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Rottnest Island – Human Uses Profile – Marine Futures 357

Appendix 5: Rottnest Island


Human Uses of the Marine and Coastal Environment around Rottnest Island

(Source: Google Earth, 2008)


1 Introduction

Rottnest Island is one of the most popular tourist destinations for Perth locals, national and international visitors alike. With an 18 kilometre stretch of water between mainland Perth and the Island, access is facilitated by a ferry service departing from Fremantle, or by private vessel. The cultural and historical values of Rottnest Island have long been recognised, with particular significance for the area’s Indigenous population. Figure 1 illustrates the location of the Island in relation to Perth.

Figure 1 Location of Rottnest

Rottnest Island has a very small permanent population of between 110 and 120 people. Most users of the Island are short-term visitors. In 2007, there were over 335,000 visitors to the Island. Table 1 illustrates the change in the number of visitors to the Island from 1999 to 2007.


Table 1 Average Number of Visitors to Rottnest Island, 1999 to 2007

Number of Visitors Per Year Percentage Change

1999-2000

2000-2001

2001-2002

2002-2003

2003-2004

2004-2005

2005-2006

2006-2007

%

348498 347045 351292 353750 338389 314115 n/a 335385 -3%

(Source: Environmental Protection Authority, 2007; Rottnest Island Authority, 2008).

Note: *Considers visitors arrivals by commercial boat and air charter. An additional 150,000 per annum are estimated to use private transport to the Island.

From the data presented in Table 1, it is clear that there has been a small decline in the total number of visitors to the Island. The data however only considers those visitors who arrive at the Island by commercial boat or air charter. The data does not account for those visiting the Island via alternate transport such as private boat or yacht. It is estimated in 2006-07, approximately 165,000 people visited the Island utilising their own transport. As boat ownership in the Perth metropolitan region is increasing at a considerable rate, it is expected that the number of people visiting the Island using private transport will also increase.

The number of visitors to Rottnest and users of the marine environment surrounding the Island is strongly influenced by population trends in the Perth Metropolitan region. Since 1996 there has been considerable population growth in Perth, as illustrated in Figure 2. As noted above it is likely (although at this stage not accurately quantifiable) there has been a considerable increase in the number of people accessing the Island using private vessel. It is also likely that most of these people are residents of the Perth Metropolitan region. As the population of the region continues to grow, it is probable that the number of people accessing Rottnest Island via private vessel is also likely to increase.

Figure 2 Population Growth in the Perth Region

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1996 2001 2006

Year

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(Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996, 2001, 2006)

Data on private boat ownership in the Perth Metropolitan Region, and in Western Australia more generally, clearly shows that there has been an increase in the number


of private boats in the Region. Figure 3 illustrates boat ownership trends in the Western Australia, of which 60 per cent are registered within the Perth Metropolitan Region, between 1992 and 2006. This trend is predicted to continue as wages continue to increase, as shown in Figure 4 (figure 5 shows the increasing cost of living in the Perth Region). Therefore, it is probable that there will be an increase in the number of people visiting Rottnest Island via private vessel.

Figure 3 Boat Ownership Trends in Western Australia

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90000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2004 2004 2005 2006

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(Source: Department of Planning and Infrastructure, 2007)

Figure 4 Increasing Incomes in the Perth Region

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1996 2001 2006

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Averaged Individual Income Averaged Household Income Averaged Family Income



Figure 5 Increasing Cost of Housing in the Perth Region

758

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867

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1996 2001 2006

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Averaged Monthly Housing Loan Repayment Averaged Weekly Rent


In addition to a general increase in the number of people visiting Rottnest Island, either by ferries or private vessel, it is also probable that demographic and lifestyle factors will drive an increase in visitation by particular sectors of the community.

The growth of Western Australia’s mining sector over the last decade has resulted in many Perth residents working in the sector as fly-in-fly-out labour. There are a variety of different shift arrangements for fly-in-fly-out labour, but in a general sense it involves workers who live in Perth flying to a mine site/ processing plant for a period of time (usually 3-4 weeks) before returning to Perth for a break (usually 2-3 weeks). Such arrangements provide workers with increased opportunity to participate in recreational activities, of which recreational boating and fishing have proved popular. Fly-in-fly-out workers are not the only sector of the labour force that has benefited from flexible work arrangements, with job-sharing and ‘time-in-lieu’ arrangements also enabling workers to participate in recreational activities.

Perth has a growing number of people who are retired or semi-retired. This group are a considerable proportion of the users of Rottnest Island, including those that access the Island via private vessel. Figure 5 shows the ageing trends in the Perth Metropolitan Region. Based on these trends it is expected that the number of people who are semi-retired or retired will increase over the next decade.


Figure 5 Ageing Trends in the Perth Region

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1012141618

0-9 10_19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80+

Age Category

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cen

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1996 2001

(Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996, 2006)

Generally, the most frequent users of Rottnest Island are residents of the Perth Metropolitan Region. While data is limited on the number of people accessing the Island via private vessel, it is known that there has been considerable growth in this group over the last decade. Furthermore, as the number of Perth residents who own private vessels continues to grow, it is likely that the number of people accessing the Island will also increase. Changes in workplace and shift arrangements are also likely to have contributed to increased use of Rottnest and its marine environment. Lastly, the growth in the number of people who are retired or semi-retired, and the probable increase in size of this cohort, is likely to result in an increase in the number of people visiting Rottnest Island, particularly via private vessel.


2 Location of Uses and Changes over Time

This section of the profile will consider the different uses of the marine environment around Rottnest Island, with a focus on those located within or adjacent to the ‘Marine Futures’ study area. The main human uses discussed include:

� Noongar Uses and Values � Commercial Fishing � Recreational Fishing � Charter Fishing and Diving Activities � Surfing and recreational Boat Use � Ports, shipping, Mining and Defence � Conservation, Aesthetic and Historical Values

Extended interviews were conducted with a number of users of the local marine environment to identify how uses and values of the marine environment have change over time. The interviews also sought to identify users’ observations of change in the natural marine environment.

The section also provides a summary of the local and state planning policies relevant to future planning on and around the Island, particularly those which are likely to impact future human uses in the area.

Plate 1 View of Rottnest Island at sunset from Cottesloe


Noongar Uses and Values

Rottnest Island is of significant cultural importance to the local Noongar people. Archaeological evidence suggests Indigenous occupation prior to the separation of Rottnest Island from the mainland, some 6,500 to 10,000 years ago. There are 17 registered Indigenous heritage sites. Table 2 lists the major archaeological sites on Rottnest Island, with Figure 6 indicating their location. Marine resources remain important to the Noongar way of life and Rottnest Island is an important feature of traditional cultural understandings.

Table 2 Registered Indigenous Heritage Sites 2006

Site No. Site Name Status Access Type Site Type

S02698 Transit Cell Interim Register Open Man-made structure S02099 Fish Hook Bay Interim Register Open (Engraving), Art

S02776 City of York Bay Archived/Stored Data

Open Art

S02116 Longreach Bay Permanent Open Art

S02169 Indian Ocean Archived/Stored Data

Open Midden

S02119 Golf Course Permanent Open Art

S02120 Vlaminghs Lookout Archived/Stored Data

Open Art

S02121 Stables Interim Register Open Art S02118 Native Cemetery Permanent Open Burial

S02555 Lodge/Quad Permanent Open Ceremonial, Repository /Cache, History

S02556 Lodge Extensions Archived/Stored Data

Open

S02699 Old Hospital Interim Register Open Man-made structure S02750 Cycleway Permanent Open Art S02700 Peacock Hill Permanent Open Art S02775 Little Armstrong Interim Register Open Art

- Rottnest Island (Wadjemup)

Archived/Stored Data

Closed Midden, Burial, Art, Man-made structure, Quarry

S02668 Cemetery North Archived/Stored Data

Closed Burial, Modified Tree

S02557 Shield Permanent Closed

(Source: Department of Indigenous Affairs, 2006)


Figure 6 Location of Registered Indigenous Heritage Sites on Rottnest Island

(Source: Department of Indigenous Affairs, 2006)


2.1 Commercial Fishing

An extensive commercial fishing industry exists in the waters around Rottnest Island. The commercial fisheries operating in this area include:

� Western Rock Lobster � West Coast Demersal Scalefish Fishery � Roes Abalone � West Coast Deep Sea Crab

Generally, activity around the Perth metropolitan area is less than in other areas along the coastline, particularly due to the high level of use by other marine users of this area. Figure 7 illustrates the operational zones and intensity of commercial fisheries around Rottnest Island.

Figure 7 Operational Zones of Rottnest Island Fisheries

(Source: Department of Fisheries, 2006)

The Western Rock Lobster and West Coast Demersal Scalefish fisheries are two of the highest value fisheries active around the Island. The Western Rock Lobster fishery extends from Shark Bay to Cape Leeuwin, and average annual catch is valued at over $300 million (Department of Fisheries, 2006). Catch of Rock Lobster from around Rottnest Island is seasonally variable, depending on the migratory extent of pueruli (Rock Lobster larvae) in the Leeuwin Current.

Figure 8 shows the intensity of Rock Lobster fishing activity around Rottnest Island.


Figure 8 Intensity of Rock Lobster Fishing around Rottnest Island


Regulation and management of the Rock Lobster fishery is through strict licensing arrangements and take limits. From October 2006, the management arrangement was changed to a system of total allowable effort (TAE), which considers both the number of pot licences and the corresponding rate of usage (Department of Fisheries, 2006).

The West Coast Demersal Scalefish fishery also operates in waters around Rottnest Island. Located in zone three of four management zones, annual catch from the fishery was valued at $7.8 million in 2004/05 (Department of Fisheries, 2006). The fishery is limited entry and management is predominantly through the regulation of effort, fishing gear and fishing location. Major target species around Rottnest Island include Dhufish, Snapper, and Emperor species, as well as a range of Shark including, Whiskery, Gummy, and Copper Whale species.

Another important fishery in terms of economic value is the Roes Abalone fishery. This fishery operates in the waters around Rottnest Island and is of considerable value to the commercial fishing industry of Western Australia. In 2005 the value of the entire Western Australian fishery was $3.1 million (Department of Fisheries, 2006). The fishery is regulated by strict catch limits. Rottnest Island is located within zone seven of eight management zones. Quota limits are determined for each zone based on estimated stock characteristics and abundance. In addition, weather and recruitment cycles play a significant role in determining actual annual catch rates.

There are also a number of smaller fisheries that operate in the area including:

� South West Trawl Fishery, targeting scallop � West Coast Blue Swimmer Crab Fishery


� West Coast Deep Sea Crab Managed Fishery, fished in waters greater than 150m in depth

� West Coast Beach Bait Fishery Managed Fishery, mainly Whitebait (Hyperlophus vittatus), Sea Mullet (Mugilcephalus) and Blue Sprat (Spratelloides robustus)

� West Coast Purse Seine Fishery, targeting mainly Herring and Salmon

2.1.1 Observed Changes to Fishing Effort, Fishing Location and the Ecosystem

In order to establish the nature of changes in commercial fishing effort and location over the past four decades, a series of in depth interviews were conducted with local commercial fishing operators. Interviewees included long-term local commercial fishers, fisheries managers and marine scientists. Figure 9 illustrates the major commercial fishing areas, as indicated by interview participants. Interviewees’ observations of change in the fishing sector and also the marine environment are presented in this section, and reflect the consenting views of interview participants rather than dissenting views.

Figure 9 Major Commercial Fishing Areas

From the interviews conducted a number of changes were identified in the nature of commercial fishing activity and the ecosystem. These included:

� Increase in the mobility of the fishing fleet � Increase in conflict with some sectors of the recreational fishing community � Increase in fishing effort in areas further offshore � Ongoing changes in fisheries regulations have impacted catch rates � Increase in the number of certain fish and marine species � Decrease in the number of certain fish and shark species � Decline in the number of commercial fishers � Decline in the condition of marine habitats


2.1.1.1 Increase in the mobility of the fishing fleet

Over the past four decades, the mobility of the local commercial fishing fleet has increased significantly. A number of changes in the nature of the industry have contributed to this increase. The lifting of the Home Porting rule in 1992 allowed fishers to work from different ports along the coast, instead of returning to the same one each day. A long term commercial fisher commented on the changes in mobility:

When I first started, probably 90% would stay where they were, and you are probably looking at about 5-10% now. So it has gone the other way. And I think it is just the young guys coming in on the scene, where the old guys stick to their scene and don’t move (RI_13_2006).

Increasing mobility also contributed to the local commercial fishery being more economically viable for individual operators, with the ability to follow seasonal migrations of target species. One fisher commented the decision to become mobile was a direct response to difficulties in maintaining catch rates in one area. However, this also contributed to greater pressure on fish stocks along the entire coast line:

I would say [the location] hasn’t changed a lot. It is just…the last couple of years have been a little tougher and people tend to wander a bit more, but I don’t think anything has changed…The greedy fishermen didn’t like it because they wanted to catch crays all the time. I want to catch crays too, but you can’t overfish it. There comes a point when if you keep overfishing things you will end up with nothing. That is why I believe the home porting rule was a very good thing (RI_20_2006).

2.1.1.2 Increase in conflict with some sectors of the recreational fishing community

As identified by numerous commercial operators active around Rottnest Island, growth in the number of recreational fishers in the area over time has increased conflict between these two groups of resource users. Some of the main issues contributing to conflict between commercial and recreational fishers were:

• The continued increase in the number of recreational fishers over the past 30 years

• The continued tightening of regulations in commercial fisheries, yet limited change for the recreational sector

• Recreational fishers using highly advanced technology to target certain locations for their angling, causing a localised depletion of stocks in some areas, particularly in near shore locations

• Recreational fishers having larger vessels and accessing areas further offshore

• Limited policing of recreational catch • Increase in illegal activity by a small minority of recreational

fishers


2.1.1.3 Increase in fishing effort in areas further offshore

Over the past four decades, commercial fishing effort has increased in areas further offshore. A variety of reasons were proposed for this change including economic rationalisation, a decline in fish stocks in inshore areas, improvements in technology facilitating better navigation, and an increase in the number of recreational fishers in areas closer to the mainland. Three long-term fishers in the area explained:

So we don’t fish as close now because there is nothing there. They [amateurs] fish it out now. There has been a reduction, we have had reductions, but they have had increases… The amateur population, that has increased tremendously (RI_19_2006).

When I first started we weren’t fishing as deep as we are now. The deeper you go the more difficult it gets and the greater requirements for heavier hydraulics…we hadn’t been cruising the inshore resource economically there was more incentive to go offshore (RI_15_2006).

You can go very close to the beach for sharks. And they used a lot of this area in the past, and there is hardly anything there now. 15 years ago they fished that quite heavily. The quantity of fish overall has been fished back so it is not worth going to now. 15 years ago going through there you would get 100 sharks a day. Now you might get 8 or 10. So it’s not worth going in there for. We have gone deeper naturally, because it is new ground. So you get more fish on it (RI_7_2006).

In addition, fishing in areas further to the north and south of the Perth metropolitan area was identified as an increasing trend among commercial fishers.

2.1.1.4 Ongoing changes in fisheries regulations have impacted catch rates

Over the past few decades, the commercial fishing sectors have undergone a number of regulatory changes. While acknowledged as necessary for the industry, local fishers commented some regulatory measures introduced did not have the effect desired by the authorities. Some were acknowledged as positive, while others were perceived to have contributed to an increase in catch rates.

In the wetline Shark fisheries, the movement to a limited entry fishery and the introduction of units, forced a number of small operators out of the industry. While having a negative socio-economic impact on these individuals, it reduced overall effort and pressure on Shark stocks. Some local Shark fishers commented the ability to store unused fishing units was an important conservation move by authorities, as it did not force operators to fish at maximum capacity. One long-term Shark fisher mentioned:


Its not getting hammered now compared to what it was in the area stages, because a lot of those units people have just shelved them and held onto them. The minister was smart enough to say if you don’t want to fish your units you can put them on the shelf and you won’t lose them…that’s conservation in its own right. And that was great (RI_7_2006).

One of the controversial management decisions was the lifting of the 150 pot rule in the Rock Lobster fishery. Local fishers commented this acted to increase pressure on fish stocks in an attempt to maintain industry competitiveness. Local Rock Lobster fishers commented on various management changes across the sector and the impact on catch rates and industry profitability:

I think that when we had a pot reduction, it has actually increased fishing effort. Because what people do is that they lease more pots to cover the ones that are taken off them and they have large debts to pay. Because they put themselves in debt, they have to fish harder so that puts more pressure on the industry (RI_20_2006).

People feel they need to work a lot of pots because of all the restrictions put on by the government, therefore you’rer only paying into the hands of the investor who actually makes more money than the people who are working the fishery, which should have been changed 20 years ago (R_17_2006).

When the 150 pot rule was around that was the number of boats and that was it. But now you have far less boats but a lot more bigger boats with lots more pots, because if there are less boats they have to get more pots. I personally didn’t like the idea of lifting the 150 pot rule because it forced a lot of people out of the game… To stay in the game, you had to keep buying pots (RI_20_2006).

2.1.1.5 Increase in the number of certain fish and marine species

Local commercial fishers commented there has been an increase in more tropical fish species around the Rottnest area. One fisher commented changes in water currents were the main reason attributed to this. Another commented the reduction of natural predators through fishing has allowed certain species to multiply more rapidly. Some of the species now seen more frequently around the Island include Snapper, Kingfish and Octopus and Whiskery Shark. Two long-term fishers commented:

I think there would be a much greater incidence of tropical species coming south. One of the fish we catch are the parrot fish, we catch a lot of it up at the Abrolhos Islands…whether that can be explained by a


20 year variation kind of concept or whether it is an indication of a larger trend… Last year was the best year I’ve ever seen for whiskery shark here, since I began fishing. The whiskery numbers were really intense here last season…whether it’s an increase in stock or concentration in this area [don’t know] (RI_15_2006).

The number of shark species has increased over the past few years, despite intensive fishing effort around 15 years ago (RI_7_2006).

2.1.1.6 Decrease in the number of certain fish and shark species

Long-term fishers around Rottnest Island commented on the impact of migratory patterns and seasonal variations in fish stocks on their annual catch rates. However, despite natural variations, a number of fishers noticed a specific decline in the number of certain fish and shark species. A decline in the number of Dhufish was of particular concern for commercial fishers, particularly those fishing in reef and sandy areas up to 100 fathoms around the Island. There have also been changes in the number of particular shark species seen in the area, namely Bronze Whaler and Thick Skins. Three long-term commercial fishers commented on the changes seen over time:

The Bronze Whaler and the Thick Skin Sharks have been seriously damaged from overfishing, particularly from long-lining of the beach Sharks. The small Sharks and the scale fish, like Snapper and that, Dhufish is depleted around Rottnest there is no doubt about that. It’s been a long time depleted, no doubt about that. But all those residential type fish are pretty good up along the coast, it’s surprisingly good (RI_15_2006).

All the species have dropped. It doesn’t matter what you are talking about. The quantity has dropped, it has all gone down a level (RI_7_2006).

They [numbers] have changed a little bit…There is probably not the same amount of thick skins as there was years ago, and the bronzys [Bronze whaler]. But last year the bronzys were really good, the thick skins were down a little bit (RI_6_2006).

In addition, a number of fishers commented the overall size of catch had decreased over time, particularly in the scale fish fishery.

2.1.1.7 Decline in the number of commercial fishers

The overall number of commercial fishers has decreased. This has been caused by increasing mechanisation of fishing techniques, resulting in less need for labour.


Changes in management regulations and increasing costs have also made commercial fishing in the area economically non-viable for many smaller operators.

There were a lot more boats. Over the last 20 years there has been a reduction in the boats. I think we had about 700 in the industry now we are back below 500 (RI_13_2006).

2.1.1.8 Decline in the condition of marine habitats

A number of commercial fishers recognised there has been a decline in the condition of marine habitats around Rottnest Island. An increase in the number of people using the waters had increased pollution in the area, a particular concern for fishers. The destruction of sea grass in the area was also observed. One commercial fisher commented:

[The] environment has been changing a lot because too many boats in the water. Too much movement. Too many things thrown in the water. Petrol. They think the sea is rubbish tip. This is changing. Like in the sound and in many places the grass has disappeared. Algae that is not good for fish (RI_14_2006).

On the other hand, some fishers noted there had been an improvement in the mentality of fishers and the general population, contributing to a much greater awareness of the need to protect marine areas. Fishers believed this trend was going to continue to increase into the future.

2.1.2 Conclusion: Priority Considerations for Management

Commercial fishers have observed a number of changes in the nature of commercial fishing over the past four decades. The changes observed by local commercial fishers over this time have been listed in Table 3, along with their perceived impacts on the area.


Table 3 Changes Observed by Commercial Fisher and their Perceived Impacts

Observed Changes Perceived Impacts

Ongoing changes to fisheries regulations

• Contributed both to decrease and increase in pressure on certain fish stocks

• Resulted in rationalisation in commercial fishing activities, particularly reducing the number of smaller operators

Increase in the number of recreational fishers

• Contributed to increased pressure on fish stocks, particularly scale fish

• Resulted in increased conflict among some sections of the recreational and commercial fishing sectors

• Increase in commercial fishing effort in areas further offshore

Limited regulation of certain commercial sectors in the past (in this and other regions)

• Reduced number of certain shark and fish species, due to lag time in stock recovery

Plate 2 Fremantle Foreshore - Memorial to Commerical Fishers


2.2 Recreational Fishing

Recreational fishing is a major tourist activity undertaken by visitors to Rottnest Island. The ease of access to the Island by means of regular ferry services from Perth and Fremantle, makes the Island popular among day trippers and overnight visitors. Moorings available for rent at the Island allow for access by private boat owners. Warm waters of the Leeuwin Current surround the Island and provide ideal conditions for a variety of coral and fish species.

Both boat based and shore based recreational fishing is undertaken in the waters around the Island. Popular locations for shore based fishing include the many beaches, bays and reef areas around the Island, depending on the species being targeted. While the existence of sanctuary zones limits fishing in some locations, around 85 per cent of the shore line remains accessible to recreational anglers (Rottnest Island Authority, 2008). Some of the more popular shore based locations include:

� Thomson Jetty � Geordie Bay � Natural Jetty � Army Jetty � Green Island � Long Reach Bay � Parakeet Bay � Ricey Beach � West End � Fishhook Bay

Boat based fishing is also undertaken around the Island, as well as in areas further offshore. Some of the areas popular for boat based fishing include:

� Geordie Bay � City of York Bay � Cape Vlamingh (West End) � Cathedral Rocks � Waters north of the Island � Waters to the south west of the Island

The species most often targeted by onshore anglers on the Island included:

� Australian Herring (Arripis georgianus) � King George Whiting (Sillaginodes punctata) � Garfish (Hyporhamphus melanochir) � Squid (Order Teuthoidae) � Tailor (Pomatomus saltatrix)

Recreational fishers who are involved in boat based fishing around Rottnest Island targeted a number of different fish species including:

� Samson Fish (Seriola hippos) � Western Australian Salmon (Arripis truttaceus)


� Australian Herring (Arripis georgianus) � Tailor (Pomatomus saltatrix) � Mackerel (Scombridae spp) � Dhufish (Glaucosoma hebraicum) � King George Whiting (Sillaginodes punctata) � Skipjack Trevally (Pseudocaranx wrighti)

2.2.1 Observed Changes to Fishing Effort, Fishing Location and the Ecosystem

A series of in depth interviews were conducted to identify the nature of change to recreational fishing effort and location over the last four decades. Interviewees included long-term recreational fishers, tackle shop owners, representatives from local angling and sport fishing groups, editors of fishing publications and fisheries managers. Figure 10 illustrates the major recreational fishing areas, as indicated by interview participants. Interviewees’ observations of change in the recreational fishing activities and also the marine environment are presented in this section, and reflect the consenting views of interview participants rather than dissenting views.

Figure 10 Major Recreational Fishing Areas


From interviews, a number of trends were identified with regard to changes in the nature of recreational fishing activity. These included:

� Little change in shore based fishing on the Island � A significant increase in the number of anglers participating in boat based

fishing � Some changes in the size and catch rates of certain fish species � Increase in the popularity and practice of catch and release fishing � Changes in the nature of fishing club activity around the Island � Increasing use of advanced technology by recreational fishers

2.2.1.1 Little change in shore based fishing on the Island

Long-term recreational fishers believe that shore based fishing on Rottnest Island has remained fairly constant over the past few decades. Anglers believe there has been an increase in the number of visitors to the Island, which corresponds to the population growth of Perth. However, this has not necessarily been reflected in the number of productive recreational anglers. Limited accommodation on the Island was identified as one of the major reasons why there has been little change in shore based fishing. In addition, with continued developments of fishing technology and an increasingly affluent population, fishing effort at the Island has been channelled into boat based fishing. Two long-term fishers commented on the changes in shore based fishing over time:

Not that much of an increase in terms of the numbers of people fishing at the Island…its limited by accommodation. The people that go over have to stay somewhere (RI_8_2006).

Around the settlement I think that there are more people who are trying to catch fish, …I’m just talking about the tourist areas there, but I’m not sure they are catching more fish, so there is a lot of activity, but its not very productive, and they will fish mainly along the Jetty and some other quite dangerous places, like the cliff edge along here, mainly because they don’t want to get their feet wet, I don’t think the shore based fishing has changed an awful lot over the last 20 years or so, and certainly not much over the last 15 (RI_12_2006).

In recent years, the percentage of participants in recreational fishing who are families of tourists has increased considerably. The percentage of regular recreational anglers has declined. Fishing club activities have also become less frequent on the Island than in the past. Various reasons were proposed for these changes, with the most common explanation being that changes in fisheries regulations discouraged regular fishing activities and competitions. A long-term fisher and fisheries manager commented:

It [number of people fishing at Rottnest] is probably less than it was in the 1950’s/60’s because I think less people are going fishing. In that era, it was the thing people did when they went to Rottnest, and you could


see people with huge bags full of herring and other reef fish…they used to go out to these reef holes and they were fishing for competition, and they would fill up bags with little skipjack, and herring, because its easy to catch fish in those areas when the conditions are right and you use burley, and they had no use for the fish, they just caught them and that was it, so they could win the competition (RI_12_2006).

2.2.1.2 A significant increase in the number of anglers participating in boat based fishing

Over the past few decades, there has been an increase in boat based recreational fishing effort around Rottnest Island. Growth in boat ownership is a trend identified across the state, particularly as a result of greater societal affluence. Improvements in marine infrastructure around the Island, particularly the construction of new public moorings has facilitated and contributed to increased private boat use. With continued technological developments, boat fishing is now much easier than in the past, particularly with the ability to return to productive fishing spots utilising satellite navigation technology (GPS):

Of the major changes I have seen…a large increase in boat fishing especially now with GPS systems, fish finders etc. 30 years ago you would look for a cray pot and think it must be perched on a bit of reef or something (RI_5_2006).

A dominant perception of community members was that highly productive fishing spots could only be accessed by boat. This was an important factor contributing to increased boat fishing effort. One long term fisher commented:

There are some good fisheries around the Island that are only accessible by boat…generally I think there has been a trend more towards boat fishing… People have some sort of a false perception that if they have a boat they will catch more fish, and it’s also a status thing among fishers (RI_8_2006).

2.2.1.3 Some changes to the size and catch rates of certain fish species

Over time, recreational anglers on Rottnest Island have observed changes in the number of certain fish species. Generally, anglers commented there had been some decline in certain fish species however it was still possible to get reasonable catches. Some of the species identified where this was the case included Herring, Mulloway, Skippy and Sliver Bream. There was some concern expressed over the number of Blue Groper and Dhufish, with numbers having significantly declined over time. The decline in these particular species was attributed to spear fishing around the Island in the past. Currently, spear fishing is banned in waters around the Island.


Generally, however, observed decline in the number of certain fish was attributed to regular seasonal variations and migration trends. Recreational anglers were cautious on commenting about changes in fish populations. Fluctuations in catch/effort ratios were attributed to the time of the year, weather conditions, climatic changes and the skill of individual recreational fishers. Mackerel and Salmon were identified as being popular species that required different catch/effort ratios depending on the time of the year.

You can still go to Rottnest and find Herring everywhere, pretty much at the right time of year, but other areas around Perth you can’t find the fish that you used to find, and again I don’t know [the cause but I] reckon that’s its to do with the increasing size of the metro footprint and changes in habitat…sea grass destruction, all add up to contribute to a disruption of natural cycles (RI_12_2006).

2.2.1.4 Increase in the popularity and practice of catch and release fishing

Catch and release fishing around Rottnest has increased significantly over the past decade. Local fishers commented that Department of Fisheries bag and size limit regulations had propelled many fishers to participate in catch and release fishing. Deep sea species such as Samson fish, Salmon, Mackerel and Kingfish were commonly targeted in catch and release fishing. Growing environmental awareness among the fishing public was also a major factor contributing to increased participation in catch and release fishing. Two recreational anglers in the area commented on changes in the approach to recreational fishing around the Island:

Of all the fishing I do around Rottnest, I keep around 8-10% of the fish… 10 years ago people would use 1-2kg line and just wear the fish out before they bring him in. Now the fishing is much more sensible, pull him up, take a photo and put him back as quickly as possible... There has been a huge increase in catch and release fishing, [I’d say] a 50% increase…started around the time of Rex Hunt, about six or seven years ago…particularly over the past five years the growth in this approach has been significant (RI_8_2006).

Nowadays sport fishing is also much more popular. Increasingly catch and release anglers around the Island don’t take catch home. There is greater awareness and education, but because of this setting up of no-go [sanctuary] zones, has meant the sports anglers have suffered a little bit (RI_3_2006).

2.2.1.5 Changes in the nature of fishing club activity around the Island

Along with changes in the demographic of recreational fishers, there has been a decline in the activity of fishing clubs on Rottnest Island. Overall, in the Perth


metropolitan area fishing club membership has declined over the past 40 years, and this has, in turn, contributed to a decline in the levels of activity around Rottnest. However, some recreational fishers commented changes to management regulations had more of an impact on the activity of fishing clubs. The reduction was seen as a reflection of the increasing environmental awareness and general concern for the marine environment among the fishing public. In addition, the function of fishing clubs has changed somewhat over time, increasingly incorporating dry casting or species based competitions, as well as numerous social activities. A number of long-term recreational fishers commented on changes to the activity of fishing clubs around the Island:

Clubs have moved out of the Island…used to take everything. Now due to tighter [fishing] restrictions it’s more difficult. [Also] camping is banned, the ferry is expensive, accommodation is expensive…so the club scene is much smaller (RI_1_2006).

Used to be open slather…they would go over to Rottnest with those big hessian sacks and come back with 2000 herring…and just hand them out on the boat on the way back…when they were still the old wooden boats that take you out to the Island (RI_21_2006).

In the 1990s it [club membership] would have been about 4% of the fishing population, and I think now it wouldn’t even be that. So I think even membership in those groups has dropped away fairly significantly. I think they have probably changed what they do, a lot of them, you know, they don’t tend to fish for vast quantities of fish anymore, they have species based competitions and things like that, which mean they get to win a comp, and it’s not based on the weight of their bag, it used to be the heaviest bag, but now you get what, one point for tailor and five for herring etc, so you get scored on the variety of species you can catch rather than the quantity (RI_12_2006).

2.2.1.6 Increasing use of advanced technology by recreational fishers

Over time there have been a number of changes in the types of technology used in recreational fishing. The most significant advances that were mentioned by fishers around Rottnest Island included the use of:

� Global Positioning Systems (GPS) � Echo sounders and fish finders � Braided fishing line, replacing monofilament � Scientifically designed artificial lures and jigs � Barbless hooks, to aid catch and release fishing


Developments in satellite navigation technology (GPS) and the introduction of electronic fish finders have changed the nature of recreational fishing. With the use of such technology, effort is much more targeted, allowing fishers to continuously return to productive fishing grounds. In addition, the invention of fishing jigs and lures has reduced the need for bait, with some Rottnest fishers commenting they often go on bait-free fishing trips around the Island. The change to non-stretch, braided fishing line has allowed for an increase in catch rates due to greater efficiency in catch. Other changes in technology have allowed recreational fishing vessels to travel to areas further offshore and stay out for longer periods of time.

2.2.2 Conclusion: Priority considerations for management

Recreational anglers have observed certain changes in the nature of recreational fishing over the past four decades. A summary of these changes and their perceived impacts is shown in Table 4. As a result of some of the changes identified through interviews, recreational fishers would like to see continued monitoring and ongoing education of anglers to maintain the health of fish populations for future generations. Recreational fishers would also like to see current fishing ‘rights’ be maintained in waters around the Island.

Table 4 Observed Changes to Recreational Fishing and Perceived Local Impacts

Observed Changes Perceived Impact

Growth in the population of Perth and increase in disposable incomes

• Increase in boat ownership and boat based fishing effort around the Island

• Investment in advanced technology and fishing gear

• Contributed to increased pressure on fisheries resources in the local area

Changes in fisheries regulation and management measures

• Contributed to increasing popularity of catch and release fishing

• Changes in the type of competitions undertaken by fishing clubs

• Reduction of fishing club activity on the Island

Greater awareness of environmental impact of fishing activities among participants

• Increase in the popularity of catch and release fishing

Increased use of advanced technology by recreational fishers

• Contributed to a decline in certain fish species due to increased efficiency of catch

• Contributed to the growing popularity of boat fishing


2.3 Fishing Charters, Diving and Eco-tourism

The close proximity of Rottnest Island to the Perth metropolitan area is the major contributing factor to high levels of charter activity around the Island. Charter activity around the Island includes recreational fishing charters, whale watching, eco-charters, diving and snorkelling, and yacht charters. The intensity of activity around Rottnest Island is shown in Figure 11. A small area to the north west of the Island exhibits the greatest total intensity of charter visits of all areas along the Western Australian coastline in 2005/06. Mid 2006, there were 138 licensed fishing charter operators and 23 eco-tour operators registered in the West Coast bioregion. In 2004/05, approximately 55 per cent of license holders were active along the west coast that year (Johnson and Lai, 2006).

Figure 11 Intensity of Charter Activity around Rottnest Island


Fishing charters are frequently undertaken in waters around Rottnest Island and are the most popular type of charter for tourists and locals. Half or full day charters are available through most companies. Some companies offer customers overnight stays onboard the vessel or night fishing options.

Rottnest Island is well known as one of the best dive locations adjacent to Perth. Full day or single dive charters are available for customers. The warm waters of the Leeuwin Current support diverse coral, fish and marine life around the Island, and there are approximately 200 dive sites around the Island that can be accessed by charter or private boat. There are also numerous snorkelling sites that are accessible


from the beach. The extent of diving activity is dependant on the time of year and dominant weather conditions.

Some popular diving and snorkelling locations around the Island include:

� Parker Point � Salmon Bay � Horton Reef � North Point Reef � Kingston Reef � Dyer Island � Geordie Bay � Radar Reef � Bathurst Reef � West End � Roe Reef � Cathedral Rocks � City of York Bay � Local ship wrecks, including:

• Lady Elizabeth • Macedon • Denton Holme

All charter operators are required to hold a licence, issued and monitored by the State Department of Fisheries. There are three types of charter licence available: fishing, restricted fishing and aquatic eco-tours. Restricted fishing licences also apply to snorkelling and diving charter operations. These regulations allow operators (and their clients) to catch and keep fish but only for the purpose of a meal to be eaten during the course of the charter. Additionally, all charter operators must submit monthly log books to the Department of Fisheries which are analysed to monitor the industry’s impact on fish stocks and habitats. Eco-tour licence holders must also keep a record of any whale sightings and/or interaction with marine mammals.

2.3.1 Observed Changes to Charter Fishing and Diving activity and the Ecosystem

Charter boat operators who specialise in recreational fishing trips, diving charter operators and recreational divers were interviewed to gather information on the nature of their use of the marine and coastal environment. Figure 12 illustrates the popular diving areas, as indicated by interview participants. Interviewees’ observations of change in the charter fishing and diving sector and also the marine environment are presented in this section, and reflect the consenting views of interview participants rather than dissenting views.


Figure 12 Popular Diving Areas

The interviews were also used to identify users’ perceptions regarding the condition of the marine environment and changes in use over time. The major changes identified from these interviews included:

� Increase in the number of people on charters and a reduction in the number of charter companies

� Decline in the number of certain fish species � Change in the diversity of marine species � Restrictions on visiting Rottnest Island have impacted the areas visited by

charter vessels

2.3.1.1 Increase in the number of people on charters and a reduction in the number of charter companies

Over the past three decades, local divers and charter operators have observed an increase in the popularity of the Island for charter activity. The proximity of Perth and rapid population growth of the city have contributed to this increase in activity. Growth in both national and international tourism has also contributed to increased participation in Rottnest Island charters. Another contributing factor was the increase in popularity of diving among the ‘baby boomer’ population.

Despite this increase in the popularity of diving and charter trips, there has been a decrease in the number of charter companies active around Rottnest over the past decade. One local operator commented that from 1995 to 2006, the number of diving charter companies had declined from fourteen to three. Continued increases to operating and licensing costs were the main reasons identified for this decline. A similar trend was identified among fishing charter companies, with rising costs forcing smaller operators out of the industry.


2.3.1.2 Decline in the number of certain fish species

Over the past few decades, long-term divers and fishing charter operators have observed a decrease in the number of fish in waters around the Island. Decline in the numbers of deep sea fish species, such as Dhufish and Kingfish, was of particular concern for local operators. Fishing charter operators commented it was becoming increasingly difficult to satisfy fishing customers due to a decline in the number of fish in the area. As a result of perceived declining fish stocks, regular fishing charter customers were travelling to areas further north, such as Kalbarri or Geraldton to undertake their fishing. In addition, skippers of charter vessels were increasingly heading out further offshore to deeper waters.

2.3.1.3 Change in the diversity of marine species

On the other hand, a number of long-term divers around Rottnest Island have observed changes in the diversity of fish species around the Island. Over the past three decades, there has been an increase in the number of tropical fish species seen around Rottnest. An increase in the number of tropical shell fish was also noted.

One diver commented there has been an increase in the number of introduced foreign species on the reef around Rottnest. No particular species was identified as being a specific threat to the Island’s ecosystem.

Divers also commented there has been an observed increase in fish life around designated marine reserves. However, divers believed it was too early to comment if this was as a result of reduced fishing pressure.

2.3.1.4 Restrictions on visiting Rottnest Island have impacted the areas visited by charters vessels

Changes to licensing arrangements have contributed to changes in the locations diving charter vessels visit. In particular, the introduction of fees for diving in marine reserves has discouraged some operators from conducting dives or multiple dives in these areas.

Fishing charter operators commented they generally do not fish in close proximity to the Island, remaining approximately six kilometres offshore. Occasionally, at the specific request of customers, a visit to the Island will be included. The shallow waters of the Islands’ bays generally prohibit access by larger vessels.

2.3.2 Conclusion: Priority Considerations for Management

Commercial fishing and diving charter operators identified a number of changes in the industry over the past few decades, as summarised in Table 5 The main concerns among local operators for the future was ongoing restrictions on locations visited and increasing licensing costs associated with charter boat visits to the Island. Some concern was also expressed over the decline in fish stocks which were forcing fishing charter operators to travel greater distances offshore.


Table 5 Observed Changes to Charter Fishing and Diving Activities and Perceived

Local Impacts

Observed Changes Perceived Impacts

Creation of marine reserves around the Island and introduction of access fees

• Increasing cost of charter trips • Use of areas further from the Island • Increased financial pressure on smaller

operators

Changes in water currents around the Island • Increase in the diversity of fish species,

particularly tropical fish

Decline in the number of certain fish species

• Customers travelling to other areas of the State for fishing charter trips

• Need for operators to travel further offshore or along the coastline


2.4 Surfing and Recreational Boat Use

Surfing and body boarding are very popular recreational activities around Rottnest Island. The proximity and ease of access to these locations is a major advantage to surfers and board riders. Some of the most popular surfing breaks around the Island include Strickland Bay, Salmon Bay and Stark Bay. There are also a number of reefs fringing the coastline including Radar Reef, Cathedral Rocks and Chicken Reef where surfers can often be seen. Due to the westerly location of the Island, swells off Rottnest are larger than off the metropolitan coast. Throughout the year, various surfing and body boarding competitions are held regularly around the Island.

The close proximity of Rottnest to the Perth coast allows access by private boats and yachts. Public offshore and beach moorings as well as jetty pens are available at various bays around Rottnest. Figure 13 illustrates the location of moorings around the Island. Management of moorings is the responsibility of the Rottnest Island Authority marine division, with two types of moorings available; 93 for rental and 831 licensed moorings (Rottnest Island Authority, 2008).

There are currently four jetties located around the Island. The largest is located in Thomson’s Bay and is used by commercial ferry operators and for the delivery of goods to the Island. The remaining jetties are available for use by private boat operators and are located in Thomson Bay (north), Geordie Bay and Nancy Cove.

Throughout the year, various public events take place at Rottnest. These contribute significantly to recreational boating traffic around the Island. One example is the Rottnest Channel Swim, an annual event attracting hundreds of spectators in private vessels. The number of boats around the Island during events such as these increases substantially.

Plate 3 Surfers


Figure 13 Location of Moorings around Rottnest Island

(Source: Rottnest Island Authority, 2002)


2.5 Ports, Shipping, Mining and Defence

While there is no port located on Rottnest Island, the Island is in close proximity to Fremantle Port, which services the Perth metropolitan area. Fremantle Port is situated 18 kilometres east of Rottnest Island. In 2007, the port handled 83 per cent (by value) of the State's sea imports and 25 per cent of exports (Fremantle Port Authority, 2007). Table 6 and Table 7 show the tonnage of import and export commodities through Fremantle from 2003 to 2007. The type of trade undertaken has changed over time, with an increase in containerised transport. Since 1990, container trade has increased by approximately 9.4 per cent each year (Fremantle Port Authority, 2007). Shipping traffic bypassing Rottnest Island can be estimated using AUSTRAL positional data. Figure 14 illustrates the location of shipping activity to and from Fremantle Port.

Table 6 Major Import Commodities (Tonnes), Fremantle Port 2007

Product Tonnes Per Year 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06* 2006/07

Petroleum Crude 5,439,645 5,011,212 4,133,000 5,222,613 Petroleum Refined 739,357 761,732 1,335,000 689,585 Cement Clinker 350,231 483,222 542,000 644,642 Caustic Soda 774,367 525,182 770,000 637,008 Phosphates/Fertilisers 627,857 794,691 619,000 619,123 Iron and Steel Products 260,520 311,066 360,000 359,030 Sulphur 499,874 348,213 323,000 332,352 Chemicals and Related Products 314,573 284,343 266,000 288,018 Bricks, Tiles and Pavers 143,008 109,974 124,000 252,915 Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles

- 57,000 70,000 188,836

Iron Ore - 130,376 135,000 165,392 Motor Vehicles 91,791 100,928 128,000 160,642 Machinery - Agricultural, Industrial

126,637 144,059 149,000 155,877

Paper, Paperboard 130,428 150,000 121,000 152,706 Manufactures of Metal 134,397 101,000 91,000 143,819 Vehicles – Industrial and Agricultural

- 86,000 86,000 112,007

Urea Ammonium Nitrate (UAN) - 127,641 161,000 105,622 Plastic Wares and Other Manufacturers

- 58,000 77,000 104,005

(Source: Fremantle Port Authority, 2007)

Note: *Figures have been rounded.


Table 7 Major Export Commodities (Tonnes), Fremantle Port 2007

Product Tonnes Per Year 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06* 2006/07 Grain (includes Wheat, Lupins, Barley, Oats and Canola Seed)

5,031,921 5,299,987 5,469,000 4,061,069

Alumina 2,814,169 2,693,477 2,949,000 2,813,148 Refined Petroleum 2,578,737 2,654,699 2,194,000 2,670,795 Animal Feeds 406,109 427,465 499,000 457,732 Metal Scrap 217,854 244,341 314,000 324,244 Malt 127,143 140,124 124,000 233,688 Titanium Dioxide 168,180 176,892 178,000 176,149 Sheep 129,385 136,772 165,000 157,436 Waste Paper 111,196 111,000 152,860 Nickel Matte and Concentrates 38,000 56,000 129,485 Mineral Sands 304,357 202,261 111,000 122,430 Chemicals and Related Products 101,674 89,000 72,000 11,103 Fresh meat - Chilled or Frozen 105,488 111,752 100,000 103,841 Fresh Fruit and Vegetables 127,595 109,730 107,000 99,578

(Source: Fremantle Port Authority, 2007) Note: *Figures have been rounded.

Figure 14 Shipping Movements around Rottnest Island

(Source: Australian Maritime Safety Authority, 2004)

The transfer of freight and commodities past Rottnest Island has the potential to impact the marine environment. Some of the potential impacts from shipping activity in the area include:


� The introduction of pests through translocation in billage water � Spillages of chemicals and other pollutants � The impacts of dredging and infrastructure development on beach and dune

systems, reefs and seagrass (Gardner et al., 2006)

With respect to mining and petroleum exploration, Rottnest Island lies on the Perth Basin. Historically, there has been little exploration activity in the basin but with the discovery of oil at Cliff Head in 2001, there has been renewed interest in the potential of the area. Figure 15 illustrates exploration permits and wells around Rottnest Island.

Figure 15 Offshore Petroleum Exploration, Perth Basin

(Source: Department of Industry and Resources, 2008)

One of Australia’s largest Navy bases is located to the south of Rottnest Island. Situated on Garden Island, a range of maritime defence activities are undertaken along the coast and in the immediate area. Training exercises, transit of naval vessels, ship building and repairs, hydrographic and survey work, surveillance and enforcement, and search and rescue operations are all part of naval activities in the area (Gardner et al., 2006). Training activities occur within 6km of Rottnest Island in the Stirling training zone. Gunnery and military flying occurs within the Stirling zone, while explosive demolition activities are conducted on Garden Island (Australian Hydrographic Service, 2006).


2.6 Conservation, Aesthetic and Historic Values

2.6.1 Conservation and Environmental Values

Due to the proximity of Rottnest to Perth, there is a high level of public interaction between people and the natural environment. Often school and community groups are involved in volunteer conservation projects around the Island. The endemic Quokka population (which live on the Island) have become somewhat iconic of the area and are a major drawcard for international tourists. As a result, the need for their protection is widely recognised by the community. One local recreational fisher commented that the interaction between the public and the Island’s natural environment, through various recreational activities, promoted a conservation ethic. They underlined the need to maintain activities such as recreational fishing on the Island in order to continue nurturing the personal relationship people have developed with the Island over time, which, in turn, would act to promote and uphold conservation values among marine users.

The Rottnest Island Authority has a number of programs in place to support the conservation and aesthetic values of the Island. Throughout the year short courses and programs are conducted aimed at educating the public on the unique marine and terrestrial environments of the Island and management arrangements (Rottnest Island Authority, 2008). The courses are aimed at a wide audience, from primary and secondary school children to community groups, teachers and members of the public. One of the major underlying purposes of these education programs is to teach the public appropriate behaviour for interaction with the natural environment during their stay on the Island. The annual Teachers Expo Seaweek is an interactive event aimed at providing teachers, community leaders and members of the public with the necessary skills and knowledge to effectively teach marine conservation education (Rottnest Island Authority, 2008).

Historical tours are also held on Rottnest Island, and are a major attraction for visitors. These tours focus on the significance of historical activities on the Island following European settlement. Further adding to the historical significance of Rottnest Island are the 13 shipwrecks in the waters around the Island. Two main legislative acts are in place to protect the wrecks, including the Commonwealth Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976 and State Maritime Archaeology Act 1973.

2.6.2 Planning and Policy Strategies

The Rottnest Island Authority has statutory responsibility for Rottnest Island under the Rottnest Island Authority Act 1987. This Act is the key legislation governing development on the Island, and includes a series of additional guidelines governing aspects of development such as sustainability, building design and colour schemes. The Rottnest Island Authority is responsible for aspects of the Island’s management including visitor services, island facilities, and conservation of the natural environment and heritage sites (Rottnest Island Authority, 2008).

Amended in May 2007, the Rottnest Island Management Plan 2003-2008 is the document governing all activities on the Island. Various State government bodies also maintain an active role in the management of different aspects on the Island. These organisations include:


� Department of Planning and Infrastructure � Department of Health � Department of Environment and Conservation � Department of Fisheries � Department of Indigenous Affairs � Department of Water � Department of Industry and Resources � Western Australian Tourism Commission � Western Australian Museum � Heritage Council of Western Australia

In addition to the Rottnest Island Authority Act 1987 and associated development guidelines, there are a number of State policies and strategies that regulate development on the Island. These policies, which restrict the extent of urban development to ensure the ecological and social values of an area are maintained, include:

� State Coastal Planning Statement of Policy 2.6 � Coastal Zones Management Policy for Western Australia

Any development on the Island must also comply with other relevant State legislation where appropriate, for example, legislation governing the protection of heritage or Indigenous sites in Western Australia. The management of marine resources around the Island is the responsibility of the Department of Fisheries, Department of Planning and Infrastructure, and Department of Environment and Conservation and is subject to the relevant legislation of these authorities.

2.6.3 Marine Reserves

Rottnest Island is a designated A-Class nature reserve, administered under the Land Administration Act 1997. The waters around the Island are also classed as a marine reserve, and are divided into general use waters, recreation zones and sanctuary zones. Three new sanctuary zones were implemented around the Island in July 2007, with the two existing sanctuary zones also extended at this time. The current sanctuary areas around the Island are:

� Kingston Reef � Parker Point � Green Island � West End Demersal zone � Armstrong Bay


3 Conclusion

Over the past four decades, the nature of human uses around Rottnest Island has changed in scale and significance. The close proximity of the Island to metropolitan Perth has resulted in Western Australians having a highly personalised relationship with the Island because many people regularly visit on day trips or stay overnight.

Based on the interviews with long-term users of the marine environment in the area, Table 8 summaries the main human uses and the changes that were observed over time.

Table 8 Major Human Uses and the Observed Changes over Time

Human Use Observed Changes

Commercial fishing

• Decline in the number of commercial fishers

• Increase in the mobility of the fishing fleet and fishing in areas further offshore

Recreational Fishing

• Significant increase in the number of boat based fishers around the Island

• Increase in the popularity of catch and release fishing

• Decrease in fishing club membership and activities around the Island

Fishing Charters, Diving and Eco-tourism

• Development of the charter industry over time, with a recent reduction in the number of charter companies due to increasing operating costs and competition

• Overall increase in the number of people participating in charter activities

• Greater restrictions on the areas charter operators can go around the Island

Surfing and Recreational Boat Use • Increase in recreational boating and yachting

around the Island, particularly seasonally and during special events

Ports, Shipping, Mining and Defence

• Increase in shipping traffic over the past 40 years, greater containerised trade in the past decade

• Renewed interest in petroleum potential of the Perth Basin

Conservation and Aesthetic Values

• Increased recognition of the heritage value of the Island, introduction of education programs

• Creation and extension of marine sanctuary areas


Along with changes in the nature of human uses around Rottnest Island, certain changes in the marine environment were also observed. These are summarised in Table 9

Table 9 Observed Environmental Changes and their Perceived Causes

Observed Changes Perceived Causes

Decline in the number of certain fish and shark species

• Increase in commercial and recreational fishing pressure along the metropolitan coast

• Continuing impact from limited regulation of certain commercial fisheries in the past

Decline in the spatial distribution of sea grass

• Increase in the pollution from the metropolitan population

• Increase in pollution from coastal based industrial, shipping and manufacturing industries

Creation of reserves and protected areas around the Island

• Response to increased use of certain areas around the Island and potential future decline in condition of natural habitat

Increase in the number of certain fish, shark and marine species

• Cyclical climate patterns • Regeneration of fish stocks after the

closure of certain areas to recreational and commercial fishing

• Reduction of natural predators through fishing


4 References

Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996, Australian Population and Housing Census 1996, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra. Available online at http://abs.gov.au

Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2001, Australian Population and Housing Census 2001, Australian Bureau

of Statistics, Canberra. Available online at http://abs.gov.au Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006, Australian Population and Housing Census 2006, Australian Bureau

of Statistics, Canberra. Available online at http://abs.gov.au Australian Marine Safety Authority, 2004, Australian Shipping Reporting Records for 2001-2004,

Australian Marine Safety Authority, Canberra. Department of Fisheries, 2006, State of the fisheries report 2005/2006, Department of Fisheries, Perth.

Available online at http://fish.wa.gov.au Department of Indigenous Affairs, 2006, Register of Aboriginal Sites, Department of Indigenous Affairs,

Perth. Department of Industry and Resources, 2008, GeoView, Department of Industry and Resources, Perth.

Available online at www.doir.wa.gov.au Environmental Protection Authority (2007), State of the Environment Report Western Australia 2007,

Environmental Protection Authority, Perth, Available: www.soe.wa.gov.au/report Fremantle Ports, 2007, Annual Report 2007, Fremantle Ports. Available online at

http://www.fremantleports.com.au/ Gardner, S., Tonts, M. and Elrick, C, 2006, A Socio-Economic Analysis and Description of the Marine

Industries of Australia’s South-West Marine Region, Report prepared for the National Oceans Office, Department of Environment and Heritage, Canberra.

Rottnest Island Authority, 2008, Rottnest Island Authority Annual Report 2006/07, Government of Western

Australia, Perth. Available online at http://www.rottnestisland.com/en/default.htm

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