APPENDIX

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

1. Kannabiran, B. and Pragasam, A. 1992. The effects of distillery effluent on seed germination, d i n g growth and igment content of Glycine m (L.) Men. Var. Co.1. Tamil Nadu hence Congress. I session Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli. pp.12-14.

'2. Kannabiran, B. and Pragasam, A. 1993. Effects of distillery effluent on xed germination, rtedling growth and pigment content of Rgm rnungo (L.) Hepper. Cv.T9. Geobios. 20: 108-112.

3. Kannabimn, B. and Ragasam, A. 1993. A study on the biodiversity of the flora in Pondicherry University Campus. Proc. Nat. S m ' m r on biodiversiry. Bharathii University, Coimbatore. pp.7-9.

$4. Karinabiran. B. and Pragasam, A. 1993. Use of distillery effluent in the cultivation of Vigm rnungo (L . ) Heppcr. hoc. Nm.Sm'mr on Biodiversity. Bharathiar University, Coimbatore. pp. 195-199.

5 . Kannabiran. B. and Pragasam, A. 1994. Foliar epidermal features of Vitaceae and taxonomic position of Leea. I. India bot. Soc. 73: 81-87.

6 Pragasam, A. and Kannabiran. B. 1996. Nat. Sym. Environ. Genotoxns XXI Annual Conference of EMSI. Pondicherry University, Pondicherry. Abstract. p.25.

*published papers relevant to the thesis arc enclosed.

EFFECT OF DISTILLZRY EFFLUENT ON WED GERMINATION, SEEDLING G R O W H AND PIGMENT CONTENT OF V l G N A M U N G O (L.) HEPPBR (C V.T. 9)

8. KANNAWRAN a n d A. PRAQASAM'

Kay wards : D~s!~Il*ry 11lIu.nL seed germination, pigrnmt. Vim, mvnga

The 8aods el V i ~ n r muopa 'failed to 9srmlnala in und~lutsd (purg) Pand8cherry ~ ~ s ~ i l l a , ~ ~tl lusnt (PDE). V s r l Isw lseda gsrmlnatod in 75% cons. The morphololioal and bIosh$m~cal p ~ r ~ m o l ~ n *nhlblleE 'ow value8 In 10, 26 and 60% con<, rhe v a l u a l were more c t la$, ~8mtlar In In. 5% r.nd sootlo1 2.5% Conc. wss tcund to be tha cntrmum with tntticiso~', r ~ c b

nutrianl8, where Ihs inhiblfa,~ tsclots were ellher abrsnt -. i*:-*,i,s, l h l r rcrullrd 10 tho msrnmvw ut,litrtl*n of the nlalrian*a and better growth a$ compsrrd to control

,,I in, ' ~ l l c l l , l l l (75 to 100:;) I n the present inv?r*igrtion,

The de,rimer!tal effects eight cone. o f FDE on

pullurion due to the diacl~arge o f dr!duslr!sl gg'minat'on O f I" m''ngo elrluenta have bean well documented. seed'ings

Altempts were made In the pest t o sssess

the nature of indus!r~el etllventa and their u t i l ~s r t i on tor lrrtgelicn. The eliects of distillery effluents (rice seedling. Sshsl

et nl.. 1983; Cr j rnvs crjen. Sahai B Srivasiavs, 10P5; Hrhnnthus annuus,

Rajendtan, 1990) wers lnvar~ebly bendic is l

upto 5% and Ielhet s t h igh concsntrstions 2

.Daelllnwnl at Bolnny. Tegnre Art* Collspa, Pond

MATERIALS AND METtIODS

The ef f l ,wnl was co l l ec te~~ !roq the

main outlet c f Pondicherr!, r.'ir'iIlV'-s, Pondcherry r q d enalysed I r r p l l js i ro-

cllem~csl prnperlles (American l'.~blic

Health Aerociatian, 1980). Csrritied

seeds of Vigrrs nlungo IL.) 11epper ware

obtoinad from Krishl Visyan Kandro. Table 1. Physico.chemic~t properties o f Pondicherw and stlrface slerllised with 1% PDE. mercuric chloride for two minutes. After thorough washing under runhind tap water Perantetors

. . Characteristics the seeds were placed in storilised petri - d~shes lined with filter papers. The saeds COlour Dark brown in the petri di8her were moislaned with Odour Pungent

1 0 ml of each of the following conc. of 60-60'C distillery elfluent every day (1% 2.5%. 6% Turbidity 4 6 10%. 25% 50%. 76% and 100%). A control pH 4.1

was maintained with distilled waler. Each TDS 4136

set had three replicates. Garminetio~l was TSS 690 recordod altar 48 11. On seventh day 8 0 0 4282 growth parameters o l seedl~ngs. m. Total nitrogen 765 germanatinn "/.. number o l lafarel roots, sodium 1010 length, fresh and dry wt. of root. hypoco- potassium 892 8yl and sllool wera CSt!mRted. 711e chloro- C ~ l c i ~ m 461 phyil (Arnon. 1949) and caratenold Magnesium 480 pigments (Ikan. 1969) ware eslimatad. Chlortda 634

RESULTS Sulphate 647 -

The data on physlco-chemical pro- All values except turbjd~ty and pH arein aertles (Table 11 showed that the effluent mg,'l. C ~ .

WOS higlily rich In chlorides, phosphates.

potassium and total dissolved solids, more a,d!c b possessed high 8.O.D vaiua. The undtlutad oflluent was lethal and found IO tnhlbit tho garmlnatlon o l seeds. At 75". conc., rad~cles emerged out In a few

seeds but further growth was rnhiblted from the thlrd day. At 50:. conc.the

and seedling growth were observed at 2 5:,: conc. The maximum values of morphological and biochemical paramsters

were recordod in 2.5,, solution (Tables 2, 3) Hswevcr, csroteno~d contont was mox$nluni at 5;: conc.

DISCUSSION

roots were very rhort and devoid of Saraya factory (Satdarnagar, U.P)

laterals wheraas at 25"; conc, root5 effluent was fourld to show iligh growlh

showed lew laterals. Among diluted of rice seedlings In 5:: conc. (Sahai el al . effluents. lo', conc. showed slightly 1983). Elfluants of Sonla~ya Distillery lower values than those 01 control. 1":. (U P.) showed maxlmum seedling growth fj-,, and control showed almost slmllar of Cqenua c o p n at 2.54'. conc (Sahai %

valuer. Higlrer garmtnation perccntaoo S~~vostava, 1986). Alchol lartory (Coim-

Table 3. Effect of POE on pigmsnt con. lent In Primary leaves ot Vignr

m u n o (mole1

CON. Chl. a Chl. b Total Carol- Chl. enoid

Control 0.887 0.453 1.339 0.980 1 0.924 0.443 1.367 0.990 2.5 1.049 0.481 1.529 1.174

5 0.870 0.460 1.320 1.223

10 0.829 0.386 1.215 1.079 25 0.436 0.197 0.636 0.695

50 0.216 0.143 0.360 0.399 -

betote, Tamif adu) e(fluen1 a1 2.5% conc. was shown to promote soedling growth In v,gna munga (Raiaram et ai., 1988).

Tha present investigat~on brought out clearly that dilute effluent of Pondicherry O~n~ l i e ry e l 2.6"<conc ieglstered a maxi.

mum growth of eeedi~ngr Thus, the optimum concentration of d~stiliery effluent 10, better pient growth varied, depending on thesource of effluent and the plant

specles. lnhlb~tlon of germlnation end seedling

in ptlre and hlgher conc, of effluent 8,s due to one or more of the foltowlng factors : 1. High levels of total dlssoivsd soltds which enrlcll tho salinity and con- ductlvity of solute ebsorbed by seeds before germ~nation (Rajaram el al., 19881. 2, ~ f g h osntotrc pressure caused by high saI< coi~c tn the cflluenl (Bumb i~ et al , 1968) 3. Allarat~on in celtaln Dhyslo- logical processas by a varlety of ~oi luta l l t \ indw~duaily or ln assoc~ation wllh each

olhor (8ahadur 8 Sharma, 19881.4. High conc. of total dissolved solids like sodium. chloride and rulphates inhibdting the up- tske of pota~slum. alcium, phosphate end magnesium (Thabaral et el., 1964). 5 High conc. of sodium (Agarwal et sf., 1964). 8. Excess quantity 01 micronu. trients, heavy metals and toxic chemicals (Doter et ai . 1972).

On the conlrary, maximum growth of seedlings treated with very diluted pffiuent may be attr~buted to : (1) Reduction of concentration of co~~s t i t u~n ts to benef~clal level (Sahai et al.. 1983). and (2) Enh- anced plant nutrients such as N.K. Ca Present in ellluent (Ralanatt Et Obt~somi. 1979, Mishra, 1987)

The present study revpais that growth in 2 5"; conc, was betlei than the control. 1;: and 5":. Th~s observation leads us to suggest that 2.59: conc of PDE isthe optimum, where the nutt~ents are not olily rccher (Sahai et e l . 1983) bil l also the factors inhlbltlng the uplake of eiements and certain phvs~olog~cai process are ~ r~e l fe r t~vc Hence the maximum germin. atcon end secdling growlh wrs recorded at 2 5''; conc. The aifiuent at 1% conc. may possess low quantity of nutrients and ~oactivo twllibttory factors, whereas st 5:: conc, tilo nutriants were rtcher but the inhibitors msy be modlrateiy active to irrllihit the growlh as con\pared to the controi.

Further studies are underway to confirm the above ellects of this conc, on

tho productivity and yield patamaten of this crop plant.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author: an thankful to Mr. A. Manoharan. Scientist, Central Poliulion Contml Board. Pondicharry for his help in the analysis of eflluent. They are also thanklul to Dr. Muthiah, Krishi Vigyan Kendre. Pondicheny lor his lralp In obtaining seeds.

REFERENCES

Agarwal. S.C.. Mehrotra. S.K. end Srnha. 6.K. lnfluanca of axchangnablesodium on the growth and mineral composi- tion of plants, paddy and barley. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci.. 1964. 12. 7-74.

A.P.H.A. Standard Methods for the exam- ination of Water and Wsstewater. Twelfth ed. Rep.. New York, 1980.

Arnon, D.I. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts polyphonyloxidsse in Befa vulgrns. PI. Physiol . 1949. 24. 1.1 5.

Bahadur, Brijash and Sherma, P.K. Seed germlnatlon and early seedling growth of Hordeum vulgare L. var. Jyotl as affected by the industr~al effluent. Advances i n PI. Sci.. 1986, 1, 302- 310.

Bumble, D.R., Singh, 8 end Singh, T.N. Elfect of salt on seed germinelion. lndrorr J. Ag,o , 1968, 15, 181-185.

Dolar. S G . Boyle, J.R. and Keeney. A.D. paper mill sludge dtsposal on solls. Ellects on tile yield and mtneral

nutrition of 031s (Avena sar,va) Environ Qua/., 1972. 1. 405.409.

Ikan. R Natural Pmducrs. A Laborarary Guide. Acad. Press, New York. 1969.

Mishra, 1.S Effect sf fettllizer factnrv effluent on growlh and devalopment of corn and rice scedl~ngs Proc 741'1 Ir?dian Sci Conp, 1907. S:ctlon VI. 256

Ruloranl, N . Monuharon M and Jannldll. enan. K . Effect of alcohol and ciiemlc-l effluents on seed germlnatlon and seedltng growth of bWck gram Curr

Sci.. 1988, 57. 559-560

Raiannsn. G. and Obltsami. G. Elfecl of paper affluent on sol1 and crop plants Indian J Envlron Hlrh , 1979. 21. 120-130.

Rajendran. K. Eflect of dist~lfery eflluerit on the seed germbnat~on, scedl~ng growth. chlorophyll contenl and

mitosis In Hebanlhur ennuus Ind!?ir 801. Contacter 1990. 7. 139.1 43

Sahai. R , Jabeen. S and S;xend, P I, Effects o l dlsttlie~y waste on te id germinat~on, seedlins growth and ptgmenl centenl of rtce. Indian J. Ecol. 1983. 10. 7-10. and Sr~vastava, Neeta Effects of

distillery waste on the se?d germln-

ation. seedling growth and pigment content of Cajsnus cqan L J Ind.cn bor. Soc., 1986. 65, 208.211.

T l ~ o b ~ ~ a l . G.J.. Boss 5 M ond Nnyorl-

amma. Y. Ut~I ,??l , - ' ln l tarnety eflluent for agric111I1'1.' ~IIIIIOSCS EOVIIOO Hllh, 1964. 6, 18-36.

Proccdingr o/ihr National Seminor on niodivcrsiiy: Stralcgies for Conrervatim and Future Challenges 1993 Bharalhiar Universilv. Coimbalore-UIM6

II USE 01' 1) IWILLEI tY EFFLUBNI'IN THE CULTIVATION

OF VIGNA MUNGO (L.) HEPPER

11 U. KANNADIHAN AN0 A. PRACASAM*

!I ScAwI of IiJeScier~ces, Pondiclterry University, Pondicl~erry .605014 * De,~arlrnenl oJ8otany. Tagore Arls College, Pondicherry -605 008

T l ~ c ponibi l i ly o f ulilising l l ~ e effluent of Pondicl~erry Ilislilleries l~as l iec~ i

explored wit11 referel~ce lo llte cullivalioti of k?gm rnirr~go. Oul of reven

concc~~ l ra l i o~~s of PDE, overall g rowl l~ of l l ~ e 11lanl is b c l l c r l l ~ a ~ ~ conlrol 1~p1u 25%

cot~c. Slrikingly, llle III~X~IIIUIII g r ( ~ w l l ~ a11[1 yield were rcgislerctl ill 10% colic, of

effluenl.Tl~c differe~lce ill llic oplirnilni conccnlralion oflllc cl f luet~l for l l~c rnaxi111111n

growl11 ~oncenlral iot~ o f llle e f f l ue~~ l for tile ~naximuni growl11 o f ]!oiled p la l~ l

( ~xcsc t~ l sludy) IIII~ l i c l r i < l i \ l ~ ~ ~ r ~ w ~ t ~ c c ~ l l i t ~ g s (2.5%) ntay Ilc ;~l lr i l ,~~lcr l lo I;~rgc area

of l l ~ c pol a ~ l d lo l l ~ c s t~r rou~~ding soil ~~arlicleh wl~ ic l l c?n absorb ccrtsi!i anloulll of

i n l ~ i l ! i l i ~~g Isclo~s, lltus ~ ~ r e v e ~ i ~ i n g l l ~ e entry of i t~l~i lr i lors i n l o Ihe~~ la~ t l syslc~lt l o so t~~c

exlelll.

lrrigalioli of agric~tl lu~al lands wilh i~~deslr ial e l f luc~~ls I I ~ \ goit~ctl ~ I I I ~> ( I I ( ~ I I IC~

1101 only sa a 111cnns of ailer~lalive disl~o\al ~~iel l~oi lologie\ of ef i l~tcnl IIIII i l l io

reulilising l l ~ e effluent prolilably (or growing lllc ~l iaul\ , Rewlls on l i ~ e clfccls (11

di\lillery cffllte111 on rice (Sal~ai e lo l . , 1983), C+II,IIS rnjna (Sal~ai and Srivi~slava,

19Xh), a ~ ~ t l Kggr~n r i t ~ ~ i ~ g o (Kannabirao and P~agasalll, 19')3), ferliliser faclory

eff lue~i l on rice (Neclam and Sal~ai, 108R), dairy e f f l~~enl on witeel (Gat~lani n i ~ d

I ) is l i~~o i , lO'Jl l)a~~<l llorrletrrrt vulgnre (Dal~arlur and S~!~IIIIII, I O H H ) gcticrally

~ s l i ~ l ~ l i \ l ~ e t I l l t i~ l i ~ ~ d i ~ * l r i ; ~ l PIIIIICIII\~I lower ca1tcc11lrt1lion~caI~111ri111olcg1riwllti11id

1,rotluclivily of r l o l i lilanls t

MATER~ALS AND METHODS Certified seeds of Vgna tnusgo (L.) Hepper (cv.T.9) were obtained from Krishi

Vigyan Kendra, Pondicherry. Seeds were germinated in earthern pots filled with garden soil. The effluent was collected from Pondicherry Distilleries. Different concentrations of the effluenl viz., 5, 10,25,50,75 and loo%, were prepared by adding tap water. Treatment with tap water was taken as control. Each pot with 10 seeds was irrigated with 500 ml of respective concentration of effluent on alternate days upto 75th day.

The lengthof root and stem, fresh and dry weights ofroot, slem, and leaf, number of leavesand leaf area, number of fruits and seeds perplant and their dry weight were recorded for every 15 days.

RESULTS

Biological parameters such as the length of root and slern, number of leaves and leaf area, fresh and dry weights of root, slem and leaves and yield parameters such as nuniber of fruils, seeds and their dry weight showed gradual increase in lower

conc. and reached the m a x i ~ ~ i u n ~ at lO%conc(Table 1 & 2) and thereafter decreased.

Plants growing in pure eMluent and 75% conc. survived upto 50 and 60 days, respectively. In 5 to 50% conc. the leaf area showed slight decrease after 60 days, Whereas the fresh and dry weights of root and $tell1 showed gradual increase till the l e r n ~ i ~ ~ a t i o ~ ~ of the experiment(75 days). The stenl and leaves were found to bc ln~ore affecled than the loot ill higher conc. of tile effluenl.

DISCUSSION

The present work b ~ i l ~ g s oul clearly !ha1 thc growlh and yield of \Tg~ia tn~rngo

51owi11g in pols ill110 25% cone. of PDE were higher Ihao those of control planl.

Tile plants hnvc regislc~erl l l ~ e I I I ~ X ~ I I I U I I I values a1 10% COCC, Tile decrease in the leaf area and leaf weight afler 60days il l All col~ce~itralio~is and stu~ited growth of sten1 in higher cone. (50 lo 100%) of el[lue~it lends ~ u ~ ; ~ o r t to Ibe findings ol Gautan~ and Bishnoi (1990) Ihat Ibe above ground parts are more susceplible tbar uiiderground parts. Tkis ri~igl~t be due to l l ~ e util izatio~~ of photosynthate fo:

purposes other than the produclion of sboot tissues e.g, root growth and osrnoti~ adjust~nents (Paticia Warne el nl., 1990).

Kar~nabiran and Pragasam (1993) have earlier discussed tllc various factors for t l ~e bcller growl11 of lhc seedlings under lower coace~~lralions (2.5 to 5%) of t l~e

effluenl. They have also eslablishcd lbal 2.5% conc. is the ideal one for Ibe

maximum growth of seedlings in pelridishes. On the contrary, llle present study

reveals tbal 10% conc, is Ihe ideal conc, for the maximum growl11 and yield of l l~e

same species. The differences in the ideal conc. for the better growth between the

seedlings grown in pelridis11 and planls grown in pols ~ n i g l ~ l be scribed lo t11e

follwing facls : (a)Availabilily of large area in the pot fol the beller growlb of roo1

syslem compared lo Ihe seedlings of petridisl~. Absorptiol~ of l l ~ e i~lllibilory factor:

from higher conc, by the soil parlicles present around Ibe root ill l l ~ e pol, tl~ereb)

reducing Ibe impacl of higher conc, of the effluenl.

T l ~ u s i l ~ e present work brings oul Illat lhe e[flacl~I al 10% is lllc ideal ca~lc, fcrl

obtai~~ingbeltergrowlb and yieldin Kg~gna rn~rngoplanls.Experi~iienlsin Ibe field arc

under way lo confirm wl~elller 10% COIIC. would colili~lue lo Ibe l l ~e ideal conc. i~ l l ~ e field condition also.

II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The autl~ors are lllal~kful lo Mr. A. Manoharan, Scien~ist, CPCB, Po~~dicherr)

for I ~ i s l ~ c l ~ ~ i ~ ~ l l ~ c i ~ ~ ~ i ~ l y b i h o f I ' D E . S i ~ ~ c ~ r ~ I I ~ ~ l ~ k s n l s [ ~ [III~ 10 111. Miilllinl~, A\sisl;~n

Director, Krislli Vigyau Kci~clre, I'oetlicl~erry for s ~ ~ ~ l ~ l y i l l g seeds.

11 Snhai, R., lnhccn,S. nnd sn~cna, I' K. I983 Indian I. Ecoi. 10: 7 . Ill

I1 Sill ln~, I(, nnd Sriv~~slnvi~, N. 1916, I. Indit~n Dul. SIC, 65 : 2111 - 21 1.

'THE l<l~'lillX'l'S VIP PUNI~IC'IH~.I<I<S l)lSl ll,l,l~.l<\' ICITFLUIEN'I' ON CHOW'I'H ANI) Y1141,t) OF V i p n inrrrljio L.

Hcpper.Cv.T Y AND SOll, 1'l~OI'ERTIIIS

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