Appendix AReferences Relating to Palabora Mine

There are 48 references listed in this appendix. They all relate to the Palabora Mine.The first one is dated 1976 while the last one is from 2012. I have collected themwhile working at the mine. Not all of them I have used as book references. Palaborareferences can be divided into two groups: the early ones from 1976 up to 1997 andthe later ones that were published in the time period between 2000 and 2012. Thefirst group are papers about the Palabora ore deposit, the natural earthquake hazardin the Phalaborwa area, about some aspects of mining in the open pit, and about thedesign for the underground mine. The second group of papers covers a wide rangeof topics connected with the underground mine. These are: cave management,secondary blasting, fragmentation, dilution, ventilation, rock mechanics and obvi-ously seismicity induced by the caving process. There are also papers connectedwith the failure in the open pit and describing modelling of this phenomenon. Inthis reference list I have included a book about the origins of the Phalaborwa townabout its connection with mining industry and the animals. Palabora Mine neigh-bour is the Kruger National Park. The mine property because there is water is verypopular with the wild animals. On the way from the mine gate to my office I oftensaw elephants, buffalo, kudu even a lion. This lion was sitting by the road about100m from where I was parking. One day coming back from the office when it wasalready dark I nearly collided with an elephant standing on the road. Because it wasso big I could not see it. Only when it moved I was alerted that there is an obstacleon the road. This is an experience I will remember as long as I live.

Brummer R, Li H, Moss A (2006) The transition from Open pit to underground mining: anunusual slope failure mechanism at Palabora. In: Proceedings international symposium onstability of rock slopes, Cape Town, pp 411–420

Chadwick J (1995) Palabora-advanced haulage solutions. Mining Mag 173 (Sep):110–114Chadwick J (1997) Palabora goes underground. Mining Mag July:28–41Calder K, Townsend P, Russell F (2000) The underground mine project. In: Chitombo G

(ed) Proceedings MassMin, Brisbane, pp 219–225Cartwright AP (1972) Phalaborwa mining city of the future. Purnell and Sons S.A. (Pty) LTD,

Keerom Street Cape TownChen D (1998) Application of a microseismic system in monitoring E26 block cave at Northparkes

Mines. In: Aziz NI, Indraratha B (eds) Proceedings international conference on geomechanicsand ground control in mining and underground construction, Wollongong University ofWollongong, pp 1067–1078

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016S.N. Glazer, Mine Seismology: Data Analysis and Interpretation,DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-32612-2

403

Diering T (2000) PC-BC a block cave design and draw control system. In: Proceedings MassMin2000. The Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Melbourne, pp 469–484

Fernández LM (1987) Estimation of seismic hazard for Phalaborwa. Report No 0178, GeologicalSurvey, Pretoria

Fernández LM, Graham G (1993) Estimation of the earthquake hazard for the Phalaborwa areaTransvaal. Report No 0193, Geological Survey, Pretoria.

Fernández LM, Graham G (1995) An assessment of seismic hazard at Phalaborwa in termsofground acceleration and probable damage. Report No 0174, Geological Survey, Pretoria

Gass BJ, Wright DR (2007) Operating and maintenance challenges at Palabora: pushing the edgeof envelope. In: Proceedings of 1st international symposium on block and sub-level caving,Cape Town, October 2007, Symposium series S49, pp 15–34

Glazer SN (2007) Applications of mine seismology methods in block cave mining. In: Proceedingsof 1st international symposium on block and sub-level caving, Cape Town, October 2007,Symposium series, SAIMM, pp 281–301

Glazer SN (2008) Seismically active volume around the cave and its relation to the caving stages.In: Schunnesson H, Nordlung E (eds) Proceedings of 5th international conference andexhibition on mass mining. Luleå, Sweden, 9–11 June 2008 Luleå University of Technology,pp 983–992

Glazer SN (2012) Caving process and seismic risk changes, The Palabora mining companyexperience. In: Conference proceedings MassMin 2012, 6th international conference andexhibition an mass mining, June 10–14, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, on disk: June 12 Session:Applied Geomechanics in Mining

Glazer SN, Hepworth N (2004) Seismic monitoring of Cave Crown Pillar—Palabora MiningCompany, RSA. In: Karzulowicz K, Alfaro MA (eds) MassMin 2004 Proceedings, MineriaChilena, Santiago, Chile, pp 565–569

Glazer SN, Hepworth N (2005) Seismicity Induced by cave mining, Palabora experience. In:Potwin Y, Hudyma M (eds) Sixth international symposium on rockburst and seismicity inmines proceedings. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, pp 281–289

Glazer SN, Hepworth N (2006) Crown Pillar Failure Mechanism—case study based on seismicdata from Palabora. In: Mining Technology 2006, vol 115. Institute of Materials Minerals andMining, Published by Maney, pp 75–84

Glazer SN, Townsend P (2006) Comparison of seismicity induced by cave mining at Palaboramining (South Africa) and PT Freeport Indonesia Copper Mines: In: Proceedings of XIIIinternational scientific-technical conference natural mining hazards 2006, Depth of Mining andMining Hazards, Central Mining Institute, 7–10 November 2006, Ustroń, Poland, pp 70–85

Glazer SN, Lurka A (2007) Application of passive tomography to cave mining operations based onexperience at Palabora mining company. In: Proceedings of 1st International symposium onblock and sub-level caving, Cape Town, Oct 2007, Symposium series, SAIMM, pp 369–388

Glazer SN, Townsend P (2008) The application of seismic monitoring to the future Lift 2development at Palabora mining Company. In: Schunnesson H, Nordlung E (eds) Proceedingsof 5th international conference and exhibition on mass mining, Luleå, Sweden, 9–11 June 2008Luleå University of Technology, pp 919–930

Glazer SN, Townsend PA (2010a) Initial and east cave breakthrough events at Palabora miningcompany. In: Potwin Y (ed) Proceedings of the second international symposium on block andsublevel caving, April 20–22, Perth, Australia, pp 107–118

Glazer SN, Townsend P A (2010b) Relationship between production rates, the caving process andseismicity rates at Palabora Mining Company. In: Jan MVS, Potwin Y (eds) Proceedings of thefifth international seminar on deep and high stress mining. 6-8 Oct 2010, Santiago, Chile,pp 491–502

Groves DI, Vielreicher NM (2000) The Phalaborwa (Palabora) Carbonatite–hostedmagnetite-copper deposit, South Africa: an end-member of the iron-oxide-copper-gold-rareearth element deposit group? Mineral Deposita 36:189–194

404 Appendix A: References Relating to Palabora Mine

Hammer RE (2000) Mineralisation of the phalaborwa complex and the carbonatite connection iniron oxide-Cu-Au-U-REE deposits. In: Porter TM (ed) Hydrothermal Iron oxide copper—goldand related deposits: a global perspective. Australian Mineral Foundation, Adelaide, pp 331–340

Jaggard R C (2008) Support challenges and experiences on block cave-initial mining through tofull production. In: The 6th international symposium on ground support in mining and civilengineering construction, Table Bay Hotel, V&A Water Front, Cape Town, pp 503–516

Kear RM (2000) The use of evaluation surfaces to assist in the determination of mine designcriteria. In: Chitombo G (ed) Proceedings MassMin 2000. Australia, Brisbane, pp 57–62

Kear RM, Kirk RL (1997) The determination of the criteria required for the successful sizing ofmine projects: Case study Palabora underground mine. In: Proceedings of the Anglo AmericanGroup mining symposium, Johannesburg, Paper 20

Kear RM, Fenwick F, Kirk RL (1996) The sizing of the Palabora underground mine. In:Proceedings of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Massive MiningColloquium, Johannesburg

Marx W, Bezuidenhout M, van der Berg L, Botha P, Meredith G (2012) Refrigeration and coolingsystem design—a case study. In: Potvin Y (ed) Proceedings of the six international seminar ondeep and high stress mining, 28–30 March Perth Australia 2012, pp 463–471

Moss A, Russell F, Jones C (2004) Caving and fragmentation at Palabora: prediction toproduction. In: Karzulowicz K, Alfaro MA (eds) MassMin 2004 proceedings. Mineria Chilena,Santiago, Chile, pp 585–590

Moss A, Diaczenko S, Townsend P (2006) Interaction between the block cave and the pit slopes atmine. In: Proceedings international symposium on stability of rock slopes ion open pit miningand civil engineering, 3–6 April 2006, Cape Town, South Africa, SAIMM Symposium seriesS44, pp 399–410

Ngidi S, Boshoff P (2007) Cave management and secondary breaking practices at Palabora miningcompany. In: Proceedings of 1st International symposium on block and sub-level caving, CapeTown, October 2007, Symposium series S49, SAIMM, pp 161–172

Ngidi S, Pretorius DD (2010) Impact of poor fragmentation on cave management. In: Potwin Y(ed) Proceedings of the second international symposium on block and sub-level caving, April20–22, Perth, Australia, pp 593–602

Palabora Mine Geological and Mineralogical Staff (1976) The geology and the economic depositsof coper, iron and vermiculite in the Palabora igneous complex: a brief review. Econ Geol 71(1):Jan/Feb

Penswick DP, Dasys A (1997) Developing dispatch for underground: Palabora looks to the future.In: CIM’97, 99th Annual general meeting, Vancouver, Canada, 27 April–1 May 1997

Penswick DP, Kirk RL (1997) The potential for automation at Palabora. In: Internationalsymposium on mine mechanisation and automation, Brisbane

Pretorius D (2007) The effect of dilution on the underground block cave ore reserves at PalaboraMining company. In: Proceedings of 1st international symposium on block and sub-levelcaving, Cape Town, October 2007, Symposium series S49, SAIMM, pp 73–82

Pretorius D, Ngidi S (2008) Cave management ensuring optimal life of mine at Palabora. In:Schunnesson H, Nordlung E (eds) Proceedings of 5th international conference and exhibitionon mass mining, Luleå, Sweden, 9–11 June 2008 Luleå University of Technology, pp 63–71

Reyes-Montes JM, Sainsbury BL, Pettitt WS, Pierce M, Young R P (2010) Microseismic tools forthe analysis of the interaction between open pit and underground developments. In: Potwin Y(ed) Proceedings of the second international symposium on block and sublevel caving, 20–22April, Perth, Australia, pp 119–131

Sainsbury B, Pierce ME, Ivars D (2008) Analysis of caving behavior using synthetic rock mass-ubiquitous joint rock mass modelling technique. In: Potvin Y, Carter J, Dyskin A, Jeffrey R(eds) Proceedings of the 1st southern hemisphere international rock mechanics symposium.Australian Centre for Geomechanics, vol 1. Mining and Civil, pp 243–253

Appendix A: References Relating to Palabora Mine 405

Severin J, Elberhardt E, Woo KS (2010) Of major fault zones on 3D ground deformations causedby open pit block cave interactions. In: Potvin Y (ed) Proceedings of the second internationalsymposium on block and sublevel caving, 20–22 April, Perth, Australia, pp 455–468

Tajaard JJ, Stephenson JD (2000) State-of-art shaft system as applied to Palabora undergroundmining project. J S Afr Inst Mining Metallur November/December 200:427–436

Vielreicher NM, Groves DI, Vielrecher RM (2000) The Phalaborwa (Palabora) deposit and itspotential connection to iron-oxide copper-gold deposits of olimpic dam type. In: Porter TM(ed) Hydrothermal Iron oxide copper–gold & relative deposits: a global perspective. AustralianMineral Foundation, Adelaide, pp 321–329

Von Glehn FH, Marx WM, Botha P (2007) Estimation of ventilation and cooling requirements forcave mining in hot rock. In: Proceedings of 1st international symposium on block and sub-levelcaving, Cape Town October 2007, Symposium series S49 SAIMM, pp 51–58

Whitham M, Townsend PA, Dennis B, Mossop D (2004) Geotechnical know-how aids rampscavenging at Palabora. E&MJ, July 2004

Woo KS, Eberhardt E, Ghuman P, Stead D (2010) Integration of 3D modelling and INSARdeformation monitoring to characterise block caving induced surface subsidence. In: Potwin Y(ed) Proceedings of the second international symposium on block and sublevel caving, April20–22, Perth, Australia, pp 205–216

406 Appendix A: References Relating to Palabora Mine

Appendix BPress Release

The announcement that there is capital available for Lift2 is an optimistic end to mybook. But I wonder how it is possible. Capital cost of Lift 1 was US$ 410 millionand the cost of Lift 2 (taking into account today’s exchange rate) will be US$ 745million. This is an 80 % increase of the capital expenditure. It is assumed that Lift 2will be in operation until 2033 (from 2017?). Lift 1 Mine was in operation from2002 and might close by the end of 2016 (due to ore dilution) that is sooner than itwas planned. Return off Lift 2 capital expenditure will take about 12 years. That isassuming todays exchange rates, copper and magnetite prices as well as all othercosts. This is also assuming that the average profit of 800 R’m per year will beachieved during the first 12 years of Lift 2 Mine life. Copper is not the only PMC’ssource of revenue. It is also not the largest one as more revenue comes from sellingof the magnetite. The revenue from copper is only 37 %. If 800 R’m is the totalrevenue per year then the yearly revenue from copper is close to 300 R’m. In thiscase copper itself will pay back the investment of 9.4 billion Rand in about 30 yearswhich is (from today) by 2045. That would be 12 years after the copper mineclosure in 2033. Present exchange rate US$-Rand is very bad for any investment. Itseems that whatever we purchase these days comes from other country than SouthAfrica. For example I just got myself a power generator made in China and the boxthat is used to connect it to the existing home power network is from Italy. Dataused for the capital return period is in public domain and can be found in thePalabora Mining Company Year Reports.

Palabora’s R9.3bn life-of-mine extension project gets shareholder nodMining Weekly: 25th February 2015 By: Megan van Wyngaardt

Shareholders of Palabora Copper, a subsidiary of Palabora Mining Company,have given their approval for the R9.3-billion Lift II project that would extend thelife of the Palabora mine to 2033.Lift II would involve a block-cave minedevelopment.

The approval by shareholders, comprising a consortium that included steelmanufacturer Hebei Iron & Steel and South Africa’s Industrial Development

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016S.N. Glazer, Mine Seismology: Data Analysis and Interpretation,DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-32612-2

407

Corporation, had followed extensive investment of R2-billion on prefeasibility andfeasibility study work, as well as the critical early works development.

Palabora acting CEO Maboko Mahlaole said the completion of a bankablefeasibility study (BFS) last year had proved the viability of the project. “[It] gavecredence to the shareholders and the company in [the] understanding of the orebodyand the overall technical and capital requirements,” he noted. Further, PalaboraCopper growth divisions GM Nick Fouche added that the BFS had presented anoption, at a 90 % confidence level, to develop a new Lift II mining footprint to 450m below Lift I, ensuring the continuation of copper mining. “Lift I is scheduled toreach [the end of] its lifespan during this year,” he said.

Fouche said the project team had already achieved “some good results”, havingdeveloped more than 10 km of tunnel infrastructure. “Lift II will make the companySouth Africa’s first to operate electric [load-haul-dump loaders] and be identified asone of the deepest block-cave mines in the world. In addition, we intend toraisebore two 6.2-m-diameter holes to a depth of 1 200 m—such depth using thistechnology has never before been done in Africa,” Fouche enthused.

Edited by: Chanel de Bruyn

408 Appendix B: Press Release

Index

AAir gap, 5, 241, 328, 370Analogue technology, 3, 22, 23Apparent stress

average, 80, 290index, 56, 111index gradient, 111median, 290percentages, 183, 185, 400, 402ranges, 74

Apparent volume, 52, 56, 58, 292, 293, 337,339, 342, 346, 350, 351

Arrival times, 11, 12, 32, 42A-seismic zone, 124, 156, 217

BBelchatow trench, 296Bernard Price Institute of Geophysics,

University of the Witwatersrand,Johannesburg, 21

Blasting time, 17, 188, 193, 216Blink of an eye, 82Bohum, Ruhr ,Germany, 32Brune

model, 37stress drop, 270

Buffelsfontein Mine, 41

CCapital, 2, 33, 135, 137, 182, 361, 366Carletonville area, 21Cavability, 252, 360Cave

back, 89, 124, 154, 156, 162, 177, 188,283, 329, 372

back position, 156, 217, 220expansion rate, 104, 154, 156, 159, 208,

370expansion void, 159, 208

height, 220management, 4, 287, 371milestone, 5, 123, 169, 181, 182, 185, 187,

197, 198, 222, 246, 256, 260, 261, 268,302, 330, 354, 357, 402

mine, 1, 3, 5, 75, 181, 353, 361, 362, 367mining, 53, 92, 98, 112, 121, 122, 137, 140,

160, 177, 186, 216, 244, 247, 249, 250,252, 279, 297, 301, 303, 340, 345, 346,354, 361, 365, 366, 371

monitoring, 4, 148, 153, 157, 219, 241, 327profile, 105, 156propagation, 188, 306, 329, 361, 372volume, 184, 200, 391, 401

Cavingblock, 140, 144, 154, 162, 177, 329,

360–362, 373conferences, 144, 260end of, 53, 146, 164, 178, 182, 183, 185,

195, 196, 198, 202, 203, 213, 219, 247,256, 260, 381

gravity, 119, 146, 154, 157, 164, 165, 177,182, 185, 186, 192, 196, 213, 216, 217,246, 260, 381

initiation, 5, 155, 157, 165, 192, 197, 202,208, 216, 251, 253, 314, 357, 387

mature stage, 146, 164, 178, 182, 187, 190,191, 196, 197, 202, 205, 207, 213, 219,247, 260, 261, 269, 302, 333, 334, 339,352, 381

milestone, 1, 196, 381process, 1, 3–7, 53, 54, 58, 75, 76, 85, 90,

97–99, 101, 107, 109, 117, 119, 120,122, 123, 126, 127, 132, 138, 140, 146,153–155, 157–160, 164, 165, 169, 171,174, 177, 182, 184, 185, 188, 189, 192,193, 196–198, 200–202, 205, 206, 208,209, 211–213, 216–219, 222, 223, 228,230, 232, 234, 235, 237, 238, 241–244,

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016S.N. Glazer, Mine Seismology: Data Analysis and Interpretation,DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-32612-2

409

246, 249, 250, 252, 255, 256, 260–262,266, 267, 269, 274, 275, 286, 301–303,306, 307, 314, 315, 321, 322, 325, 329,330, 332, 333, 339, 345, 352–354, 357,358, 360, 362, 363, 365, 367, 370–373,375, 376, 379, 381, 386–388, 390, 392,393, 399, 400, 402

process initiation, 119, 216, 251, 253, 314,333, 387

stage, 97, 117, 119, 153, 157, 167, 182,185, 187, 211, 381

time periods, 90, 185, 187–193, 195, 196,200, 202, 203, 206, 208, 213, 215, 200,222, 381

Central Fault, 144, 380, 387Centralized blasting system, 16Cold war, 32Consultant, 2, 5, 7, 52, 285, 287, 303, 365, 366Corner frequency, 33, 35, 36, 41, 87Crown pillar

break through, 5, 98, 146, 185, 191, 199,200

failure, 90, 91, 98, 106, 129, 146, 158, 164,166, 182, 185, 186, 189, 192, 196, 197,199, 203, 205, 206, 217, 218, 224, 228,234, 242, 243, 249, 261, 268, 269, 275,284, 302, 327, 328, 331, 333, 342, 354,357, 360, 362, 373, 381, 382, 385

Cumulativeapparent stress, 52, 56apparent volume, 52, 56, 292, 293, 339,

340, 342energy released, 18, 225, 388number of recorded seismicity, 53seismic moment, 19, 52, 54, 103, 106, 108,

260, 290, 307

DDamage

probable, 298underground, 62, 188, 189, 192, 195, 265,

286, 301, 319, 387Development

rates, 146, 186Digital

seismic recording systems, 23system, 22technology, 6, 23

Drawbells, 92, 105, 144, 188, 225points, 92, 106, 144, 329, 361rates, 103, 104, 361

Dynamic stress drop, 37, 42, 270

EEarthquake

effects of, 64largest, 38, 79, 82maximum, 299prediction concept, 5shallow, 38, 69source parameters, 31

East pillarbreak through, 228, 241–243

East Rand Propriety Mines, 10Educated guess, 33, 51, 135Elastic convergence, 19El Teniente Diablo Regimento Sector, 369Energy index

average, 120contours, 399time history, 56, 116, 132, 155, 159, 161,

187, 200, 209, 211, 216–219, 253, 260,271, 277, 284, 307, 311, 314, 385, 387,389, 393

Estimate, 3, 7, 33, 35, 37, 40, 51, 54, 55, 59,71, 79, 80, 83, 84, 87, 135–137, 156,181, 182, 193, 205, 217, 220, 279, 283,295, 297, 299, 311, 318, 319, 322, 331,338, 353, 379, 388, 392

Estimation, 33, 37, 44, 74, 84, 154, 156, 159,200, 208, 265, 269, 279–283, 289, 292,293, 295, 297, 298, 301, 310, 379, 388,389

Evander mining area, 17Excavation methods, 4, 140, 153Expansion void, 156, 159, 160, 385Expert analysis, 365Exploration

level, 147, 283, 284plugging, 283shaft, 147–149, 151, 376

Extraction level, 6, 7, 97, 126, 138, 144, 148,189, 196, 198, 202, 205, 217, 222, 230,235, 237, 242, 244, 255, 256, 262, 269,273, 275, 302, 329, 331, 356, 362, 372,380, 382, 392, 393

FFar West Rand, 17Focal mechanism, 13, 21, 36, 75, 315Foot print, 128, 129, 217, 258, 353, 355, 392Fracturing, 14, 124, 153, 156, 161, 163, 181,

188, 217, 219, 295, 315, 328–330, 332,353, 361, 363, 367, 372, 384

Fragmentation, 109, 116, 329, 354, 360–362Frequency spectrum, 35

410 Index

GGeological discontinuities, 11, 14–16, 126,

138, 162, 163, 177, 188, 217, 218, 266,301

Geological Survey of South Africa (GSSA),39, 298

Ground motionhistory, 34, 54, 136noise, 34

HHang-ups, 195, 361Harmony Mine, 10Hartebeestfontein Mine, 41Hazard

evaluation, 21, 279, 283, 289, 366monitoring, 153, 162, 285, 370, 375, 380,

392short term estimation, 85

Hebei Iron & Steel, 407Height of draw (HOD), 361High—Level Committee on Rockbursts and

Rockfalls, 10Hiroshima atom bomb, 78Hydraulic radius, 119, 146, 154, 157, 165, 182,

188

IInitial break through, 7, 97, 146, 157, 159, 160,

165, 170, 171, 182, 186, 188, 189, 192,196–203, 206–208, 210, 218, 219, 222,224, 226, 228, 232–235, 237, 241–244,249, 253, 256, 258, 261, 268, 274, 302,331, 333, 342, 351, 359, 370, 372, 381,382, 385, 387

Initial pillar, 7, 189, 192Instability concept, 5, 303, 337Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of

Sciences, 21Interpretation methods, 3, 4, 67, 126, 139, 366,

399

KKlerksdorp Goldfield, 11, 12, 17, 69Klerksdorp Mine Managers Association

(KMMA), 22, 33, 41, 110, 319Klerksdorp Regional Seismic Network, 11–13,

17, 21, 22, 39Kromdraai Fault, 15Kruger National Park, x

LLevel

extraction, 6, 126, 138, 144, 198, 199, 236,256, 269, 275, 302, 329, 353, 362

production, 109, 144, 146, 147, 174, 186,328, 362

Lubin Copper Mining District, Poland, 68, 79

MMagnitude

distribution, 295, 309duration, 12energy, 39–41local, 17, 38–40, 66, 69, 292, 296maximum, 14, 81, 117, 161, 163, 188, 193,

265, 294, 299–301, 379, 388, 390minimum, 87, 117, 294moment, 39–41, 84, 270, 307, 308, 320,

368, 369, 376palabora, 66, 82range, 3, 44, 61, 62, 66, 68, 69, 71, 82, 83,

151, 193, 266, 285, 294, 295, 308, 321,322

range changes, 55richter, 65, 67, 69, 295, 297size, 62, 70, 220, 229, 271, 277

Main Dyke, 189, 297Management conceptions, 366Mercalli intensity scale, 65, 69Mine seismology

history, 3Mining

activity, 18, 41, 52, 159, 178, 216, 299, 394conditions, 4, 5, 15, 140, 153continuous, 5, 15induced seismic events, 14, 16, 21induced stresses, 14, 16, 328mass, 137, 181, 183, 400parameters, 16ramp mining, 146rate, 53, 58, 122, 139, 164, 182, 218, 244,

252, 260, 261, 392remnant, 380, 384strategies, 16, 20surface, 296, 301

Monthly percentages of seismicitylocating above the mine, 53outside of the mine footprint, 53

Monthly seismicity elevationtime history, 260

Index 411

NNorthparkes Lift 1 Mine, 5North Wall

failure, 5, 181, 256Nuclear

explosions, 32submarines, 32

OOpen pit

mining, 119, 123, 157, 165, 201, 301Orange Free State Goldfields, 17Ore extraction

from caving operations, 4from the developing, 4from undercutting, 4

PPalabora Copper (Pty) Limited, 3Palabora Igneous Complex, 143Palabora Lift 1 Mine, 1, 376, 399Palabora Lift 2 Mine, 1, 376Palabora Mine, 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 66, 120, 146, 369Palabora Mining Company (PMC), 3, 143Palabora seismic network

upgrades, 147Peak ground acceleration, 297Peak Particle Velocity (PPV), 302Phalaborwa, 143, 295–300Polygon, 126–128, 163, 289, 290, 292Potash Mining District, South Germany, 68, 79Preconditioning

by hydro-fracturing, 7seismic, 252, 262, 327–329, 332, 353, 362,

367, 380with explosives, 329

Principal horizontal stress, 93Probability, 16, 279, 294, 297–299, 301, 375Processing events, 50Production

cave, 94, 165, 167, 218, 244, 249, 345rates, 92, 94, 103, 112, 120–122, 144, 153,

159, 160, 168, 183, 188, 192, 201, 206,212, 216, 218, 239, 242, 244, 245,247–249, 251, 252, 262, 340, 342, 361,380, 393, 400

re-starting, 160, 208, 209, 385, 387shaft, 19stoppages, 5, 159, 160, 207–209, 219, 380,

385–387Professional

team, 7, 13PT Freeport DOZ Mine, 5, 181, 368, 369

QQualitative seismology, 8Quantitative seismology, 8, 291

RRate of energy release (ERR), 14Ratios of S-wave energy to P-wave energy, 55Recorded seismicity, 1, 3–6, 8, 23, 52, 54, 58,

59, 90, 97, 99, 110, 114, 123, 124, 126,127, 129, 130, 136, 137, 139, 140, 146,149, 160, 164, 170, 171, 178, 183, 186,188, 190, 191, 194, 195, 201, 216, 217,219, 237, 255, 258, 261, 279, 285, 303,325, 330–332, 337, 339, 352, 367, 369,371, 372, 380, 392, 393, 399

Recording geometry, 44Relation between

energy released by the S-wave and theP-wave, 209

magnitude values and released seismicenergy, 61

magnitude values and the seismic moment,69

seismic moment and apparent stress, 74,270

seismic moment and energy, 38, 132Reliability, 33, 34, 54, 84, 126, 132, 136, 183,

232, 261, 399Reservas Norte, 373Robben Island, 65Rock burst

control strategies, 16occurrence, 15, 16, 188, 196, 261prediction, 16sources, 19

Rock fallhazard, 14, 15

Rock massdeforming, 168properties, 34, 54, 136, 181

Royal Astronomy Society—Joint Associationfor Geophysics (RAS –JAG), 288

Rozbark Coal Mine, Upper Silesia Coal Basin,33

Rustenburg platinum mining region, 17

SSecondary breaking, 144, 329, 361, 362Seismic

activity, 10, 11, 53, 80, 95activity rates, 53, 94, 95, 101, 103, 106,

112, 121–123, 128, 132, 140, 153, 155,158, 160, 163, 169, 191, 197, 208, 216,244, 246, 248, 250, 283, 340, 345

412 Index

average moment, 72catalogue, 53, 56, 151, 227, 367, 369, 376data base, 6, 127, 136, 138, 139, 145, 147,

149, 152, 305, 325, 370data interpretation, 23, 52, 123, 139, 149,

155, 289, 370data limitations, 139Deborah Number, 57, 291deformation, 19, 55, 101, 103, 106, 109,

129, 158, 166, 168, 171, 232, 234, 235,239, 243, 244, 249, 250, 261

diffusion, 57, 291efficiency, 3, 37, 79, 80, 270energy, 4, 6, 13, 17, 19, 33, 36, 37, 43, 48,

50, 52energy range, 61, 74–76, 278energy release rate, 55, 98, 116, 129, 130,

166, 192, 196–198, 207, 216, 218, 226,228, 230, 234, 243, 248, 255, 260, 267,269, 275, 302, 320, 340, 357, 382

hazard, 5–7, 56, 58, 138, 153, 158, 159,162, 177, 188, 198, 242, 244, 250,260–262, 265, 279, 282–285, 287–

hazard assessments, 5, 279, 289hazard monitoring, 153, 370, 375, 380, 392information, 11, 19, 21, 22moment, 4, 6, 12, 19, 33–35, 37, 39, 43, 46,

48, 54–56, 58, 61, 69, 71, 73, 80, 87,94, 101, 102, 106–109, 113, 132, 140,211, 234, 243, 261, 272, 290, 307, 325

moment range, 70, 73, 112, 319monitoring, 4, 7, 10, 20, 137, 140, 153,

154, 160, 262, 285, 291–293, 305, 325,365, 366, 370, 372, 374–376, 392

monitoring objectives, 153, 370, 376parameter ranges, 61parameters, 33, 224, 269, 279, 371processing software, 6, 34, 136protocol, 285recording system, 4, 15, 58, 367Response Parameter (SRP), 293risk, 132, 138, 162, 200, 217, 262, 265,

269, 273, 276, 294, 301, 303, 380, 392Schmidt Number, 57, 291, 292sensors, 34, 54, 89, 136, 137, 140, 160,

366, 367, 369signature, 7, 365software, 6, 34, 84source mechanisms, 21, 44, 75, 209, 313,

315source parameters, 1, 3, 8, 21, 22, 33, 34,

41, 44, 59, 84, 87, 121, 135, 136, 140,158, 283, 305, 373

stiffness, 293strain, 290strain rate, 57, 290stress, 57, 290viscosity, 57, 290–292warning, 284wave, 12, 32, 34, 36, 54, 80, 136wave velocity, 34, 54, 123, 126, 136, 139

Seismicallyactive area, 90, 93, 183, 333, 336, 346, 394,

400active rock mass volumes, 24active volume, 54, 56, 106, 124, 183, 203,

217, 332hazardous areas, 13hazardous structures, 22

Seismicityactivity rate, 190, 250average depth, 95, 117, 119, 157, 165, 284clustering, 56, 128, 338, 339distribution, 17, 53, 90, 94, 107, 114, 193,

194, 195, 196, 260, 315, 332, 356, 382,383, 393–395, 399

elevations, 95, 128, 140, 158, 160, 165,183, 205, 224, 239, 242, 331, 400

in mines, 4, 140, 153, 293induced, 53, 76, 98, 132, 186, 192, 244,

249, 252, 279, 285, 296, 301, 345, 366,373

location, 53, 58, 137location accuracy, 181location techniques, 15migration, 99, 202, 216, 219mining induced, 15, 124, 216, 244, 371natural, 17, 295, 296, 299, 300, 301occurrence, 40, 190, 215, 261percentages of, 44, 46, 53, 55, 75, 97, 127,

150, 151, 169–171, 184, 191, 195, 202,203, 209, 210, 217, 218, 236, 237, 239,242, 254, 255, 258–261, 330, 331, 383,391–394, 397, 401

scattering, 184, 391, 401Seismic network

configuration, 138density, 371optimization, 11performance, 53

Seismic sourceaccuracy, 4coordinates, 137dimension, 36limitation, 135location, 111

Index 413

parameter, 1, 3, 6, 8, 21, 22, 33, 34, 41, 44,59, 85, 87, 121, 135, 136, 138, 140,183, 283, 305, 373, 400

physical meaning, 3ranges, 61–63, 70reliability, 31, 33

SeismographWood-Anderson, 38

Seismologist, 1, 2, 136, 137, 303, 366, 371,373, 374

Seismology, 5, 31–33, 69, 80, 292, 293, 301,303, 373

Service Shaft, 362Shear movement, 19, 177, 209, 218, 328–330,

384Source model

pure shear, 34Source parameters

changes, 48unstable, 50, 66

South Africa electricity consumption, 81South Africa’s Industrial Development

Corporation, 407South African Geological Survey Network, 12Southwest Fault, 144, 176Spectral analysis, 31, 33, 35, 36, 38, 54, 55, 87Static stress drop, 37, 42Stilfontein Mine, 12, 22, 41Stoping width, 14, 16, 18, 19Stress

average, 37, 80caving, 97, 117, 119, 153, 154, 157, 165,

167, 182, 185, 187, 211, 213, 381changes, 161, 188, 209, 211, 218, 219, 271,

384concentrations, 15decrease, 119, 157, 165, 225, 233, 387distribution, 153, 161, 188, 217, 271, 273,

328, 333, 366, 370, 375, 382horizontal, 93, 2147, 218, 328, 384increase, 119, 157, 165, 209, 223, 225, 233,

241, 284, 314initiation, 5, 7, 117, 143, 146, 153, 164,

177, 185, 192, 199, 216, 222, 223, 242,256, 260, 261, 370, 381, 382, 387

maximum, 119, 165, 314migration, 284, 361, 385propagation, 188, 330

residual, 217tangential, 154, 177, 330tectonic, 301vertical, 209, 217, 328, 334

Subsidence, 362Support

patterns, 21quality, 14, 53regional, 19rock burst, 21

Swell factor, 154, 156

TTelfer Mine, 373Time-domain reflectometer (TDR), 148, 156,

182TNT explosions (Trinitrotoluene)

in air, 79underground, 79

Totalarea mined, 18energy, 62, 63, 77, 80, 81, 129, 171, 173,

228, 229, 237, 275, 355Tree Fault, 144, 189, 299Tsar Bomb, 78, 79

UUnderground damage, 62, 188, 189, 192, 195,

265, 286, 288, 301, 319, 387USGS National Earthquake Information

Centre, 83, 84

VVaal Reefs Mine, 11, 12, 22, 69Validity, 84, 85, 261Ventilation Shaft, 126, 147–149, 162, 256,

370, 375, 392Volume of Ground Motion (VGM), 294Volumetric closure, 19

WWappingers Falls, New York, 296West Dyke, 10, 14, 20, 120, 322West Rand mining area, 17Wiechert seismograph, 10Witwatersrand gold field, South Africa, 33

414 Index