Appendix A : Financial Sponsors

Bayer A. G. (Federal Republic of Germany)

Confederation Internationale du Credit Populaire (France)

Federation du Credit Mutuel d'Aisace, de Lorraine et de Franche-Comte (France)

Fondation Gulbenkian (Portugal)

N.D. Gaon (Switzerland)

I.B.M. Europe (France)

Mars (France)

Sogenal (France)

Sopad-Nestll: (France)

Fund for Higher Education (United States)

Roussel Uclaf - Hoechst (France)

Charbonnages de France (France)

Wagons-Lits Tourisme, Strasbourg (France)

Havas (France)

Appendix B : List of Participants

First Group

Argentina Professeur Francisco Delich Recteur de l'Universite de Buenos Aires

Austria M. Anton Schiitz Juriste

Belgium M. Je Professeur Jacques Schotte Psychologic mecticale

Canada Professor John W. Holmes Canadian Institute of International Affairs, Toronto Mr DonaldS. Rickerd President, Donner Canadian Foundation

Denmark Mr Kjeld Willumsen Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Permanent Representative of Denmark to the Council of Europe

Federal RepubUc of Germany Professor Dr. lrenaus Eibl-Eibesfeldt Max-Planck Institut fiir Verhaltenspsychologie Professor Dr. Otto Westphal Max-Planck Institut fiir Immunbiologie Dr. Gerhard Wettig Bundesinstitut fiir ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien, Koln Professor Dr. Alexandre Zinoviev Author

France M. le Professeur Jean-Claude Casanova Directeur de Commentaire M. Je Professeur Jean Dausset President du Mouvement Universe! de Ia Responsabilite scientifique, Prix Nobel de Mectecine M. le Professeur Francois-Georges Dreyfus Directeur de l'lnstitut des Hautes Etudes Europeennes, Strasbourg

174 APPENDIX B

M. le Professeur Henri Duranton President de I'Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg M. le Professeur Julien Freund Politologue et sociologue M. Marek Halter President de I'Executif, Fondation Europeenne des Sciences, des Arts et de Ia Culture, Ecrivain M. le Professeur i~n Hamburger Membre de I'Academie des Sciences et de I'Academie Nationale de Medecine M. le Professeur Lucien Israel Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Strasbourg, Service de psychiatrie M. I'Ambassadeur Jean-Daniel Jurgensen Ecrivain M. le Professeur Pierre Karli Faculte de Medecine de I'Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg M. le Professeur Pierre Legendre Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris M. le Professeur Bruno Lussato Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers, et Wharton School, Universite de Penn­sylvanie M. le Professeur Henri Monod President du Directoire, Laboratoire Roussei-Uclaf et Hoechst France Dr Robert Parienti Vice-President de Ia Fondation Europeenne des Sciences, des Arts et de Ia Culture M. le Batonnier Louis-Edmond Pettiti Juge a Ia Cour Europeenne des Droits de !'Homme M. Jean-Francois Revel Journaliste et ecrivain Mme Simone Veil Ancien President du Parlement Europeen, Membre du Parlement Europeen

Greece M. Georges Vlachos Membre de I'Academie d'Athenes

Holy See R. P. Herve Carrier, S.J. Secretaire du Pontificium Consilium pro Cultura Italy M. le Professeur Franco A. Casadio Societe ltalienne d'Organisations Internationales, Universite de Rome M. le Professeur Franco Ferrarotti Universite de Rome, Sociologie

llrael Professor Michael Feldman Head Department of Cell Biology Dean Faculty of Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science Professor Shlomo Giora Shoham Faculty of Law, Tel Aviv University

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 175

Japan Professor Akira lriye Chairman, Department of History, University of Chicago

Malta Dr Daniel Massa The University of Malta

Netherlands Professor Louis Emmerij Rector, Institute of Social Studies, The Hague

Norway Professor Bernt Hagtvet Research Director, Christian Michelsen Institut

Portugal M. l'Ambassadeur Jose-Pires Cutileiro Chef de Ia Deli~gation portugaise a Ia Conference sur le Desarmement

Spain M. Jose-Maria de Areilza Former President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, former Minister for Foreign Affairs M. Xavier Rubert de Ventos Professeur agrege d'Art, Ecole Superieure d'Architecture de Barcelone, Depute a Ia Chambre des Deputes M. Rafael Sala lndustriel

Switzerland M. Jacques Paternot Directeur General, Nestle M. le Professeur Andre Reszler Institut Universitaire d'Etudes Europeennes, Geneve

Turkey Mr Ali Kocman Industrialist "Tiisiad" Professor Miimtaz Soysal Political Science Faculty, Ankara

United Kingdom Mr Tosco R. Fyvel Literary Editor Professor Richard Hoggart University of London, Goldsmiths' College Mrs Brenda Maddox The Economist Mr John Pearson Secretary, Archbishop of Canterbury's Commission on urban priority areas

176

United States of America Professor Bernard Avishai

APPENDIX B

Department of Humanities, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Professor James Billington Director, The Wilson Center, Washington, D.C. Professor Stanley Hoffmann Center for European Studies, Harvard University Professor E. W. Kelley Department of Government, Cornell University Professor Alvin C. Kibei Literature Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Professor Gary T. Marx Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Professor Peter Stansky Department of History, Stanford University Mr Samuel F. Wells, Jr. The Wilson Center, Washington, D.C. Professor Kurt H. Wolff Department of Sociology, Brandeis University

Yugoslavia Mr Janez Stanovnik Former Executive Secretary of the E.C.E. (United Nations) Professor, University of Ljubljana

Second Group

Belgium M. Marcel Bolle De Bal President de I' Association Internationale des Sociologues de langue franpise M. Louis Darms Secretaire General, Federation des electeurs europeens Mme Josette D'Haenens Presidente "Omniversite" Mme Anne-Marie Fasbender Federation beige des femmes diplomees des universites belges M. Philippe Grombeer Centre Culture( "Les Hailes de Schaerbeek" Professeur Paul M.G. Levy Directeur du Centre de Recherche sur Ia paix, Universite catholique de Louvain

Mr Jeffrey Russel E.E.C. Commission M. Conrad Van der Bruggen Vice-President, Pax Romana

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Canada Professor Heribert Adam Simon Fraser University, Burnaby

Federal RepubUc of Germany Mme Irene Ruede Ministere de Ia Science et de Ia Technique Professor Kurt Tudyka Department of International Relations, University of Nijmegen Miss Shirley van Buiren Battele Institut, Department of Human Affairs and Technology Senior Research Scientist

Finland Dr Esko Antola Department of Political Science, University of Turku

France M. Ronald Antinori Association europeenne d'Etude et de Prospective, Nice M. Desmond Avery Institut des Affaires Culturelles, La Courneuve M. Roland Beguelin President de Ia Section Jurassienne de I'A.J.P.L.F. Professeur Francois Bellanger Faculte de Droit de Strasbourg Mme Anne-Marie Borras Federation pour I'Economie lnternationale Sociale et Familiale (F.I.E.F.) Professeur Pierre Braun Faculte de Droit et de Sciences Economiques, Universite de Limoges Dr Christian Brule Groupe Pompidou (Section des stupefiants) C.E. Professeur Bernard Chouvier Universite de Lyon II Mme Solange Collery Forum International de Ia Paix Mme Annick Devret-Tyermoes Universite de Lyon II Mme Odile Gandon Forum International de Ia Paix Mme Armelle Gauffenic Maitre de Conference, Institut Superieur des Affaires, Paris Me M.C. George-Riviere Syndicat de Ia Magistrature M. Georges Henry

177

Union europeenne des anciens et anciennes eleves de l'Enseignement catholique UNAEC-Europe Protesseur Baudoin Jurdant Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg

178

Mme Claude Kappler Education Nationale Professeur Alexandre Kiss

APPENDIX B

Secretaire General, Institut International des Droits de !'Homme, Strasbourg Mme Michele Laborde Syndicat de Ia Magistrature M. Jean-Bernard Marie Institut International des Droits de !'Homme, Strasbourg M. Herve Pacault Ingenieur M. Jean-Claude Pfeffer Assistant Me Louis Raingeard Syndicat de Ia Magistrature M. Philippe Ryfman Avocat a Ia Cour, Paris

Greece Professeur Jason Hadjidinas Ecole des Hautes Etudes Industrielles, Athenes

Ireland Professor J .J. Lee Vice-President, University College, Cork

Italy Miss Consuelo Corradi Assistant researcher, University of Rome Mr Ugo Leone Assistant Director UNSDRI, Rome Mr Antonio Revedin Universite de Trieste

Japan Mme Masako Kato DENTSU Incorporated, Bureau de Paris Mme Sanda Nitesco Attachee de Direction, DENTSU Inc. Paris

Netherlands Mme Wolff Expert

Spain M. Carlos del Valle Editeur Nuestro Tiempo Pampelune M. Felix Marti Ambel Fundacio J?.ime Bofill

Sweden Mr Olof Ehrenkrona Journalist Mr Lars-Olof Franzen

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Journalist Dagens-Nyheter, Stockholm Mr Ake Lundqvist Editorial Department, Dagens-Nyheter, Stockholm Mr Bo Strlith Research Fellow, University of Kiel (FRG)

Switzerland Mrs Ellen B. Hill

179

Secretary, Research Committee on Social Practice and Social Transformation, Cavigliano M. Stephane Marti Universite de Fribourg, journal Questions M. Olivier Revaz Universite de Fribourg, journal Questions Professeur Henri Wermus Universite de Geneve, Faculte de Psychologie et Science de !'Education

United Kingdom Mr Allan Hughes Wilton Park Mr J .J. Tomiak Senior Lecturer in Russian and Soviet Education, University of London

United State• of America Professor Po Chung Chen Associate Professor of Political Science, Augusta College, Georgia Professor Garry Gappert Director, Institute for Future Studies and Research, University of Akron Mr William Spencer Chairman, Fund for Higher Education, New York Mr S. Jerome Tamkin Executive Committee, Fund for Higher Education, New York Mr George R. Wolff Journalist, New York

Appendix C : List of Contributions

First Group

Crime Control and Freedom Mrs lnkeri Antiila

Orwell and the English Language Professor Bernard Avishai

Three VIews of Revolution Professor James Billington

The Parable of Antlculture R. P. Herve Carrier. S.J.

Peace: A Cultural Problem Professor Sergio Cotta

Winston Smith In Africa Ambassador Jose- Pires Cutileiro

The Political Terrorists of 1984 Professor Dennis Driscoll

George Orwell Mr Robert Edwards

The Anonymous Society : A Burning Problem of Our Times Professor lrenaus Eibl-Eibesfeldt

The Alpha and the Beta Countries Professor Louis Emmerij

The Technological State: It Saves Democracy, Yet It Challenges the Democratic Institutions

Professor Michael Feldman

Science, Applied Science and Conscience Professor Franco Ferrarotti

The Only Child and the Little Brothers Professor Julien Freund

1984 as a Satire on the Relations between Rulers and Ruled Mr Tosco R. Fyvel

"2084" (or the Anti-Orwell~ Professor Jean Hamburger

182

PoUcles and Strateales Professor Stanley Hoffmann

APPENDIX C

Notes on Nineteen Eighty-Four and 1984 Professor Richard Hoggart

With the Beat of Intentions : Interdependence and Freedom Professor John W. Holmes War and Peace, 1984 Professor Akira Iriye

Big Brother and Little Sister Professor Lucien Israel

OrweU and the InteUectuals Professor Joachim Israel

1984, OrweU Ambassador Jean-Daniel Jurgensen

The Human Brain : Source of Constraint or Instrument of Freedom? Professor Pierre Karli

"1984" Professor Alvin C. Kibei

Contribution to the CoUoquy "OrweU 1984" Mr Ali Kocman

Some Thoughts for my Friends, the Humbugs Professor Pierre Legendre

Some Thoughts on Deviance and Development which Mlsht Provide a Basis for a Better Undentandlng of the Problem In Its Present Form

Mr Ugo Leone

Orwellian Technologies Professor Bruno Lussato

The Iron Fist In the Velvet Glove: Totalitarian Potentials and Practices within Demo-cratic Structures

Professor Gary T. Marx

BUnd Intelligence Professor Edgar Morin

WIU Two Hundred Multinationals Dominate the World's Economy? Mr Jacques Paternot

Paper on 1984 Mr John Pearson

OrweU Against Hope, or 1984 Hope Against Hope Mgr. Paul Poupard

Transparency and Depth Professor Andre Reszler

George OrweU and 1984 Mr Donald S. Pickard

LIST OF CONTRIBUTIONS

Technology and Dependence: Where are we? Mr Rafael Sala

Alienation and Apocalypae Professor Shlomo Giora Shoham

The Watch over Human Rights Professor Miimtaz Soysal

The OrweUian World Economy In 1984 Mr Janez Stanovnik

Does George OrweU ReaDy Matter? Professor Peter Stansky

1984: A European Penpectlve Mrs Simone Veil

The Deadlock of PubUc Polley : The present reaUtles Mr Samuel Wells, Jr.

183

Greetings from Big Brother: OrweUian Pattenu of the Soviet "Strugle for Peace and Disarmament"

Dr Gerhard W ettig

"Nineteen-Eighty-Four" and "Surrender-and-Catch" Professor Kurt H. Wolff

The Role of Europe and Its Culture Professor Antonino Zichichi

1984 and 1984 Professor Alexandre Zinoviev

Second Group

Modes of Manipulation : OrweU In South Africa Professor Heribert Adam

Television and Democracy Professor Stanislav Andreski

OrweU : The Roots of Our Future? Mr Ronald Antinori

War Is Peace: Is Peaceful Change Possible In Europe? Professor Esko Antola

OrweU, the Media, and the Mind Mr Desmond Avery

184

Freedom and Will Miss Leah Bradshaw

APPENDIX C

Information and Mass Communication : A Challenge to Democracy Mr Michel Calef

Rats and Nightmares Professor Garry Gappert

Sweden 1984-Supe"lslon through Computer FOes Mr Berti! Haggman

From Plato to OrweU: Patterns of the Written Word In the West Professor Baudoin 1 urdant

The Emergence of Mankind as a Legal Entity Professor Alexandre Kiss

The Science of the Symbolic: A Power-Conscious Knowledge Mrs Angele Kremer-Marietti

The Hypothesis of Sociality Professor Michel Maffesoli

PoUtlcs and the Corruption of Language: Tocquevllle and Orwell Professor Dennis Rohatyn

Educational Strategies for Europe In the 1980s and 1990s Mr Janusz J. Tomiak

Appendix D : List of Council of Europe Parliamentarians Mr Karl Ahrena President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe Mr VIctor Arbeloa Committee on Regional Planning and Local Authorities Mr Phlllppe Bassinet Committee on Science and Technology Mr Jacques Baumel Chairman of the Political Affairs Committee Mr Franz Beck Vice-President of the Assembly Mr Wolfgang Bienek Chairman of the Committee on Science and Technology Mr Fillppo Flandrottl Committee on Science and Technology Mr Maurice Miller Committee on Science and Technology Mr Giinther Miiller Vice-Chairman of the Committee on Culture and Education Mr Manuel Nunez Committee on Culture and Education Mr Marcellno Oreja Aguirre Political Affairs Committee Sir John Osborn Committee on Science and Technology Mrs Marla Pedlnl Observer, San Marino Mr Antonio Quelroz Committee on Science and Technology Sir Dudley Smith Vice-Chairman of the Legal Affairs Committee Mr Nicolas Tummers Committee on Culture and Education Mr Theo Vlai-Massat Vice-Chairman of the Committee on Parliamentary and Public Relations Mr Ymenus van der Werff Committee on Culture and Education

Secretariat of the Colloquy

Francis Rosenstlel Head of the Political Research and Study Unit, Council of Europe

Muriel Chailloux Assistant

Index

Absolutism, 39 Adam, Heribert, 177, 183 Adaptations, phylogenetic, 133 Adorno, 109, 143 Africa, 25-29

new order in, 25 social stratification in, 28

Aggression, 39, 166, 159-162 armed, 38 strategy, 161

Aggressive type, biological factors, 160-161

Ahrens, Karl, 185 Alexander II, 19, 20 Alienation, 4, 144

and apocalypse, 113-117 in communist society, 67 and violence, 5 Orwell's, 113, 115

Ambel, Felix Marti, 178 American Revolution, 13 Andreski, Stanislav, 183 Andropov, U., 79 Anguish, collective, 131 Animal Farm (Orwell), 81,91, 116, 145 Anticulture, 127-132 Antihumanism, 130 Anti-intellectualism, 87 Antiila, Inkeri, 181 Anti-NATO, 61 Antinori, Ronald, 177, 183 Antola, Esko, 177, 183 Arbeloa, Victor, 185 Areilza, Jose-Maria de, 175 Arendt, Hannah, 119 Arms, nuclear. See Nuclear arms Arms control, 37 Aron, Raymond, 36 Atom bomb. See Nuclear bomb Atomization, 110, 119

Atlantic Alliance, 36 Attachment, emotional, 134 Auden, W., 85, 86 Authoritarian ideas, 21 Authoritarian ideology, 87 Authoritarianism, 8, 23 Authoritarianism, and elitism, 87 Authority, Orwell's rebellion

against, 114 Autonomy, through spatial and

temporal distancing, 157 Avery, Desmond, 177, 183 Avishai, Bernard, 176, 181

Babeuf, F.E., 14 Bagdikian, Ben H., 142 Bassinet, Philippe, 185 Bastian, 61 Baumel, Jacques, 185 Bayer, A.G., 171 Beck, Franz, 185 Beguelin, Ronald, 177 Behavior, aggressive, 159-162

aggressive, motives for, 160 and brain, 153-154, 156-157 criminal, 7 human, 158 manipulation of, 162·164 modulated by attitudes toward, 161 nature of, 156 as part of history, 156 within "private" area, 158 reasons for, 133 as strategy, 160

Behavioral repertoires, 133 Behavioral techniques, 162 Behavioral therapy, 164 Bellanger, Fran~ois, 177

188 AND HE LOVED BIG BROTHER

Big Brother, S, 49, SO, SJ-62, 73, 7S, 76, 77, 80, 103, 116, 127-128, 129, 130, 143, 148, 149 African leader as, 27 Hitler as, 6S love of, 128 O'Brien as, 77 Stalin as, 65

Billington, James Hadley, 13-23, 176, 181 Biological engineering, 130 Birth, 114 Blair, Eric. See Orwell, George Bienek, Wolfgang, 185 Bolle De Bat, Marcel, 176 Bonneville, Nicolas de, 18 Borras, Anne-Marie, 177 Bradshaw, Leah, 184 Brain, human, 153-164

and behavior, 153 and computer, 8 distinguishing function of, 162 genetic reproduction of, 153 as depository for one's history, 153 phylogenesis of, and behavior, 156-157

Braun, Pierre, 177 Bretonne, Restif de Ia, IS Brezhnev, L., 57 Bruggen, Conrad van der, 176 Brule, Christian, 177 Buiren, Shirley van, 177 Bruno, Giordano, 138 Bundy, McGeorge, 35 Burckardt, Gottlieb, 162 Bureaucracy, 108 Burnham, David, 141, 142, 143 Burnham, James, Orwell on, 97-98, 101

Calef, Michel, 184 Callaghan, 56 Camus, Albert, 6, 116 Cannon, 156 Capitalism, 82

Western, 53 Capitalists, Orwell's attitude toward, 115 Carrier, Herve, 127-132, 174, 181 Carter, Jimmy, 56 Casadio, Franco A., 174 Casanova, Jean Claude, 173 Catholicism, 146 Centralism, 110 Centrality, 107-112

Chailloux, Muriel, 185 Charbonnages de France (France), 171 Chen, Po Chung, 179 Chernenko, A., 79 Chouvier, Bernard, 177 Civil servants, I 08 Cold War, 32, 33, 42, 141 Collery, Solange, 177 Communication; 9, 44, 130, 141, 142

censorship of, 6 revolution in, 141 between science and philosophy, 167

Communication therapy, 136 Communism, 16, 66, 146, 147, 149, 150

nature of, 66 in USSR, 63 USSR as model, 66-67

Communists, 145 Communist society, and alienation, 67

and isolation, 67 social group in, 68 structure of, 67-68

Complexity, 168, 169 anthroposocial, 168

Complex thinking, 168-169 Computer, 101, 141, 143

and human brain, 8 language of, 142 personal, 142 threat to privacy, 142

Computer surveillance, 25 Confederation internationale du credit

populaire (France), 171 Conformity, 110, 136

and nationalism, 41 Conscience, 137-144 Conservatism, 146 Control, 109, 123, 143

of human activity, 82 in 1984, 116 surveillance techniques for, 5 in USSR, 68

Cooperation, international, 37-38 Conventional wars, 35 Corradi, Consuelo, 178 Cosmic union, 112 Cotta, Sergio, 181 Council of Europe, I, 48 Crick, Bernard, 113 Cronkite, Walter, 141 Cutileiro, Jose-Pires, 25, 175, 181 Cultural imperialism, 44 Culture, 132

INDEX 189

Danton, G.J., 15 Darms, Louis, 176 Data banks, 3, 4, 5, 25, 73, 122 Dausset, Jean, 173 de Gaulle, Charles, 80 Defence system, Western Europe's lack

of, 36 Dehumanization, 129 Delich, Francisco, 173 Democratic security, 51 Democracy, individualist, 108

in Western Europe, 49 Dependency, 109 Descartes, R., 166 "Destructive nationalism", 38, 39, 46 Detente, 35, 37, 57, 59, 94

ideological, 51 military, 51

Deutscher, Isaac, 99 on Orwell, 100

Deviant, Orwell as, 115 Devret· Tyermoes, An nick, 177 D'Haenens, 176 Didsbury, Howard F., 141 Differentiation, lack of, 110 Disarmament, 53

as ideal of socialism, 60 proclaimed USSR support for, 59 unilateral, 36 USSR proposals, 59

Distance, 123 Divine King, African ruler as, 27 Dostoyevsky, F., 92, 99 Doublethink, 93, 94, 102·103, 121

as utopian mechanism of control, 102 Down and Out in Paris and London

(Orwell), 156 Dreyfus, Francois-Georges, 173 Driscoll, Dennis, 181 Dumont, 110 Duranton, Henri, 174 Durkheim, E., 110

Eco, U., 143 Ecological disasters, 130 Economic integration, 41 Edwards, Robert, 181 Ego boundary, 114 Ego identity, 114 Ehrenkrona, Olof, 179 Eibl-Eibesfeldt, lreniius, 133-136, 173,

181

Electronic monitoring, centralization of, 113

Electronic piracy, 142 Electronic spying, 142 Elitism, as base of authoritarianism and

totalitarianism, 87 Emmerij, Louis, 175, 181 "Enemy of the people," 116 Enlightenment, 31, 122 Environment, impact on maturation of

senses, 153 "Equal security" policies, 53·54 Equality, 23

revolution for, 14, 22 Europe, nuclear war in, 56-67 Europe, USSR military view of, 58 European Foundation for Sciences, Arts

and Culture, 1 European idea, 48 European identity, 50·51 European perspective of 1984, 47-51 Existential deterrence, 35 Exploitation of workers, 109

Faith, 131 Fasbender, Anne-Marie, 176 Fascism, 146

German, 63 Fear, leading to dictatorship, 136 Federation du credit mutuel d' Alsace,

de Lorraine et de Franche-Comte (France), 171

Feldman, Michael, 174, 181 Ferrarotti, Franco, 137-144, 174, 181 Feyerabend, 169 Fiandrotti, Filippo, 185 Fondation Gulbenkian (Portugal), 171 Franzen, Lars-Olof, 179 Fraternity, revolution for, 13, 22 Frederick the Great, 15, 20 Free speech, 44 Freedom, 48, 153, 159

to African proles, 29 and interdependence, 39-46 need for spatial and temporal auton­omy, 157 in Western Europe, 47

Freedom of speech, 6 Freedom of thought, 148, 149

endangered, 147 French Revolution, 6, 13, 14-15, 22, 31,

122

190 AND HE LOVED BIG BROTHER

Freund, Julien, 145-151, 174, 181 Fromm, Erich, 131 Fund for Higher Education (United

States), 171 Fyvel, Tosco, 73-80, 175, 181

Galileo, G., 138 Galtieri, 42 Gama, Vasco da, 27 Gandon, Odile, 177 Gaon, N.D. (Switzerland), 171 Gappert, Garry, 179, 184 Gauffenic, Armelle, 177 Genetic heritage, endangered, 131 Geocentric conception, 165 George-Riviere, M.C., 177 Germany, Hitler's, social order in, 65 Gibbon, E., 22 Giono, Jean, 164 Giscard d'Estaing, V., 56 Global responsibilities and Strategies,

47-50 God, people created in image of, 129 Goldstein, Emmanuel, .5, 7, 76, 77, 79,

94, 98, 103, 116, 149 Government, 43

as problem solver, 40 Gramsci, Antonio, 139 Greens, the, 61 Grombeer, Philippe, 176 Gromyko, A., 57 Grosser, Alfred, 32 Guerrilla, 18 Gulags, 6, 73

Hiiggman, Berti!, 184 Hagtvet. Bernt, 175 Halter, Marek, 174 Hamburger, Jean, 174, 181 Hapsburgs, 18 Hegel, G., 15, 87 Heliocentric conception, 165 Helsinki, Final Act, SO Henry, Georges, 177 Heretics, persecution of, 146 Hill, Ellen B., 179 Hitler, A., 21, 31, 73, 78, 86, 94

as Big Brother, 65 History, 6, 7, 27, 44, 111

distortion of, 93 falsification of, 146, 147

national version of, 40 Orwell on rewriting of, 27 purpose of, 158 rewriting, 27, 129, 148 truth in, 85, 93

Hobbes, T., 128 Hoffmann, Stanley, 31-38, 176, 182 Hoggart, Richard, 175, 182 Holmes, John W., 39-46, 182 Holocaust, 117, 121 Homage to Catalonia (Orwell), 82, 83, 88 Hominization, 156-157 Honecker, 61 Hope, 130-131 Horkheimer, 143 Howe, Irving, 99 Hughes, Allan, 179 Hugo, V., 18 Human behavior, and phylogenetic ad-

aptations, 134 Human brain. See Brain, human Human dignity, 132 Human mind, 93

force of, 95 Human model, 128 Human rights, 1, 34 Human species, possibility of extinc-

tion, 119 Human spirit, 8 Human value, 116 Humanism, 139 Huxley, A., 7, 145

IBM Europe (France), 171 Ideas, and errors, 165

pathology of, 169 power of, 162

Ideology, 22, 39 authoritarian, 87 end of traditional, 75

Imperialism, 53 cultural, 44

Ikor, Roger, 160 Independence, 109 Individual, in contemporary society, 111

erosion of, 111 isolated, 109 "other-directed," 144 private, 123 public, 123 and the system, 5

Individual autonomy, 159

INDEX 191

Individualism, 31, 108, 110 Durkheim on, 111 serialization of, 109

Individualities, 159 Individuals, identity as, 150

interchangeability of, 109 Industrialized societies, 122 Information, 143

in human brain, 8 human life seen as, 82 monopoly of, 142

lngsoc, 75, 76, 77 Initiative, personal, 108 Innate patterns, 133 Inner Party, 103, 104, 149

in Africa, 29 Inside the Whale (Orwell), 85, 86, 87 Intellectuals, Orwell on, 74, 86, 101,

147 Intelligence, blind, 165-169 Intelligentsia, 17 Intelligibility, principles of, 168 Interdependence, 43 Interdependency, organic, 111 International institutions, 42 International Monetary Fund, 45, 107 Internationalism, 39 Iriye, Akira, 175, 182 Isolation, and communist society, 67 Israel, Joachim, 81-89, 182 Israel, Lucien, 174, 182

John Paul n, 131 Julia, 4, 5, 76, 91, 128, 147, 148 Jurdant, Baudoin, 177, 184 Jurgensen, Jean-Daniel, 91-95, 182 Justice, problems of, 130

Kafka, F., 31 Kappler, Claude, 178 Kato, Masako, 178 Karli, Pierre, 153-164, 174, 182 Kelley, E.W., 176 Kelly, Petra, 61 Kennan, George, 35 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 2, 79 Kibei, Alvin C., 97-105, 176, 182 Kiss, Alexander, 178, 184 Kissinger, H., 57 Knowledge, 7, 8, 137, 139, 165, 169

metamorphosis of, 167 organization of, 165-166

Kocman, Ali, 175 Koestler, A., 6, 91, 99 Kravchinsky, S., 19 Kremer-Marietti, Angelle, 184 Kuhn, J., 169 Kvitsinski, 54

Laborde, Michele, 178 Laclos, Choderlos de, 15 Lakatos, 169 Lamartine, A.M. de, 16 Language, 5, 9, 94, 116, 131

as distancing tool, 159 falsification of, 94 guarded by Africans, 29 official rhetoric, 26 and totalitarianism, 121 use in revolution, 26-27 use by USSR communication, 62 vernacular, 26

Lasswell, Harold, 32 The Last Man in Europe (1984), 127 Learning, pathology of, 166 Lee, J.J., 178 Legendre, Pierre, 174, 182 Legislative system, 107 Lenin, N., 20, 33, 60, 79 Leninism, 20 Leonardo. 138 Leone, Ugo, 178, 182 Leopold King of Belgium, 27 Levy, Paul M.G., 176 Liberalism,.31 Liberty, flaws in, 22

revolution for, 13, 14 Life force, 112 Lizogub, Dmitry, 19 Love, 4

of Big Brother, 76, 77, 91, 128 cognitive, 123 and hatred, 129 as obscenity, 121 Orwell on, 95

Lundquist, Ake, 179 Lussato, Bruno, 174, 182 Luxembourg, Rosa, 20 Lysenko, T., 7, 138

"Machine discipline," 138, 139 Maddox, Brenda, 175 Maffesoli, Michel, 107-112, 184

192 AND HE LOVED BIG BROTHER

Man, dignity and grandeur of, 130 Managers, 108

dictatorship of, 116 "Manipulated society" (verwaltete Ge·

sellschaft), 109 Manipulation, 123, 143 Mao Tse·Tung, 25 Marechal, Sylvain, 15, 17 Marie, Jean-Bernard, 178 Mars (France), 171 Marshall Plan, 36 Marti, Stephane, 179 Marx, Karl, 17 Marx, Gary T., 176, 182 Marxism, 31 Marxist regimes, 25

in Africa, 25, 28 Massa, Daniel, 175 Mass consumption, alienating effect

of, 143 Mass media, 6, 73

used by terrorists, 20 Mass surveillance, 122 Material, control of, 82 McCarthyism, 33 "Mechanical solidarity," 110 Media, in politics, 143 Medicine, ethics of, 8 Memory, 7, 148

collective, 33 national, 32 as prerequisite for freedom, 48

Merton, Robert K., 137 Michurin, I., 7 Mickiewicz, A., 16 Middle class, 114

Orwell's rejection of, 115 Military superiority, of USSR, 59 Miller, Henry, 116

Orwell on, 87, 88, 97 Miller, Maurice, 185 Mind, pathology, 169 Ministry of Love, 129 Ministry of Truth, 7, 47, 76, 148 Mirabeau, Comte de, 15 Money, 110 Moniz, Egaz, 162, 163 Monod, Henry, 174 Moon, Rev., 2 Moral standards, 86 Moral values, abuse of, 81 Morin, Edgar, 165-169, 182 Morris, William, 145

Miiller, Giinther, 185 Murder, Orwell on, 86

Napoleon, 15, 18, 20 National revolutionaries, models of organ-

ization for, I 7 National revolutionary movements, 17 National Security Agency, 142 National and social revolutionaries, differ·

ences between, 18 Nationalism, 16, 23, 38-46

and conformity, 41 and economics, 40, 42 revolutionary, 14

NATO, 41, 43, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60 Nazi Revolution, 6 Nazism, 146-147, 149, 150 Neutrality, 49 Nervous structure, ontogenetic develop·

ment of, 154-156 Newspeak, 9, 26, 94, 104, 121 1984. accuracy of, 91-95

as anti-Stalin, 73 as apocalypse, 113 approaches to, 127 and computers, 142 danger of technology, 25 as depiction of life in totalitarian

regime, 97 as depiction of USSR, 78· 79 and information technology, 140 as literature, 100 and 1984, 63-69 as parable of antibeatitude, 127 as parody, 130 post-Stalinism, 145 as premonition, 145 sameness in, 120 as satire, 73-80 as satire on communism, 141 satirical devices in, 78 and science, 140 sense of, 119 and Surrender-and-Catch, 119-124 as symbol of future, 81 USSR as, 25 as utopian fiction, 100 and Western society, 80

Nietzche, F., 8 Nitesco, Sanda, 178 Nitze, 54 Nodier, C., 14, 18

INDEX !93

Normativeness, 114 and intellectuals, 74, 75, 81-89 Nuclear abstinence, 35 Nuclear arms, 38, I 9, 119 Nuclear arms control, 38 Nuclear balance, 36 Nuclear bomb, 3, 130 Nuclear conflict, 80 Nuciear control, United States and

USSR, 42 Nuclear countries, 35 Nuclear destruction, 120 Nuclear freeze, 121 Nuclear power, control of, 45

USSR, 56 Nuclear strategic destruction, 56 Nuclear threat, 37 Nuclear war, 3, 120, 141

in Europe, 56-57 Nuclear weapons, 37, 55, 131 Nuii'ez, Manuel, 185 Nye, Joseph, 34

O'Brien, 9, 76, 77, 91, 92, 93, 95, 98, 99, 116, 129, 146, 149

October Revolution, 31 Ogarkov, 57, 59 Oligarchy, 145, 149 Olweus, Dan, 161 Oreja Aguirre, Marcelino, 185 "Organic solidarity," 110, 111 Organization of African Unity, 26 Orwell, George, accuracy of description

of USSR, 148 in Blair family, 114 and call for vigilance, SO and categories of society, 26 childhood of, 114 and class ideologies, 79 criticism of revolution, 150-151 and "destructive nationalism," 39 and division of world, SO doubts on effectiveness of Western

unity, 141 and English upper-class ideology, 74 experience of impoverishment, 101 and fascination with the poor, 29 and fears for England, 74 and fixation on "bad dirty," 116 formative years of, 114 on the human body, 159 inaccuracy of vision of, 63-64 influence on Western ideas of, 69

interest in political power, 78 an interpretation of, 145-151 limits of, 143 message of, 6, 31, 88-89, 94 moral and spiritual attitude of, 128 as moralist, 128 on murder, 86 as negative prophet, 131 on political obligation of intellectuals,

101 on power, 66 predictions of, 137 premonition of, 149 prophecy of, 117 as prophet, 63 questioning the obvious, 88 religious anger of, 129 search for expressing truth, 88 on socialism, 84 and Spanish Civil War, 83 and totalitarianism, 31 on torture, 25 USSR use of techniques, 62 view of future, 94 view of working class, 75 vision of, 21 warning of, 136

Orwell, world of, 9 and totalitarian regimes, 33 and Western world, 32

Orwell Colloquy, 1 structure of, 2

Osborn, Sir John, 185 Other, defined from "I," 111 "Other-directed" individual, 144 Outer Party, 149

in Africa, 25, 28 intellectuals as, 101

Over-specialization, 167

Pacault, Herve, 178 Pacifism, 36, 49 Pacifists, 61 Parienti, Robert, 174 Parliament, 108 Participation, 113, 115, 117 Party, the (1984), 9, 67, 73, 76, 92, 147,

148, 149, ISO as collective instrument of subordi­

nation, 148 Party members, 65

194 AND HE LOVED BIG BROTHER

Paternot, Jacques, 175, 182 Peace movement, proclaimed USSR

support for, 59-62 Western European, 60

Pearson, John, 175, 182 Personality, Orwell's, 115 Personality core vectors, 113, 115 Pettiti, Louis-Edmond, 174 Pedini, Maria, 185 Petiifi, S., 16 Pfeffer, Jean-Claude, 178 Pickard, Donald S., 183 Plato, 104 Policies and strategies, 31-38 Polish Revolution, 19 Political enslavement, 47 Politics, as manichean simplification, 168 Popper, 169 P.O.U.M. (Partita Obrero de Unificacion

Marxista), 82, 83, 84, 85 policy as utopian, 83

Poupard, Paul, 182 Power, 2, 4, 6, 108, 143, 149, 151

absolute, 113 as an end, 92 ensured by continuity, 108 of ideas, 162 Orwell on, 66 Party's motives for seeking, 92 the Party's search for, 99 and science, 137

Power struggle, 117 "Prevention of Literature, The" (Orwell},

97, 104, 145 Privacy, 141, 143 Private individualist sector, 110 Private life, 109-llO, 131 Private sphere, Ill Proles, 75

in Africa, 25, 29 Propaganda, 131 Psychoanalysis, ll9 Psychopharmacology, 162-163 Psychosurgery, 162-163 Public life, 107-109 Public order, function of, 107 Public/private dichotomy, ll1 Public sphere, Ill Public-state sector, llO Pyle, Christopher H., 141, 143

Quantified precision, myth of, 137 Queiroz, Antonino, 185

Rahv, Philip, 99 Raingeard, Louis, 178 Rational actions, 82 Rationality, scientific, 137 Raw materials, 122 Reagan, Ronald, 44, 80 Rearity, 93

complexity of, 168 falsification of, 147

Reason, 165 pathology of, 169

Re-evaluation counselling, ll9 Relations, primary, 120

secondary, 120 Relationships, calculated, 111

and multiple aggregations, 111 personal, 135

Re teasers, 134 Religion, 8 Reszler, Andre, 175, 182 Revaz, Oliver, 179 Revedin, Antonio, 178 Revel, Jean-Francois, 174 Revolution, 13-23, 146, 151

dialectic of, 4 elements of, 15-16 as unifying, 16

Revolutionary, origin of, 15, 16-17 prototypical social in Russia, 17 national, 16, 17 social, 16-17

Revolutionary movements, 16 Revolutionary violence, 18 Rhodes, Cecil, 27 Rickerd, Donald S., 173 Riesman, David, 144 Road to Wigan Pier, The (Orwell), 74, 88 Robespierre, M.F. de, 15 Rohatyn, Dennis, 184 Romanticism, 15 Rosenstiel, Francis, 185 Rousseau, J.-J., 31 Roussel Uclaf-Hoechst (France), 171 Royalty, 108 Ruede, Irene, 177 Rule of law, 6 Russell, Bertrand, 103 Russel, Jeffrey, 176 Russia. See USSR Russian Revolution, 6 Ryfman, Philippe, 178

INDEX 195

Sade, Marquis de, IS Sala, Rafael, 175, 183 Saint-Just, L.A. de, IS Saint-Simon, C., IS Salvation, mankind's, 131 Sartre, J.-P., 115 Schiller, J.C. von, 18, 121 Schmidt, J., 56 Schotte, Jacques, 173 Schiitz, Anton, 173 Science, 8, 122, 137-144, 165, 166, 168

abuse of, 81 as conditional explanation, 140 development of, 140 idealization of, 140 and ignorance, 165 as instrument of God, 137 neutrality in, 138, 139 and power, 137 as problematic undertaking, 140 as product of type and time, 138 responsibilities of, 7 timeless nature of, 140 as tool of power, 7 and totalitarianism, 7

Scientific explanations, updated, 140 Scientific reasoning, 138 Scientific research, determining direction

of, 140 Scientism, 138, 139, 167 Security in organization, 109 Selective availability, 120, 121 Self, Ill Self-destruction, 123 Self-help, and economic self-sufficiency,

34 and human rights, 34 and war, 35

Separation, 113, 115, 117 Shoham, ShlomoGiora,113-117,174, 183 Simmel, G., 110 Simplification, 166, 167 "Situational feeling," 112 Slavery, 5 Slogans, 2, 8-9, 39, 94, 159

in French Revolution, 15 in /984, 47 in Russian Revolution, 19 in Spanish Civil War, 116 in Third World, 42

Smith, Sir Dudley, 185 Smith, Winston, 4, 5, 8, 91, 98, 99,

101, 103, 146, 147, 148

acting as free citizen, 127 in African social stratification, 28 as observer of economic conditions,

101-102 as Orwell's alter ego, 75 phobia, 114 as projection of Orwell, 113 subhumanizing, 128 as symbol of traditional humanism,

128-129 in totalitarian regimes, 33 work at Ministry of Truth, 102

Social action, rationalization of, 122 Social agreement, 112 Social behavior, in babies, 134 Social confusion, 111 Social disintegration, 111 Social disorganization, 2 Social existence, 112

bureaucratization of, 109 Social groups, 3

in communist society, 68 Social interaction, and behavioral

characteristics, 154 Social life, 107 Social nonattachment, 115 Social order, in Hitler's Germany, 65

in 1984, 65 in USSR, 65

Social relationships, 110 Social revolutionaries, models of organ-

ization for, 17 Social roots, 110 Social signs, recognition of, 158 Social structures, and the individual, 2 Social ties, disintegration of, 107 Social values, 112 Socialism, 23, 31, 53

anarchistic, 145 Orwell on, 84

Sociality, 107-112, 123 Society, anonymous, 133-136

dehumanization of, 127 disintegrating, 2 industrialized, 122 interchangeability of elements in, 109 loneliness in industrialized, 136 pyramidal organization of, 107 of strangers, 119 technological consumer, 75 totalitarian, 82, 104 traditional, 111 urban, 135

196 AND HE LOVED BIG BROTHER

Sociology, 112, 120 Socrates, 104 Sogenal (france), 171 Solidarity movement, 22 Solipsism, 93 Solzhenitsyn, A., 91 Sopad-Nestle (France), 171 Soviet. See USSR Sovereignty, 48 Soysal, Miimtaz, 175, 183 Spanish Civil War, 91, 146

Orwell during, 82-84, 87, 88 Specialization, of work, 110 Spencer, William, 179 Spender, Stephen, 86 Stability, 121 Stalin, 7, 21, 25, 73, 78, 79, 83, 86, 99,

138, 148 as Big Brother, 65 era, 66

Stalinism, 145 Standardization, 110, 111 Stanoynik, Janez, 176, 183 Stansky, Peter, 176, 183 State, bureaucratic, 141

power of, I 08 Strangers, fear of, 135

and friend, distinction, 126 in urban society, 135

Strategies, and policies, 31-38 Strath, Bo, 179 Streit, Clarence K., 140, 141 Superpowers, 35, 54

Orwellian, 64-65 Surrender aborted, 123 Surrender betrayed, 123 Surveillance, 109 Swift, J., 100, 101, 103, 128 Symbolism, 112 Symons, Julian, 129 "Systematic rationalization," 107

Tamkin, S. Jerome, 179 Technological development, myth of, 137 Technological progress, 25 Technological revolution, 141 Technology, 46, 117, 121, 137, 143, 150

acceptance of, 122 controlled used of, 19 human relation to, 122 as means for control, 81-82

Telescreen, 73, 76 and Party control, 68

Television, 6, 142 American, 44

Terror, regime of, 33 Terrorism, 3, 21

origins, 19-20 use of mass media by, 20 in Third World, 21

Thatcher, Margaret, 42, 80 Third World, 3, 42, SO, 65, 79

terrorism in, 21 Thought, pathology of, 169 Thought Police, 73, 76, 147 Tocqueville, A. de, 31 Tomiak, Janusz J., 179, 184 Tolstoy, Leo, 19 Totalitarian domination, 92 Totalitarian model, 3 Totalitarian myths, 32 Totalitarian regimes, 4, 31, 82 Totalitarian society, 82, 104, 120 Totalitarian state, 21 Totalitarianism, 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 48, 49,

so. 51, 99, 113, 116, 122, 123, 141, 146, 147, 148, 149,

communism as, 91 dangers of, 36 and elitism, 87 guarding against, 33 language in, 121 origins of, 31-32 Orwell's perception of, 85, 91, 97 standardization in, ISO and war, 31

Tradition, 137 Tristan, Flora, 20 Truth, 166, 167

death of, 116 defined by authorities, 47 distinguishing from falsehood, 120-121 in history, 85 of human language, 132 objective, 132 Orwell on, 85 search for expression of, 88 test of, 139 twisting of, 116

Tudyka, Kurt, 177 Tummers, Nicolas, 185 Two Minutes Hate, 2, 76, 94 Tyranny, 13, 39

INDEX 197

Unification, through revolution, 16 Uniformization, 142 United Nations, 41, 42

rejected by Reagan, 44 United Nations Atomic Energy control, 42 United Nations Charter, 42 United Nations General Assembly, 42,

44. 45 United Nations Law of the Sea, 44 United States, 43

and nuclear control, 42 and nuclear power, 53-54 unification in, 42 USSR view of military of, 58-59

Unity, 39 abstract, 169

Universal collective security, 42 USSR, control in, 69

criticism of, 43 military doctrine, 57 military superiority of, 59 military view of Europe, 58 as model of communism, 66 as 1984, 25 and nuclear control, 42 nuclear power, 53-54, 56 Orwellian patterns in, 53 as prototype of social revolutionary, 17 social order in, 65 use of Orwellian techniques in, 62 view of U.S. military, 58-59 system of violence in, 68

Utilitarian principle, 137 Utopia, 15, 100-101, 103, 104

negative, 127 Orwell's, 103

Valle, Carlos del, 178 Vaporization, 148 Veblem, T., 138, 139 Veil, Simone, 47-51, 174, 183 Ventos, M. Xavier Rubert de, 175 Verdi, J., 18 Vial-Massat, Theo, 185 Violence, 6, 116

and alienation, 5 and the atom bomb, 3 revolutionary, 18 between states, 3 and terrorism, 3

Violence system in USSR, 68 Vlachos, Georges, 174

Wagons-Lits Tourisme, Strasbourg (France), 171

War, 2-3, 34, 49 decisions on, 142 nuclear in Europe, 56-57 Orwell on, 63, 97 permanent, 129 prevention of, 55 or subjection, 37 and totalitarianism, 31

Warfare, orientation of USSR, 55 Warsaw Pact, 43, 61 Weber, Max, 82, 107, 138 Wells, Samuel F., Jr., 176, 183 Werff, Ymenus van der, 185 Wermus, Henri, 179 Western warfare, Soviet myth of, 54-56 Westphal, Otto, 173 Wettig, Gerhard, 53-62, 173, 183 Willumsen, Kjeld, 173 Winston Smith. See Smith, Winston Wittgenstein, L., 87 Wolff, 178 Wolff, Georg R., 179 Wolff, Kurt H., 176, 183 Women, as terrorists, 20 Wordsworth, W., 18 Working class, Orwell's attitude toward,

115 World community, 130 World order, 38, 43 World War I, 14, 31, 85 World War II, 22, 26, 32, 33, 39, 43,

48, 53, 91, 117, 140

Yeats, W.B., 21

Zamayatin, 91 Zichichi, Antonino, 183 Zinoviev, Alexandre, 63-69, 173, 183