhri and Mrs Fauziyeh Chaudhri, Berwyn, Pennsylvania

Dr Aftab-ud-Din Ahmed and Mrs Naheed Aftab-ud-Din Ahmed, Downingtown, Pennsylvania

Mr Abdul Malik and Mrs Khadija Malik, West Chester, Pennsylvania

DrS. M. Iqbal, New Castle, Delaware

Dr Zia-ur-Khan, Akron, Ohio

Mr Richard Coe and Mrs Patricia Coe, Williamstown, N.T

Dr Arif Malik and Mrs Ghazala Malik, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania

Dr Riaz Malik and Mrs Mahjabeen Malik, Villanova, Pennsylvania

Mr Amin Jan and Dr Rehana Jan, Gulph Mills, Pennsylvania

Mr Lowell Sibole, The West Company, Phoenixville, Pennsylvania

Dr Sanli Khan and Dr Meher Khan, Merion, Pennsylvania

Mr Lawrence Hausman and Mrs Susan Hausman, Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania

Dr Helen Lafferty, Associate Dean of Arts and Sciences, Villanova University

Dr Hafeez Malik, Department of Political Science, Villanova University

314 Dilem11Uls of National Security and Cooperation

Dr Lynda Malik, Department of Sociology, Villanova University

Dr Patrick Nolan, Department of English, Villanova University

Dr Robert Langran, Department of Political Science, Villanova University

Dr Priscilla Hopkirk, Department of Political Science, Villanova University

Dr Jack Hopkirk, Widener University

Dr John J. Schrems, Chairperson, Department of Political Science, Villanova University

Dr Donald Dowd, Law SchooL Villanova University

Dr Miriam Vosburgh, Department of Sociology, Villanova University

Dr Thomas Kessinger, President, Haverford College and Mrs Varyam Kessinger

Dr Arshad Mirza. Chairman Elect and Treasurer, Indus Society of North America, Illinois

Tariq Khan, Secretary, Indus Society of North America, Illinois

Dr Ghayyur K. Ghori, Joint Secretary, Indus Society of North America, Illinois

Dr H. Wasiullah Khan, Member, Advisory Board, Indus Society of North America, Illinois

Dr M. Jafar Shah Member, Advisory Board, Indus Society of North America, Illinois

Dr Shaukat A. Shah, Member. Advisory Board, Indus Society of North America, Illinois

Mohammed Zaffar, D.D.S., Member, Advisory Board, Indus Society of North America, Illinois

Atta U. Arain, Indus Society of North America, Illinois

M. Murtaza Arain, Indus Society of North America, Illinois

Javed Bangash, Indus Society of North America, Illinois

List of Seminar Participants

Muhammad M. Haque, Indus Society of North America, Illinois

Manzoor Hussain, Indus Society of North America, Illinois

Mohammad Toor, Indus Society of North America, Illinois

Kamran Khan, Chicago

Rashid Chaudhary, Washington, DC

315

Index

Abdullah, Dr Farooq, 166 Afghan economic dependence, 91,

92,95 Afghan Shiites based in Iran, Afghanistan's foreign trade, A.ka1i Dal, 220, 223 Ali, Chaudhri Muhammad,

103, 104 95

16 Ali, Mir Laik, on secret mission to

Washington, 9 Aliyev, Geydar. 70 Amedkar, B. R., 14, 15 Amin, Hafizullah, 63 Andrapov, Yuri. 70, 79 Arc of Crises, 41 Asian Relations Conference (1974),

274-5 Azad, Abu! Kalam, 13 Azeri nationalism, 105 Aziz, Sartaj, 300

Babari Mosque, 255 Baghdad Pact, 55; see also CENTO Baquio Conference ( 1950). 275 Baker, James, 148 Balanced imbalance in South Asia 49 Bandung Conference ( 1955 ), 8. 276 Bangladesh, 3, 136, 242, 273, 277 Beg, General Mirza Aslam. 177, 179,

308 Belokrenitsky, Vyacheslav Ya.. 18,

19,20 Bengali nationalism, 208, 219, 273,

294 Bharatiya Janata Party (B.IP), 208,

226 Bhindranwale, .larnail Singh, 223 Bhutto, Benazir. 44. 106, 145. 162.

167, 173, 175, 179. 180. 186. 221. 264,308

Bhutto, Z. A., 25. 57, 135, 136. 137. 138. 139, 140, 141. 143. 242. 262, 294

Bovin, Aleksandr, 73 Brezhnev, Leonid, 78, 79, 93 British Raj, 212 Bu1ganin, Nikolai A., 56 Burke, S. M., 17

Carnegie Endowment for Peace, 301 Carter Doctrine, 41, 142 CENTO, 135, 258, 260 Central Asia, 48, 90, 92 Central Conunand, 36, 142 Chadda, Maya, 27, 28 Colombo Conference ( 1954 ), 295 Conceptual foundations of Pakistan,

235 Congress Party's loss of dominant

position, 219 Conventional military balance in South

Asia, 113

Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (ORA), 95

Deoband, Dar al-Ulam, 12 Diego. Garcia, 141 Dulles, John Foster, 134

Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), 270

Ellis, Kail C., 18, 24, 25, 131 Ethnic nationalism, I 06 Ethnic religious confticts in India,

207

fundamentalist regime, 104-106

Gandhi, Indira, 57. 221, 222, 225, 263

Gandhi, Mahatma, 10, 15 Gandhi, Rajiv. 3, 20, 45. 68, 101,

125, 168, 173, 180,221 222 225 283 287

Ganguly, Sumit, 30

316

Index 317

Gankovsky, Yuri, 86 Ghazali, a!-, Abu Hamid, 244 Golden Temple of Am1itsar, 223 Goodman, Melvin, 21, 22, 62 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 20, 22, 43, 47;

in India, 58, 62, 70, 71, 72, 77. 79, 82, 84, 90, 97, 101

Gromyko, Andrei, 63, 71 Gulf Cooperative Council, 148 Gulf Region, 41, 46 Gwadar, 66, 140

Haq, Zia-ul, 25, 66, 75, 98, 106, 143, 145, 167, 173, 183.242,258,264, 269, 294, 297

Harrison, Selig, 5 Harshvardhana, 211.213 Hekmatyar. Gulbuddin, 100, 103,

105, 106, 266 Hezb-i-Islami Party, 100 Hindu fundamentalism. 186 Hindu imperialism, 232 Hindu Maha Sabha, 14 Hindu nationalism. 222. 223 Hindu Rashtra ideology. 222, 223,

226 Hindu Vishwa Parishad, 226 Horn of Africa, 69 Hunter. Shireen T., 30, 31 Hussain, Mushahid, 25, 26 Hussain, Saddam, 225

Indian collaboration with USSR, 3 Indian Empire's ideological order,

212,214 Indian Expeditionary force in Sri

Lanka, 154 Indian hegemonial role, x; secularism,

5, 17, 39, 49, 153,222,224,255 Indian military build-up in 1990s,

125-6 Indian military power. 111-12 Indian National Congress, 10, 232 Indian naval exercises. 319 Indian Ocean, 21. 43. 46. 47. 48, 68.

119, 125. 137, 141. 262, 263, 303 Indian security policy, 109-26 Indira Doctrine. 139 Indo-Chinese War ( 1962), 56

India-Pakistan nuclear stand-off, 40 Indo-Pakistan relations, 109 Indo-Pakistan War (1965):

consequences, 36 Indo-Soviet threat to Pakistan, 113 Indus Waters Treaty (1960), 170 Iqbal, Dr Justice Javid, 29, 30 Iqbal, Muhammad, 14, 241, 249 Iranian Revolution (1979), 261 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, 4, 81, 84,

145, 146 Iraq's invasion of Iran (1980), 65 Islamic bomb, 139 Islamic Conference Organization

(ICO), 68 Islamic fundamentalism, 106 Islamic ideology. 235, 245, 246

Jamiat-i-Islami Party, 100, 106 Jamiat ulama-i Hind, 12 Janata Party, 221. 277 Jatoi, Ghulam Mustafa, 295 Jawaharlal Nehru's negative attitude

towards India-Pakistan relations, 4-5; relations with USSR, 20

Jayewardene. J. R., 3 .linnah, Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali,

12. 233; political articulation. 235, 240, 241

Junagarh's accession to Pakistan, 6 Junejo, Mohammad Khan, 283

Kahuta nuclear plant, 139 Kautilya' s political ideas, 212 Karma!, Babrak, 70 Kashmir conflict between India and

Pakistan, ix-x. 3, 5, 36, 40, 45, 55, 76, 84; Kashmiri rebels, 99, 113; uprising, 158-60, 166; US-Russian positions, 162; Simla Agreement, 165; Siachin glacier negotiatiOns, 173-80; elite orientations in India and Pakistan, 184-6; chronology of bilateral negotiations, and mediation efforts, 191-7; sale of Kashmir to Dogras, 250,302

Khad, Afghan secret police, 99, 100, 101. 104

318

Khalis, Yunis, 106 Khalistan, 226 Khan, Abdul Ghaffar, Khan, Ghulam Ishaq,

307

16 146, 147, 162,

Khan, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali, 10, 133

Khan, Muhammad Ayub, 5, 136 Khan, Muhammad Daud, 91,93 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 71, 105, 141,

144 Khrushchev, Nikita, 5, 56, 91. 93 Khyber Pass, 67 Kosygin, AlexiN., 56, 74

Lahore Resolution (1940), 249 Lamb, Alastair, 17 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

(LITE). 3 Limits of India-Pakistan bilateralism.

180 Line of Control (LOC) in Kashmir,

167, 172, 178, 184,252

Majlis-i Ahrar, 12 Maldives, Indian intervention, 112 Massood, Ahmad Shah, 100, 102,

103 Maududi, Sayyid Abu! Ala, 12, 13 Maury a, Asoka, 211, 212, 213 Medina Covenant, 13 'Military risk-reduction centre' 80 Missile Technological Regime

(MTCR), 88 n.40 Mitterand, President Franc;ois, 301 Mountbatten, Lord Louis, 6, 14, 16 Movement for Restoration of

Democracy, 66 Mughal Empire, 211, 212; Islamic

system, 212 Mujahideen Coalition in Peshawar.

96

Nadkarni, Admiral.!. G., 26 Najibullah, 22, 90, 94, 97. 98. 101 Narayan, Jay Prakash, 220 N a tiona! emergency in India ( 1975 ),

220 NATO. 79

Index

Nehru, .lawaharlal, 20, 170, 171,215, 221,275

Nepal's blockade by India, 156 New Arab Order, 148 New World Order, 148 Non-alignment as Indian foreign

policy, 8; principles of, 8-9 Non-Aligned Movement (NAM),

276 Northern Tier States, 134-260, 261 Nuclear balance in South Asia,

119-21 Nuclear free zone, 21, 292 Nuclear non-Proliferation Treaty

(NPT), 256, 293

Obey, David, 299

Pakistan's alternating application of ideological pragmatic realism, 24

Pakistan's · Arabization', 264 Pakistan's Arab links, 262 Pakistan-India ratio of military

balance, 117 Pakistan-Iran bilateral relations,

263-5 Pakistan's Islamic ideology 131 Pakistani military's anti-Sovietism,

83 Pakistan's military missions abroad,

143 Pakistan's nuclear option, 131,

138-40 Pakistan's nuclear reprocessing plant

agreement with France ( 1976 ), 138, 141

Pakistan's pragmatic realism, 131, 132

Pakistan's strategic role, Pan-Islamism, 131 Patel, Sardar Vallabhbhai, 14 Pentagon Confabulations (1947, 1950,

1952 and 1954 ), 10 People's Democratic Party of

Afghanistan (PDPA), 22, 95, 97, 101, 106, 107

Perestroika, 94 Petrovsky, Vladimir. 74 Ponomarev, Boris, 78

Iruiex 319

'Principles of Mutual Relations • for USA and USSR. 85

Problems of nation-building in Pakistan, 236-7. 244-5

Qureshi, Saleem M. M., 28

Rabbani, Burhanuddin, 106 Radcliffe, Sir Cyril, 6 Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar Hashmi, 71,

72, 83; visit to Moscow, 83 Rahman, Fazlur, 241 Rai, Lala Lajpat, 14 Rajagopalachri, 15 Ram Temple in Ayodhya, 223, 226,

227 Rapid Deployment Force, 142 Reagan, Ronald, 298 Regional Cooperation for

Development Scheme (RC'D). 270 Regional impact on Pakistan and Iran.

265 Regional nationalism in India, 221 Rehman, General Ziaur. 274. 277.

278, 282 'Risk-reduction centre' 85 'Rodney Dangerfield' syndrome of

India, 125 Rubinstein, Alvin Z., 22. 90 Russian interest in India, 54, 84 Russian-Persian Treaty ( 1921 ). 64:

abrogation by Iran, 65 Ryzhkov, Prime Minister Nikolai,

71

SALT II. US-USSR agreement ( 1979), 78

Saudi military preparedness. 149 Saudi-Soviet diplomatic relations

established, 82 Savarkar, V. D.. 14, 15 Second Islamic Summit in Lahore,

138 Secularism, 28-9 Secularism as a nation-building

strategy. 23 7--8 Security complex of South Asia. ll:n Separatist movements in Pakistan,

230

Shah, King Muhanunad Zahir. 98 Shahi, Agha, 139 Sharif, Nawaz, 186, 264, 295, 305 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 21, 71, 73,

75, 80, 82, 85,98,162 Shia Afghan refugees in Iran, 266 Shia political mobilisation, 264 Shiva Sena, 226 Siachen glacier, 112, 124, 166-7,

168, 169, 173-80, 183, 188, 190, 191,221,251,252,256,283

Sikh separatism, 186, 295 Simla Agreement (1972), 165 Simla Conference, 165, 172 Singh, V. P., 39, 45, 166, 186, 208,

308 Sino-Indian thaw, 41 Sino-Indian War (1962), 41. q5 Sino-Pakistani threat to India. 113,

119 Sino-Soviet relations, 168 Sokolov, Marshal Sergei, 67 Solarz, Stephen, 299, 306 South Asian Association for Regional

Cooperation (SAARC), 31,274. 282. 283, 284; contentious issues, 285: achievements. 287-8

Southwest Asian security system, 258 Soviet abandonment of Iraq, 85 Soviet-Afghan Treaty ( 1921 ), 106 Soviet-American relations, 79 Soviet arms agreement with Iraq, 63 Soviet-Indian relations, 19-20,

54-60; economic ties. 58-9; 62, 66, 67, 76-8; fiiendship of treaty (1971). 78

Soviet-Indian Treaty of Friendship (1971). 3,20

Soviet industrialisation of India, 20, 58

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. 20, 37. 41. 63, 68, 74, 78, 132, 141. 145. 265-6

Soviet-Iranian relations, 63, 64, 268: impact of withdrawal from Afghanistan. 71-4, credits to Iran, 73: 74

Soviet mediation at Tashkent, 36, 56, 74: see also Tashkent Agreement

320 Index

Soviet-Pakistan relations. 57. 68, 74-5

Soviet sale of weapons to Pakistan, 57

Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, 70,83,86,90,94, 107,148

Spector, Leonard, 301 Stalinist orientation toward India, 55 Strait of Hormuz, 72 Suez crisis, 135 Symington-Glenn Amendment to

Security Assistance Act, 141, 298, 300,305

Tamil nationalism, 220, 225 Tanai, Lt General Shah Nawaz. 97 Tashkent Agreement ( 1966 ), 74, 172 Telingana rebellion (1948-9), 55 Thomas, Raju G. C., 18, 23 Thornton, Thomas PeiTy, 18, 20, 22 Turkey-Iran relations, 267, 269 Two Nation Theory, 10, 11; Muslim

opponents, 12; Hindu supporters of, 14, 152, 233, 245

US arms sales to Pakistan, 67

US-Pakistan Mutual Defence Agreement, 135

US security policy toward South Asia, 35

US strategic interests in South Asia, 34

US suspension of aid to Pakistan, 300 US terminates military and economic

assistance to Pakistan, 2 US trade sanctions against India and

Russia, 311 USSR's condemnation by Islamic

states, 69 USSR's submarine lease to India, 81 USSR-US detente collapse ( 1979),

78 Ustinov, Defense Minister Dmitri,

67, 70, 76

Verghese, B. J., 252. 255 Vorontsov, Yulii M., 98

Warsaw Pact, Wirsing, Robert, 26, 27

Ziring, Lawrence, 30