appendix - shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36170/17/17...appendix ph.d. thesis,...

Appendix

Appendix

Ph.D. Thesis, UICT, North Maharastra University, Jalgaon 136

APPENDIX-I Average particle sizes of various substrates were calculated by following method. Table A1 Data of mesh number and Dpi

Sr.No. Mesh number Dpi

1 4” 4.75

2 8” 2.00

3 16” 1.00

* Source: BS812-103. 1:1985 (Obsolete British Standard, replaced by European EN 933-1:2012)

Table A2: Average particle size calculation table for crushed JS.

Weight of sample = 25gm

Mesh No.

Weight

retain

(gm)

Xi

Dpi*

Dpi

XiDpi3

XiDpi4

4” 2.5 0.10 4.75 4.75 10.717 50.90

8” 13 0.52 2.00 3.375 19.99 67.68

16” 3.8 0.152 1.00 1.5 0.513 0.769

31.22 119.34

Average particle size = (∑ 4) / (∑Xi Dpi3)

Where, Xi = Weight retain on the screen / total weight of the sample

Dpi = Average screen opening in mm.

= 119.34/31.22

= 3.822mm

In the same manner another set of JS with average particle size of 2.5846mm and 0.4834mm were prepared.

Appendix


Table A3: Average particle size calculation table for crushed WS.


Mesh No.

Weight retain (gm)

Xi

Dpi

Dpi

XiDpi3

XiDpi4

4” 3.2 0.128 4.75 4.75 13.718 65.16

8” 10.7 0.428 2.00 3.375 16.454 55.53

16” 6.0 0.240 1.00 1.5 0.81 1.215

30.982 121.90


= 121.90/30.982

= 3.9345mm

In the same manner another set of WS with average particle size of 2.7274mm and 0.4875mm were prepared. Table A4: Average particle size calculation table for crushed TS.


Mesh No.

Weight retain (gm)

Xi

Dpi

Dpi

XiDpi3

XiDpi4

4” 8.4 0.336 4.75 4.75 36.01 171.04

8” 9.6 0.384 2.00 3.375 14.76 49.82

16” 3.2 0.128 1.00 1.5 0.432 0.648

51.22 221.51

Appendix



= 221.51/51.222

= 4.324mm

In the same manner another set of TS with average particle size of 2.94mm and 0.4909mm were prepared.

P

F

h.D. Thesis, UI

ig.A1 depict

Fig.A1 FT

UICT, North Ma

ts the FT-IR

T-IR spectra

aharastra Univ

AP

R spectra reco

of TS [a] be

versity, Jalgaon

PPENDIX

orded on TS

efore fermen

n

X –II

before and

ntation [b] af

after fermen

fter fermenta

App

ntation proce

ation.

endix

139

ess.

Appendix


Table A5 FT-IR spectrum analysis of TS.

Before fermentation After fermentation Sr. No Frequency Group Sr. No Frequency Group 1 3292 -OH stretching of

alcohol/phenols 1 3282 -OH stretching of

alcohol/phenol 2 2915 asymmetric and

symmetric stretching vibrations of alkanes (CH2 and CH3)

2 2922 asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations of alkanes (CH2 and CH3)

3 1737 C=O group of esters/ketones

3 Disappeared ---

4 1658 Aromatic C–C ring stretching


5 1599 C=C aromatic stretch

5 1564 C-H phenyl ring

6 1427 C-H in-plane deformation with aromatic ring stretching


7 1332 C–N amines 7 1327 C–N amines 8 1236 C–N amines,

alcohol C–O stretching, ethers, carboxylic acids esters

8 1236 C–N amines, alcohol C–O stretching, ethers, carboxylic acids esters

9 1165 Alcohol C–O stretches, ethers, carboxylic acids

9 Disappeared -----

10 1070 C–O–C symmetric stretching


11 896 C–H, aromatic hydrogen




13 673 C–H alkynes bends, C–H alkenes, C–H phenyl ring substitution bands

13 ----- -------

Appendix


Intense peaks at 1737 cm-1 could be due to the stretching mode of carbonyls mainly

ketones and esters. Such peaks are expected from waxes such as fatty acids, fatty esters,

high molecular mass aldehydes / ketones.The C–O–C symmetric stretching at 1070 cm−1

in the biomasses is characteristic of cellulose and hemicellulose (pyranose rings and

guaiacyl monomers). In present spectrum peaks appeared at 896, 1,506, and 1,599

cm−1could be due to lignin. The disappearance of frequencies at 1737 cm-1 (C=O), 1599

cm-1 (C=C) and 1165 cm-1 (C-O) in FTIR spectra recorded using fermented sample

suggest the occurrence of fermentation process. Presence of remaining frequencies with

slight shifting, however, suggest that fermentation has occurs but with limited extent.

P

F

h.D. Thesis, UI

ig.A2 depict

Fig. A

UICT, North Ma

ts the FT-IR

A2 FT-IR sp

aharastra Univ

R spectra reco

pectra of WS

versity, Jalgaon

orded on WS

S [a] before f

n

S before and

fermentation

d after ferme

n and [b] afte

App

ntation proc

er fermentati

endix

142

cess.

ion.

Appendix


Table A6 FT-IR spectrum analysis of WS

Before fermentation After fermentation Sr. No Frequency Group Sr. No Frequency Group 1 3332 -OH stretching of

alcohol/phenols 1 3267 -OH stretching of

alcohol/phenol 2 2895 asymmetric and

symmetric stretching vibrations of alkanes (CH2 and CH3)

2 2916 asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations of alkanes (CH2 and CH3)

3 1726 C=O group of esters/ketones

3 Disappeared -------



5 1598 C=C aromatic stretch

5 1546 C-H phenyl ring



7 1330 C–N amines 7 1325 C–N amines 8 1201 C–N amines,

alcohol C–O stretching, ethers, carboxylic acids esters

8 Disappeared --------








12 ---------- ------------



Appendix


The FT-IR studies of WS before and after fermentation of substrate revealed that the

major peaks at 3332 cm-1 in the spectrum originate from – OH stretching vibration and

peaks at 2915 and 2922 corresponds to asymmetric and symmetric C-H stretching

vibrations of alkanes. These vibrations are expected from lignocellulosic materials like

hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin. Intense peaks at 1737 and 1700 cm-1 could be due to

the stretching mode of carbonyls mainly ketones and esters; such peaks are expected

from waxes such as fatty acids, fatty esters, high molecular mass aldehydes/ketones.

Moreover, The C–O–C symmetric stretching at 1070 cm−1 in the biomasses is

characteristic of cellulose and hemicellulose (pyranose rings and guaiacyl monomers). In

present spectrum peaks appeared at 896, 1506, 1599 cm−1 could be due to lignin. The

disappearance of frequencies at 1737 cm-1 (C=O), 1598 cm-1 (C=C) and 1201 cm-1 (C-

O) and shifting of remaining frequencies suggest that fermentation occurs but with

limited extent.

Curriculum vitae


Curriculum vitae

Mr.Ganesh A. Bathe, author of this thesis, was born on 2nd August 1977 at Akola,

Maharashtra. He has completed his degree in chemical engineering from Amravati

University and master degree in chemical engineering from Birla Institute of

Technology & science (BITS), Pilani, Rajasthan. He participated in BITS practice

school almost for 6 month at Central Fuel Research Institute, Dhanbad. After master’s

degree he joined Pune University as a lecturer in MIT’s, Maharashtra Academy of

Engineering, Pune and worked for four and half years. Later on he joined AISSMS,

College of Engineering, Pune and worked for more than one year. After that he

worked in ESSAR Steel Ltd., Hazira, Surat, Gujarat as a manager. Later, he joined

University Institute of Chemcial Technology, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon

as an assistant professor in the year 2007. In the year 2008, he joined for Ph.D. course

in Chemical Technology, under the faculty of engineering and technology. He is

having > 11 years of teaching experience. He is a certified internal auditor for ISO

9001-2000 and 9004-2000. He has completed one minor UGC sponsored project

entitiled “Temperature gradients studies in a packed bed solid state fermentor”. He is

also working as a co-investigator for a major research project entitiled “Preparation of

biofertilizer and biopesticide from local farmers” sponsored by Rajiv Gandhi Science

and Technology Commission, Mumbai. Recently, he got one minor SEED project

sponsored by Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme (TEQIP), Govt.

of India assisted financially by World Bank. He is a life member of the Indian Society

for Technical Education (ISTE) and fellow member of International Congress of

Chemistry and Environment (FICCE). He has published / presented and

communicated following research papers in national and international journals and

conferences.

Curriculum vitae


National and International Publications

[1] Bathe G.A., Patil V. S., Deshpande T.D., Gujrathi A.M. (2013). Temperature studies in the growth of Aspergillus oryzae on jowar straw in packed bed solid state fermenter (PBSSF) – A modeling approach. Research & Reviews: J. of Engineering and Technology.2 (2): 43-49.

[2] Bathe G.A., Patil V.S., Chaurasia A.S.(2012). Study on temperature gradients

and protein enrichment by Asoergillus oryzae in solid state fermentation on packed bed bioreactor using jowar (sorghum) straw as substrate. J. Sustainable Bioenergy System.2:33-36.

[3] Patil S.V., Patil C.D., Salunke B.K., Salunkhe R.B., Bathe G.A., Patil

D.M.(2011).Studies on characterization of bioflocculant exopolysaccharide of Azotobacter indicus and its potential for wastewater treatment. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology. 163(4): 463-472.

[4] Patil S.V., Salunke B.K., Bathe G.A., Salunkhe R.B., Patil C.D., Patil D.

M.(2009). In vitro study of an antibacterial and antioxidant activity of Helicteres isora. L. J. of Herbal Tech. Industry.6-10.

[5] Patil S.V., Bathe G.A., Patil A.V., Patil R.H., Salunkea B.K. (2009). Production

of bioflocculant exopolysaccharide by Bacillus subtillis. Advanced Biotech.8 (10):14-17.

[6] Wasewar K.L., Bathe G.A.(2005). Pervaporation process for alcohol recovery

from molasses. N.Chem. J. 15- 17.

[7] Bathe G.A., Sadaphal A., Patil V.S., Gujarathi A.M. Multi objective optimization of solid state fermentation process.(Communicated).

Paper/Poster Presentated at International/National Conferences

[1] Bathe G.A., Patil V.S. “Temperature Gradients in Packed Bed Solid State Fermenter” presented at Port Dickson, Malaysia organized by ICCE (27th to 29th May 2011).

[2] Bathe G.A., Patil V.S. “A review on solid state fermenter” presented at School of Chemical Sciences, NMU , Jalgaon (26th Dec.2011).

[3] Bathe G.A., Patil S.V., Patil V.S. “Microbial exopolysaccharide as flocculating agent for industrial waste treatment” presented at School of Environmental & Earth Sciences, NMU, Jalgaon (1-2nd Feb. 2010).

[4] Bathe G.A., Patil V.S. “A review on packed bed solid state fermentor”

presented at SEES, NMU, Jalgaon (9th and 10th Jan.2012).

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