appendix i the growth of muslim entrepreneurship in...

APPENDIX I

THE GROWTH OF MUSLIM ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA A CASE

STUDY OF MORADABAD 1947 - 1980: Ph.D THESIS: CSSS/SSS,

JNU, NEW DELHI

INTERVIEW SCHEDULE

Interview:No: Date of Interview

Name 0 f the: Respondent

Name of : the Unit

Address:

1. When the unit was started:

a) Year b) Do not remember

2. Is the Unit registered a) Yes

3. a ) I f yes, year of registration

b) I f yes, whether registered as

i ) Small scale i i ) Medium scale iii)

i v) Any other (specify) v) Do not know

vi) No response

314

c) No response

b) No

Large scale

4. Type of ownership:

a) Propriety

d) Public Ltd.

f) do not know

b) Partnership

e) Any other (specify)

g) Nu response

c) Private Ltd.

5. Educational qualifications of the respondent:-

a) Only religious education b) Illiterate

c) Can read and write d) primary e) Middle

f ) High School g) Higher Secondary/Intermediate

h) BA/B.Sc. i ) M.A. /M. Sc.

j ) Any other k) No response (Specify)

6. Technical Training:

a) By parents b) By relatives/friends

c) In a technical Institute d) Any other (specify)

e) No response.

7. What occupation were you in before working in the Unit

(record from the latest to the last ones)

(a) Same work ( b)

( c ) (d) No response

8. Father's Occupation:

(a) Same ( b) ( c) (d) No response

315

9. Grand father's occupation:-

(a) same ( b) ( c ) (d) No response

10. Category of Entrepreneurship:

(a) Artisan (b) Karkhanedar (c) Exporter

11. Who started the Unit/firm/work which you are doing now:

( a ) Self ( b) Father ( c ) Grandfather

( d ) Earlier ( e ) Brother/Uncle/(f) Friends generations relatives

( g ) Do not know (h) No response

12. Seasonality

( a) Seasonal (b) Perrenial ( c) No response

13. Structure of the Firm (tick the process in which the "-J

respondent is involved:

( a ) Moulding/Casting ( b) Scrapping (c) Polishing

( d ) Engraving ( e ) Soldering/Rivetting

( f ) Welding/Brazing ( g ) Turning/Grinding

(h) Sheet work ( i ) Electroplating

( j ) Silli-Gulli Making ( k ) All Process/Karkhanedar

(1) Exporter/Manufacturer (m) Any other (specify)

14. Location of the Unit:

(a) Within living premises (b) Outside the living premises

(c) Both at same place

316

15. Labour:-

(a) Total persons employed (b) Female

(c) Children (d) Total hired labour

(e) Hired female (f) Hired children

16. Mode of wage payment to hired labour:-

(a) Piece-meal (b) Daily wages

(c) Both piece-meal and daily wages

17. Monthly wages paid to the worker on piece -meal basis

Rs.

18. Monthly wages paid to the workers on daily wages basis

Rs.

19. Period of operation:

(a) How many days you remained exmployed during the last year (approximately)

(b) How many hours you work daily on the average

20. Capital structure:

A. Fixed capital in Land, Building 6 Machinery

B. Working capital in raw material etc.

317

Initial

a) Rs.

a) Rs.

Current

b) H s.

b) Hs.

21. How the money was raised to open and run the Unit in

the Beginning:

(a) Used own money

(e) By friends and relatives

(e) By the Commercial Banks

(g) By money lenders

(i) Any other (specify)

(b) provided by parents

(d) By the Cooperative) (Specify name of the Cooperative )

(f) By a Government Financial Institution

(h) Dealers/exporters

(k) No response.

22. Production last year of major items

1.

2.

3.

Items Quantity (Nos/Qtls)

4. No response.

Value (Rs. )

23. Export last year (Major items only):

1.

2.

3.

Items Quantity (Nos/Qtls)

4. No response.

5. Nothing.

Value ( Rs . )

318

Profit earned (Rs. )

Countires

24. Imports last year (Major raw material items):

Items Quantity Value Source of Origin (Nos/Qtls) ( Rs ) (Country)

1.

2.

3.

4. No response.

5. Nothing.

25. What is your average monthly income from -

( 1 ) The unit Rs.

( 2 ) Other source (Speicify ) Rs.

26. What is the average monthly expenditure of the family:-

(a) Food and cereals Rs (b) Cloth Rs

(c) Education Rs. (d) Fuel Rs.

(e) Health Rs. (f) Transport Rs.

(g) Other expenditures Rs. (h) No response.

27. Enlist three major difficulties that are obstructing the progress of your work/firm:

( a)

( b)

( c)

319

28. How do you think these problems can be solved?

( a)

(b)

( c )

29. Is your family? (a) Joint (34) Nuclear

30. Family profile of the members living with the

respondent:

S. Relation Sex Age Education Occu- Income Remarks No. to Head (M/F) (Years) (Classes pation (Rs.)

passed)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

31. Caste (Biradari) specify

32. Sect (a) Sunny (b) Shia

33. Do you prefer marriage in your occupation (doing Brass

work) :

(a) yes (b) Anywhere (c) No res pons

320

34. Do you prefer marriage in your own caste?

(a) Yes (b) No (c) No response

35. Preference for marriage

(a) Arranged by parents (b) Consented by the boys/girls

(e) Love marriage (d) Any other type (Specify)

(e) No response.

36. Did you receive any religious education?

(a) Yes ( b) No

37. Type of religious education. if yes

(a) Quran/Namz (b) Hadis

(c) Any other (Specify)

(d) No response

38. Where the religious education received:

(a) Private in someone's house

(c) Maktab

(e) No response

(d) Any other (Specify)

39. State your mother toungue

40. Do you know:

A) English ( a) Y (' S ( b ) N 0

8) Hindi (a) Yes (b) No

321

(c) No response

(c) No response

41. Do you think religious education of Quran/Hadis helps

you in your occupation/work:

(a) Yes (b) No (c) Do not know (d) No response

42. Do you think secular education (of schools/colleges)

helps you in your occupation/work:

(a) Yes ( b) No (c) Do not know (d) No response

43. Do you prefer

(a) Religious education (b) Secular education

( c ) Both (d) No response

44. Do you think religious beliefs help in

A) Your occupation (a) Yes ( b) No

(c) Do not know (d) No response

B) Your other daily life(a) Yes ( b) No

(c) Do not know (d) No response

45. Do you feel the following had beenany help in your

job/work:

A) Banks

( a) Yes ( b ) Aware but not tried

( c ) Not Aware ( d ) Tried but failed

B) District industry Centre

( a) Yes ( b ) Aware but not tried

( c ) Not Aware ( d) Tried but failed

322

C) UP Brassware Corperation

( a ) Yes (b) Aware but not tried

( c) Not Aware (d) Tried but failed

D) District Administration

( a ) Yes ( b) Aware but not tried

( c ) Not Aware (d) Tried but failed

46. Did any of your children died after birth:

(a) Yes (b) No (c) Do not know (d) No response

47. If Yes, (a) How many boys (b) How many girls

48. If yes, state the reasons of death:

(a) God knows (b) Sickness (c) Poor nutrition

(d) Do not know (e) No response

49. Which political party you prefer:

(a) Congress

(c) Hindu backed (specify)

(e) No preference

(b) Muslim backed (specify)

(d) Lok Dal/Janata

50. Will all the eligible voters of the family cast their

vote for a single candidate in the next general

election:

( a) ye s (b) No (c) Not certain (d) No response

323

51. Is purdah observed in your family;

(a) Yes (b) No ( c ) No response

52. If yes. is it

(a) Observed strictly

(e) Only partially

(b) On certain places/times

(d) No response

53. Do you pray your five daily prayers:

(a) Regularly (b) Irregularly (c) No response

54. If regularly or irregularly. do you pray at

( a) The mosque ( b ) House ( c ) Any where

( d ) No response

55. How many days you observed fast this time

( a ) All ( b ) Between 20-30 ( c) Between 10-19

( d ) Less than 10 ( e) None ( f ) No response

56. Have you done your Hajj?

( a ) Yes (b) None ( c ) No response

57. If NO. do you wish to go for Hajj as soon as possible?

(a) Yes ( b) No (c) No response

58. If you could not go for Hajj. state the reasons:

(a) Shortage of money ( b) Co u I d not get time

(c) Someone sick in the family (d) No response

324

59. Do you go for Qurbani on Baqr-id

(a) Regularly (b) Irregularly (c) Never

(d) No response

60. If never or irregularly. state the reasons:

(a) shortage of money (b) Any other reasons (Specify)

(c) No response

61. Is Zakat compulsory for you:

(a) Yes (b) No (c) Not sure (d) No response

62. If paid Zakt. to whom:

(a) Poor (b) Widows/Orphans

(c) Travellers in your city (d) Mosque

(e) Maktab (f) Any other (specify)

(g) No response

63. If did not pay Zakat. why? Reasons -

( a ) ( b)

(c) No response.

64. What do you do on Muharram (Specify)

65. Wha t do you do on shabe bar a t (Specify)

66. Do you favour family planning:

(a) Yes ( b) No (c) Not certain (d) No response

325

67. Does religion Islam favours family planning:

(a) Yes ( b) No (c) Not certain (d) No response

68. If NO, State reasons

(a) Religious (b) Social (c) Both (d) Others

69. What is the highest qualification in your family that

(a) A female could achieve

(b) A male could achieve

70. Was your industry affected during the 1980 communal roits: r----.........-

(a) Favourable (b) Adversely

(c) No effect (d) No response

71. If affected adversely, who do you think is responsible

for it:

(a) The other community (b) The political parties

(c) The P.A.C. (d) The Govt./Distt Administration

(e) Luck/God's will (f) Any other (Specify)

(g) Do not know (h) No response

72. What adverse impact on your industry (Specify)

73. What technological change you introduced during your career:

(a) Fuel, electricity, oil, coke (b) Design

(c) Process etc. (d) new machines/tools (specify)

(e) Any other (specify)

( f) None (g) No response.

326

74. Did you introduce new area, new item, new method in

your job/work:

(a) Speedy (b) None

75. Are you a member of :

A) Trade Union/Association

(a) Yes (specify) (b) No

B) Cooperative society


C) Religious Society/

(a) Yes (specify) ( b) No

D) Social/Cultural


E) Political Party


(cl No response

(c) No response

(c) No response

(c) No response

(c) No response

(c) No response

76. Any participation in a social welfare activity:

(a) Yes (Specify) (b) No (c) No response

77. Response of the interviewee:

78.

(a) Good (b) Average (cl Poor

Any remarks about the unit,

etc. :

family. problems, issues

Date -----------------

Time spent minutes.

327

THE GROWTH OF MUSLIM ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA A CASE

STUDY OF MORADABAD 1947 - 1980 : Ph.D. Thesis; CSSS/SSS,

JNU, NEW DELHI

II A. SCALES OF RELIGIOSITY, MODERNITY AND NTREPRENEURSHIP

(LOW TO HIGH)

Sr. No.

Name Address

Process Caste

Education

I. SCALE OF RELIGIOSITY

(a) Belief

1) A non-Muslim cannot go to Heaven.

(1) Disagree (2) Uncertain (3) Agree

2) Every word in the Holy Koran was uttred by God Himself.


3) Muslims should not give or accept interest on their

money


328

(b) Practice and Experience

4) As a rule.how often do you perform the Namaz (dail~'

prayers)

(1) Very few (2) irregularly (3) regularly

5) For how many days. as a rule. do you observe Ramadhan

(Fasts)

(1) Very Few (2) Moderately (3) Almost all

6) Have you ever had the feeling of being afraid of God.

(1) Never (2) Sometimes (3) Often

(c) Cognition

7) At what age did Mahammed became Phophet

(1) Childhood (2) Old Age (3) At 40 years

8) What is the name of the first Surah which was revealed

to the prophet.

(1) Incorrect (2) Not very sure (3) Correct

9) What is the name of the Cave where the prohpet received

first message.

(1) Incorrect (2) Not very sure (3) Hira

(d) Consequences

10) A Muslim who buys lottery tickets is not a good Muslim.

(1) Disagree (2) Uncertain (3) A ree

329

11) There should be a separation of boys and girls in

schools.


12) Whenever I take water, I make it a point to sit down.

(1) Disagree ( 2 ) Occasionally (3) Agree

II. SCALE OF MODERNITY

(a) Rationality / Scientific Attitude

13) If one were to set up an industry, it would be better

to consult first a religious leader rather than a

technical expert.

(1) Agree (2) Uncertain ( 3 ) Disagree

14) For a sick person prayer is more important than medical

care

(1) Agree (2) Uncertain ( 3 ) Disageree

15) An older machine/equipment is better than the new one

as the latter calls for additional training.


(b) Equality and Legislation

16) In matters pertaining to the marriage of children the

father alone should take the final decision.

(1) Agree (2) Uncertain (3) Disagree

330

17) The man alone should be bread earner. woman.

look after the household.

(1) Agree ( 2 ) Uncertain (3) Disagree

should

18) Women. as a rule, should not be allowed to participate

in active politics

(1) Agree ( 2 ) Uncertain ( 3 ) Disagree

(c) Universalisation

19) A Muslim in a position of authority in Gov t .

organisation should prefer a Muslim candidate even if

less qualified.

(1) Agree ( 2 ) Uncertain ( 3) Disagree

20) It is desirable to give employment to persons of one's

own caste (biradari) even if less competent.


21) It is often desirable to trade with Muslim countries,

even if it may mean some loss.


d) Co-existence/Pluralism/Open-mindedness

22) I would not prefer to live in the neighbourhood of a

non-Muslim even if with better amenities.


331

23) Since all the richmen are immoral I will avoid them as

far as possible.


24) I would like to work with a Muslim person as far as

possible, rather than a non-Muslim


(e) Individualism and Humanism

25) Whatever a man does, he will not get more than what

is written in his fate.


26) One who engages in entertainments like music, dance,

cinema will go to the Hell.


27) The daily prayers (namaz) are more important than

looking after the basic needs of the family.

(1) Agree (2) Uncertain (3) Disagree.

III. SCALE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP

a) Innovativeness/Risk-taking

28) will not accept work which I have not done before,

even if it means less earning.


332

29) I will not move to another town just to gain more

profi tsjincome.


30) I never liked to do novel things, as it involves

substantial

(1) Agree

b) Background

risks.

(2) Uncertain (3) Disagree

31) Higher education will do worse to my children than if

they learn my skills, even if I can afford education.


32) I will prefer service to my own work even if it ma~

mean less progress.

(1) Agree ( 2 ) Uncertain ( 3) Disagree

33) I will prefer propriety to partnership as it gives more

freedom of action.


d) Managerial Skills/Gap Filling

34) I attend to work whenever I feel like doing rather than

scheduling it with clear planning.


333

35) It is not possible for me to look after the rnanagDridl

activities even of a small firm as it means

difficulties of labour. raw material and market.


36) The labourer will not work if not treated with punitive

measures.


d) Achievement/Socialisation

37) I was often discouraged by my parents to take my own

decisions.


38) During the next ten years I am going to ........ .

( 1) Low ( 2 ) Moderate ( 3) High

39) Industrialists/Karkhanedars in our country need ...... .

( 1) Low ( 2 ) Moderate (3) High

eA Status Withdrawal '\.

40) The Muslims have little future in India.


41) There is no hope for Muslims whichever political party

comes to power.


42) My father rarely listened to the openions of my mother.


334

* liB. EXPLANATIONS OF THE DIMENSIONS USED IN THE SCALES

1. RELIGIOSITY

(a) Belief: The pattern of religious thinking of a person

based on the socialisation and individual convictions.

(b) Practice and Experience: The way the religious values

appeared in real life. either by way of experiencing or

practicing.

(c) Cognition Equated to the knowledge of religious

events in history or religious texts.

(d) Consequences What would happen. according to the

religious explanation. if a particular behaviour is

observed.

2. MODERNITY

(a) Rationality / Scientific Attitude The logical

thinking. including the sense of efficacy. which

excludes fatalism.

(b) Equality and Legislation That both the sexes are

equal acording to law. and have equal rights and

duties. No one is inferior to other just because of

ascription. -----------------------------------*These explanations are given in brief and in a relatively loose sense.

335

(c) Universalisation A pattern of thinking where all

other individuals have rights and duties as lI1uch as one

thinks for himself and to that extent all are equal.

( d) Co-exi s tence/Pl ura 1 i sm/Open-mindedness': It is again a

( e )

scientific attitude based on tolerance

ethnic. regional and linguistic groups

for other

Individualism and Humanism: That a person has its

unique identity and is controlled by the principles of

pain and pleasure.

3. ENTREPRENEURSHIP

a) Innovativeness/Risk-taking: Innovativeness means doing

things in new way in the context where such things were

b)

c)

never done before. Risk - taking in the quality where

under uncertainty an individual takes a decision.

outcome of which is not wholly predictable.

carries a threat of loss ..

thus

Background Which type of education. occupation.

family or culture a person comes before entering into

an occupation.

Managerial Skills/Gap Filling An entrepreneur

performs functions related to the running of a business

successfully. and requires certain skills, which are

336

d)

e )

called managerial skills. Gap filling is used to

designate a function of the entrepreneur to marshall

the factors of production for a successful venture.

Achievement/Socialisation An urge to excello to do

better is called need for Achievement, which is

acquired through the process of socialisation, where

the person is influenced by his environment to think

and act in a particular way.

Status Withdrawl It is used in the sense Hagen used

in his theory of social change, wherein an individual

because of certain reasons looses his status . which

he tries to regain.

crisis.

In a way it is a state of identity

337

APPENDIX III

NAME OF MOHULLAS / COLONIES GROUPED INTO BY CEOGRAPHICAL

LOCATION

GROUP I Baradari, Chowki Nagphani, Daang, Deputygung,

Deriya, Faizgunj, Gujrati Tomboli, Kathdarwaza,

Kisrol, Lal Bagh, Mufti Tola, Nawabpura, Qazi

Tola, Rafatpura, Sarai Hussaini, Tabela, Zabbuka

nala:

GROUP II Bara Shah Safa, Beldran, Chowki Hassan Khan, Feel

Khana, Lal masjid, Muchhli Bazaar, Mughalpura

Kohna, Reti Mohulla, Tabacco Street,

Tambakoowalan, Tehsil School;

GROUP III Barbalan, Guian Bagh, Hyatnagar, Katar Shaheed.

K.s. Nai Basti, Maqbara, Mughalpura, Saqqa;

GROUP IV Amroha Gate, Asalatpura, Balnag aI', Bazigr'an.

GROUP V

Bhatti Street, Galshheed, Iddgah, Kalap~·add.

Kambal-ka-Tazia, Katra Bansi Kothi, Manpura. Nai

Abadi, Pukka/Pukhta Bagh, Sambhali Gate,

Wajidnagar.

Shah Hazaari, Chhoti Mandi, Deri Ghat, Ghulabbari,

Katghar, Kuccha Bagh, Urpura, Zakaria House

GROUP VI Deewan - Ka Bazaar, Khokran Street, Goombed Wali

Masj id, Lala Teeker, Peerghaib, Peerzada, Sa1'ai

GuIzar, Sarai Kishan Lal, Sidi Sarai

338

APPENDIX IV

DATA REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT

TABLE 1

Caste and Religious Education Received

Caste Religious education Received

Total Yes No

Total 160 133 27

Ashraf 27 21 6

Ajl af 133 112 21

TABLE 2

Caste and Preference for Type of Education

Caste Preference for type of Education

Total Religious Seculer Both

Total 160 25 7 128

Ashraf 27 3 3 21

Ajlaf 133 22 4 107

TABLE 3

Caste and Purdah Observance

Caste Purdah observed

Total Yes No

Total 160 159 1

Ashraf 27 27 o

Ajlaf 133 132 1 ------------------------------------------------------------

339

TABLE 4

Caste and Prayers Observed

Caste Prayers observed

Total Regularly Moderately Rarely

Total 160 43 47 70

Ashraf 27 11 7 9

Ajlaf 133 32 40 61

TABLE 5

Caste and Fasts Observed

Caste Fasts observed

Total All 20-30 10-19 Below 10 None

Total 160 68 21 19 33 19

Ashraf 27 9 6 5 3 4

Ajlaf 133 59 15 14 30 15

TABLE 6

Caste and Hajj Performed

Caste Haji Performed

Total Yes No

Total 160 16 144

Ashraf 27 3 24

Ajlaf 133 13 120

340

TABLE 7

Caste and Qurbani Observed

Caste Qurbani Observed

Total Regularly Irregularly Never

Total 160 98 29 33

Ashraf 27 14 4 9

Ajlaf 133 84 25 24

TABLE 8

Caste and Paid Zakah

Caste Paid Zakah

Total Yes No Not Eligitlle

Total 160 113 45 2

Ashraf 27 21 5 1

Ajlaf 133 92 40 1

TABLE 9

Caste and Muharram Celebration

Caste Muharram Celebration

Total Nothing Fast 5 Niaz only Both Fast Matam Specific Ibadat and Ibadat

Total 160 29 18 104 4 5

Ashraf 27 3 1 20 1 2

Ajlaf 133 26 17 84 3 3

341

Caste

TABLE 10

Caste and Shabe-barat Celebration

Total

Shabe - barat Celebration

Nothing Fast/ Specific Ibadat

Niaz only Both Ibadat and Niaz

------------------------------------------------------------Total 160 4 24 81 51

Ashraf 27 0 3 14 10

Ajlaf 133 4 21 67 41

TABLE 11

Caste and Member of Religious Association

Caste Member of religious association

Total Yes No

Total 160 30 130

Ashraf 27 6 21

Ajlaf 133 24 109

TABLE 12

Caste and Type of Family

Caste Type of Family

Total Joint Nuclear

Total 160 46 114

Ashraf 27 9 18

Ajlaf 133 37 96

342

TABLE 13

Caste and BelIef in Endogamous Marriages

Caste Belief in endogamous marriages

Total within caste at least No bar within religion

Total 160 129 31 o

Ashraf 27 22 5 o

Ajl af 133 107 26 o

TABLE 14

Caste and Belelf in Type of Marriage

Caste Belif in Type of Marriage

Total Arranged consented Love marriage

Total 160 134 21 5

Ashraf 27 23 1 3

Ajlaf 133 111 20 2

TABLE 15

Caste and Attitude Towards Family Planning

Caste Attitude Towards Family Planning

Total Yes No Not Sure

Total 160 89 70 1

Ashraf 27 14 12 1

Ajlaf 133 75 58 o ------------------------------------------------------------

343

TABLE 16

Caste and Size of Family

Caste Size of Family

Total 1-2 3-5 6-10 11-15 Above 16

Total 160 8 60 78 10 4

Ashraf 27 1 10 13 2 1

Ajlaf 133 7 50 65 8 :J ------------------------------------------------------------

Caste

Total

Ashraf

Ajlaf

Caste

Total

Ashraf

Ajlaf

TABLE 17

Caste and Participation in Social Welfare

Participation in Social Welfare

Total Yes No

160 77 83

27 11 16

133 66 67

TABLE 18

Caste and Levels of Education

Levels of Education

Total Illiterate Primary Middle High School Graduate Intermediate and

above

160 61 23 31 31 14

27 11 8 4 2 2

133 50 15 27 29 12 ------------------------------------------------------------

344

"

TABLE 19

Caste and Preference for Higher Education by Sex

Caste

Total

Ashraf

Ajlaf

Caste

Total

Ashraf

Ajl af

Caste

Total

Ashraf

Ajlaf

Education: Difference in Sexes.

Total Male Female Botl1

160 84 30 46

27 12 6 9

133 72 24 37

TABLE 20

Caste and Knowledge of English

Knowledge of English

Total Yes No

160 56 104

27 7 20

133 49 84

TABLE 21

Caste and Preference for Political Party

Political party

Total Cogress Muslim Lok Dal /Janata

Non-Muslim Not backed Inter-

ested

160 93 20 11 1 35

27 14 5 1 0 7

133 79 15 10 1 28 ------------------------------------------------------------

345

TABLE 22

Caste and Voting Behavior

Caste Voting Behaviour

Total Family- Decision Individual Decision

Total 160 130 30

Ashraf 27 20 7

Ajlaf 133 110 23

TABLE 23

Caste and Age of the Enterprise

Caste Age of the Enterprise

Total Pre-1950 1951-60 1961-70 1971-80 1981-83

Total 160 7 9 40 81 23

Ashraf 27 2 2 6 11 6

Ajlaf 133 5 7 34 70 17 ------------------------------------------------------------

TABLE 24

Caste and Registration with District Industry Centre

Caste Registration with D.l.C.

Total Yes No

Total 160 27 133

Ashraf 27 6 21

Ajlaf 133 21 112 ----------------------------------------------- ------------

346

TABLE 25

Caste and Type of Ownership

Caste Type of ownership

Total Propriety Partnership Pvt.Ltd. Co.

Total 160 146 13 1

Ashraf 27 24 2 1

Ajlaf 133 122 11 o

Table 26

Caste and Fixed Capital

Caste Fixed Capital (Rs. Thousand)

Total <1 1-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 /'25

Total 160 16 45 34 20 11 3 31

Ashraf 27 1 5 4 5 3 1 8

Ajlaf 133 15 40 30 15 8 2 23

TABLE 27

Caste and Working Capital

Caste Working capital (Rs Thousand)

Total < 1 1-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25"/25

Total 160 13 71 30 12 6 2 26

Ashraf 27 1 11 5 2 2 o 6

Ajlaf 133 12 60 25 10 4 2 20

347

TABLE 28

Caste and Annual Production

------------------------------------------------------------Caste Annual Production (Rs.Thousand)

------------------------------------------------------------Total <10 10-25 25-50 50-100 100-500 500-1000 >1000

------------------------------------------------------------Total 160 16 75 22 12 29 5 1

Ashraf 27 0 14 2 4 6 1 U

Ajlaf 133 16 61 20 8 23 4 1

TABLE 29

Caste and Size of Profits

Caste Total Annual Income (Rs. Thousand)

Total <10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-50 50-100 >100

Total 160 142 9 5 1 o 2 1

Ashraf 27 24 1 1 o o 1 o

Ajlaf 133 118 8 4 1 o 1 1

TABLE 30

Caste and Total Family Income

Caste Total Annual Income (Rs. Thousand)

Total ~10 10-25 25-50 50-75 75-100 100-500 ~500 ------------------------------------------------------------

Total 160 20 82 36 9 4 7 2

Ashraf 27 1 11 11 2 0 2 0

Aj 1 a f 133 19 71 25 7 4 5 2 ------------------------------------------------------------

348

TABLE 31

Caste and Percent Expenditure on Food Items

Caste Percent expenditure on Food items

Total ~30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 "/ 80 ------------------------------------------------------------

Total 160 5 23 41 32 42 15 2

Ashraf 27 o 3 11 3 6 4 o

Ajlaf 133 5 20 30 29 36 11 2

TABLE 32

Caste and Technology Improvement

Caste Technolgical Improvement

Total None Some Substantial

Total 160 102 46 12

Ashraf 27 19 5 3

Ajlaf 133 83 41 9

TABLE 33

Caste and Introduction of Innovation

Caste Innovation

Total None Some Substantial

Total 160 127 24 9

Ashraf 27 23 2 2

Ajlaf 133 104 22 7 ------------------------------------------------------------

349

TABLE 34

Entrepreneurship and Obsevance of Prayers

------------------------------------------------------------Category Total Regularly Moderately Rarely

------------------------------------------------------------Total 160 43 47 70

Artisan 109 23 31 55

Karkhanedar 45 19 12 14

Exporter 6 1 4 1

TABLE 35

Entrepreneurship and Fasts Observed

Category Total All 20-30 10-19 1-10 None ------------------------------------------------------------

Total 160 68 21 19 33 19

Artisan 109 38 15 12 30 14

Karkhanedar 45 26 5 7 2 5

Exporter 6 4 1 0 1 0

TABLE 36

Entrepreneurship and Zakah Paid

Category Total Yes No Not Eligible

Total 160 113 45 2

Artisan 109 66 41 2

Karkhanedar 45 41 4 o

Exporter 6 6 o o

350

TABLE 37

Entrepreneurship and Pilgrimage to Mekkah

Category Total Yes No

Total 160 16 144

Artisan 109 8 101

Karkhanedar 45 6 39

Exporter 6 2 4

TABLE 38

Entrepreneurship and Qurbani observed

Category Total Regular Irregular Never ------------------------------------------------------------Total 160 98 29 33

Artisan 109 60 24 25


Exporter 6 6 0 0

TABLE 39

Entrepreneurship and Muharram observed

Category Total Nothing Fast/ Niaz Both I beda t/ ivla tam Specific Ibadat ONly Niaz

------------------------------------------------------------Total 160 29 18 104 4 5

Artisan 109 23 6 75 2 3

Karkhanedar 45 5 7 29 2 2

Exporter 6 1 5 0 0 0

351

TABLE 40

Entrepreneurship and Shabebrat observed

Category Total Nothing Fast/ Niaz only Both Niaz/ Specific Ibadat Ibadat

------------------------------------------------------------Total 160 4 24 81 51

Artisan 109 3 10 59 37

Karkhanedar 45 1 10 21 13

Exporter 6 0 4 1 1

TABLE 41

Entrepreneurship and Mother tounge

Category Total Urdu Hindi Others ------------------------------------------------------------

Total 160 158 1 1

Artisan 109 107 1 1


Exporter 6 6 0 0

TABLE 42

Entrepreneurship and Knowledge of English


Total 160 56 104

Artisan 109 25 84

Karkhanedar 45 26 19

Exporter 6 5 1 ------------------------------------------------------------

352

TABLE 43

Entrepreneurship and Knowledge of Hindi

------------------------------------------------------------Category Total Yes No

------------------------------------------------------------Total 160 83 77

Artisan 109 45 64

Karkhanedar 45 33 12

Exporter 6 5 1

TABLE 44

Entrepreneurship and Receipt of Religious Education


Total 160 133 27

Artisan 109 91 18

Karkhanedar 45 37 8

Exporter 6 5 1

TABLE 45

Entrepreneurship and Link between Religious Education and Occupation

Category

Total

Artisan

Karkhanedar

Exporter

Total

160

109

45

6

Yes

134

94

34

6

353

No

24

13

11

o

Not Sure

2 2

o

o

TABLE 46

Entrepreneurship and Link between Secular Education

and Occupation

Category Total Yes No Not Sure

Total 160 145 12 3

Artisan 109 100 7 2


Exporter 6 6 0 0 ------------------------------------------------------------

TABLE 47

Entrepreneurship and Preference for Type of Education

Category Total Religious Secular Both ------------------------------------------------------------

Total 160 25 7 128

Artisan 109 14 3 92


Exporter 6 1 0 5

TABLE 48

Entrepreneu~ship and Link between religious

Beliefs and Occupation

Category Total Yes No Not Sure

Total 160 137 17 6

Artisan 109 94 11 4


Exporter 6 6 o o

354

TABLE 49

Entrepreneurship and Link between Religious Beliefs and Daily Life

Category Total Yes No Not Sure ------------------------------------------------------------

Total 160 137 19 4

Artisan 109 94 12 3


Exporter 6 6 0 0

TABLE 50

Entrepreneurship and "-Does no t take up nove 1 Jobs I

Category Total Low Medium High

Total 160 44 45 71

Artisan 109 27 34 48


Exporter 6 2 o 4

TABLE 51

Entrepreneurship, and '~oes not move to other towns for Profit'

Category Total Low Medium High ------------------------------------------------------------

Total 160 49 43 68

Artisan 109 35 32 42


Exporter 6 1 0 5 ------------------------------------------------------------

355

TABLE 52

Entrepreneurship and \ Does not change jobs for Profits'


Total 160 18 36 lOG

Artisan 109 12 25 72


Exporter 6 2 2 2

TABLE 53

Entrepreneurship and' Higher education not good for

children'


Total 160 21 58 81

Artisan 109 17 40 52


Exporter 6 0 4 2

TABLE 54

Entrepreneurship and Prefers service to one's own work'


Total 160 66 17 77

Artisan 109 55 10 44


Exporter 6 0 0 6 ------------------------------------------------------------

356

TABLE 55 . ,

EntrepreneurshIp and Prefers to be one's own boss'


Total 160 41 28 91

Artisan 109 30 21 58


Exporter 6 1 1 4

TABLE 56

Entrepreneurship and 'Does not work in a planned way'


Total 160 59 36 65

Artisan 109 47 24 38


Exporter 6 0 0 6

TABLE 57

Entrepreneurship and 'Finds management responsibilities

difficult'

Category Total Low Medium Hi gh ------------------------------------------------------------

Total 160 83 53 24

Artisan 109 61 38 10


Exporter 6 1 0 5 ------------------------------------------------------------

357

TABLE 58

Entrepreneurship and' Treats Labour with Sternness'


Total 160 53 33 74

Artisan 109 34 24 51


Exporter 6 2 1 3

TABLE 59

Entrepreneurship and 'Authoritarian social Structure'


Total 160 59 57 44

Artisan 109 35 45 29


Exporter 6 4 1 1

TABLE 60

Entrepreneurship and' Shows ambition for next 10 years'


Total 160 61 51 48

Artisan 109 46 34 29


Exporter 6 0 1 5 ------------------------------------------------------------

358

TABLE 61

Entrepreneurship and 'Consider3growth as an essential

quality'


Total 160 54 58 48

Artisan 109 42 40 27


Exporter 6 0 1 5

TABLE 62

Entrepreneurship and 'Muslims have little future in India'


Total 160 55 31 74

Artisan 109 34 20 55


Exporter 6 3 2 1

TABLE 63

Enpreneurship and \For Muslims no pol. party is favourable'


Total 160 74 49 37

Artisan 109 45 36 28


Exporter 6 4 1 1

359

TABLE 64

Entrepreneurship 'Brought up in less authoritarian enviro-nmen t '


Total 160 86 55 19

Artisan 109 63 34 12

Karkhaneder 45 21 19 5

Exporter 6 2 2 2

360

appendix i the growth of muslim entrepreneurship in...

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