appendix 3 – paper

Environmental benefi ts of recycling

Appendix 3 – Paper

Packaging paper and board,newsprint, liquid paper boardand offi ce paper

Disclaimer

The Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW has made all reasonable eff orts to ensure that the contents of this document are free from factual error. However, the DECCW shall not be liable for any damage or loss, which may occur in relation to any person taking action or not on the basis of this document.

Published by

Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW59–61 Goulburn StreetPO Box A290Sydney South 1232Ph: (02) 9995 5000 (switchboard)Ph: 131 555 (environment information and publications requests)Ph: 1300 361 967 (national parks information and publications requests)Fax: (02) 9995 5999TTY: (02) 9211 4723Email: [email protected]: www.environment.nsw.gov.au

DECCW 2010/58 ISBN 978 1 74232 530 9June 2010© Copyright Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW June 2010

The Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW is pleased to allow this material to be reproduced in whole or in part, provided the meaning is unchanged and its source, publisher and authorship are acknowledged.

The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 3

Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 1

Table of Contents Understanding network diagrams ............................................................................................... 5 Packaging paper and board ......................................................................................................... 6 Process description...................................................................................................................... 6 A) Kerbside collection system..................................................................................................... 7

Processes considered............................................................................................................ 7 Results................................................................................................................................... 8 Key assumptions ................................................................................................................... 8 Data quality table and comment........................................................................................... 10

B) C&I and C&D collection system ........................................................................................... 10 Processes considered.......................................................................................................... 10 Results................................................................................................................................. 10 Data Quality table and comment .......................................................................................... 12

References .................................................................................................................................. 13 Network diagrams — Kerbside collection ...................................................................................... 14 Network diagrams — C&I and C&D collection............................................................................... 18 Newsprint .................................................................................................................................... 22 Process description.................................................................................................................... 22 A) Kerbside collection system................................................................................................... 23

Processes considered.......................................................................................................... 23 Results................................................................................................................................. 24 Key assumptions ................................................................................................................. 24 Data Quality table and comment .......................................................................................... 26

B) C&I and C&D collection system ........................................................................................... 26 Processes considered.......................................................................................................... 26 Results................................................................................................................................. 26 Key assumptions ................................................................................................................. 27 Data Quality table and comment .......................................................................................... 28

References .................................................................................................................................. 29 Network diagrams — Kerbside collection ...................................................................................... 30 Network diagrams — C&I and C&D collection............................................................................... 34 Liquid paper board ..................................................................................................................... 38 Process description.................................................................................................................... 38

Collection system................................................................................................................. 39 Results................................................................................................................................. 39 Key assumptions ................................................................................................................. 40 Data quality table and comment........................................................................................... 42

References .................................................................................................................................. 42 Network diagrams — Kerbside collection ...................................................................................... 43 Office paper................................................................................................................................. 47 Process description.................................................................................................................... 47 A) Kerbside collection system................................................................................................... 48

Processes considered.......................................................................................................... 48 Results................................................................................................................................. 48 Key assumptions ................................................................................................................. 48 Data Quality table and comment .......................................................................................... 50

B) C&I and C&D collection system ........................................................................................... 50 Processes considered.......................................................................................................... 50



Results................................................................................................................................. 50 Key assumptions ................................................................................................................. 51 Data quality table and comment........................................................................................... 52

References .................................................................................................................................. 53 Network diagrams — Kerbside collection ...................................................................................... 54 Network diagrams — C&I and C&D collection............................................................................... 58

List of tables and figures Figure 1: Sample network diagram. ............................................................................................. 5 Figure 2: Processes considered in determining the net impacts of the recycling process

from kerbside and CI&CD sources................................................................................ 7 Table 1: Benefits and impacts of recycling of paper and board from kerbside sources

(per tonne). Benefits are shown negative, impacts are shown positive.......................... 8 Table 3: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and landfilling of

paper and board, kerbside source............................................................................... 10 Table 5: Inventory for recycling 1 tonne of paper and board from C&I and C&D source............ 12 Table 6: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and land filling of

paper and board from C&I and C&D source (1 tonne)................................................. 13 Figure 3: Recycling process network diagram — Green house gases indicator ............................ 14 Figure 4: Recycling process network diagram — Cumulative energy demand indicator............. 15 Figure 5: Recycling process network diagram — Water indicator .............................................. 16 Figure 6: Recycling process network diagram — Solid waste indicator...................................... 17 Figure 7: Recycling process network diagram — Green house gases indicator ......................... 18 Figure 8: Recycling process network diagram — Cumulative energy demand indicator............. 19 Figure 9: Recycling process network diagram — Water indicator .............................................. 20 Figure 10: Recycling process network diagram — Solid waste indicator. ..................................... 21 Figure 11: Processes considered in determining the net impacts of the recycling process

from kerbside and C&I and C&D sources.................................................................... 23 Table 7: Benefits and impacts of recycling newsprint from kerbside sources (per tonne).......... 24 Table 8: Inventory for recycling 1 tonne of newsprint from a kerbside source ........................... 25 Table 9: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and landfilling of

newsprint, kerbside source ......................................................................................... 26 Table 10: Benefits and impacts of recycling newsprint from C&I and C&D sources

(per tonne) .................................................................................................................. 27 Table 11: Inventory for recycling 1 tonne of newsprint from C&I and C&D source ...................... 28 Table 12: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and landfilling of

newsprint from C&I and C&D source (1 tonne) ........................................................... 29 Figure 12: Recycling process network diagram — Green house gases indicator ......................... 30 Figure 13: Recycling process network diagram — Cumulative energy demand indicator............. 31 Figure 14: Recycling process network diagram – Water indicator. ............................................... 32 Figure 15: Recycling process network diagram — Solid waste indicator...................................... 33 Figure 16: Recycling process network diagram — Green house gases indicator ......................... 34 Figure 17: Recycling process network diagram — Cumulative energy demand indicator............. 35 Figure 18: Recycling process network diagram — Water indicator .............................................. 36 Figure 19: Recycling process network diagram — Solid waste indicator...................................... 37



Figure 20: Processes considered in determining the net impacts of the recycling process from kerbside. ............................................................................................................. 39

Table 13: Benefits and impacts of recycling and landfill of liquid paper board from a kerbside source (per tonne) ........................................................................................ 40

Table 14: Inventory for recycling 1 tonne of liquid paper board from a kerbside source .............. 41 Table 15: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and landfilling of

liquid paper board, kerbside source ............................................................................ 42 Figure 21: Recycling process network diagram — Green house gases indicator ......................... 43 Figure 22: Recycling process network diagram — Cumulative energy demand indicator............. 44 Figure 23: Recycling process network diagram — Water indicator .............................................. 45 Figure 24: Recycling process network diagram — Solid waste indicator...................................... 46 Figure 25: Processes considered in determining the net impacts of the recycling process

from kerbside and CI&CD sources.............................................................................. 47 Table 17: Inventory for recycling 1 tonne of office paper from a kerbside source (1 tonne)......... 49 Table 18: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and landfilling of

office paper, kerbside source ...................................................................................... 50 Table 19: Benefits and impacts of recycling and landfill of office paper from C&I and C&D

sources (per tonne)..................................................................................................... 51 Table 20: Inventory for recycling 1 tonne of office paper from C&I and C&D source ................... 52 Table 21: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and land filling of

office paper from C&I and C&D source (1 tonne) ........................................................ 53 Figure 26: Recycling process network diagram — Green house gases indicator ......................... 54 Figure 27: Recycling process network diagram — Cumulative energy demand indicator............. 55 Figure 28: Recycling process network diagram — Water indicator. ............................................. 56 Figure 29: Recycling process network diagram — Solid waste indicator...................................... 57 Figure 30: Recycling process network diagram — Green house gases indicator ......................... 58 Figure 31: Recycling process network diagram — Cumulative energy demand indicator............. 59 Figure 32: Recycling process network diagram — Water indicator .............................................. 60 Figure 33: Recycling process network diagram — Solid waste indicator. ..................................... 61



0.97 MJAdditional ref inery

processing

0.0834

0.189 MJAustralian av erageelectricity m ix, high

0.0514

0.00136 m 3Petrol, unleaded,

2001-02 AU, -

0.459

0.000516 m 3Crude oil, 2001-02

AU, - energy

0.0741

0.000765 m 3Crude oil, 2001-02

AU, - energy

0.139

0.189 MJElectricity , high

v oltage, Australianav erage 2001-02

0.0514

0.0423 kgF laring - oil & gas

production 2001-02

0.0525

2.53 MJOil & gas production

2001-02 AU, -energy allocation

0.187

6.88 tkmOperation,

transoceanic oil

0.0317

0.00136 m 3Petrol, prem ium

unleaded, 2001-02

0.542

1 kgPetrol, prem ium

unleaded, at

0.544

6.88 tkmShipping, oil

transport

0.0317

Process flow Process name

Cumulative indicator value (kg CO2-eq)

Arrow thickness represents indicator value

Understanding network diagrams This appendix presents the data sources and assumptions used in modelling the life cycle stages. Most of the data is contained and modelled in LCA software and consists of hundreds of individual unit process processes. To help provide transparency on the inventories used for the background processes, process network diagrams are presented.

To interpret the process network, start at the top of the tree representing the functional output of the process (e.g. petrol premium unleaded, shown in Figure 1). The amount and unit of the process is shown in the upper number in the unit process box (1kg). The lower number (in the bottom left hand corner) represents an indicator value which, in this case, is set to show cumulative greenhouse gas contributions in kilograms of equivalent carbon dioxide (CO2 eq). The arrow thickness represents the indicator value (the thicker the arrow the more impact that process is contributing). Note that minor processes may not be physically shown in the process network if the indicator value falls below a specific cut-off level, though their contribution to the overall functional unit (the top box in the diagram) is still included. The network diagram may also be truncated at the bottom to improve readability of the networks. Finally, some diagrams may not show the process flows for confidentiality reasons.

Some network diagrams will include green process flow arrows. These arrows represent beneficial flows (negative impacts) and are common when viewing recycling processes. In recycling processes, negative cumulative indicator values (lower left hand corner) will typically be associated with avoided processes, such as avoided primary material production and avoided landfill.

Figure 1: Sample network diagram.



Packaging paper and board

Process description Corrugated board and packaging papers are generally recycled back into corrugated boards and papers by Visy Recycling and Amcor. The process involves sorting waste paper and board into basic commodity grades. These are then mixed with water to create a wet pulp, which is then screened through a series of turbo-separators to remove impurities. The pulp is then pumped at high speeds across a series of moving mesh filters (paper former), which drains the bulk of the water out of the pulp. A series of presses and heated dryers subsequently removes excess moisture from the fibre to form a single, continuous sheet of paper. In its final stage, the 100 per cent recycled paper is wound onto a jumbo reel. Paper is then rewound into smaller, more manageable paper reels for customer use. The avoided product is unbleached Kraft pulp (Grant, 2001a).

Two collection systems for waste paper and board were considered in the model: A) Kerbside collection — municipal collection from households, and processing through a

Materials Recovery Facility B) C&I, C&D collection — direct transfer of segregated waste from point of waste generation

to a reprocessing facility

The unique nature of each collection system drives differences in the impacts associated with paper and board recycling. For this reason the recycling processes considered and impacts generated have been described separately in the following sections, according to the collection method used.

Figure 2 illustrates the processes considered in determining the overall impact of paper and board recycling from kerbside and C&I and C&D sources (shown to the left of the vertical line), and the processes considered in determining the overall impact of the avoided processes (shown to the right of the vertical line).



Figure 2: Processes considered in determining the net impacts of the recycling process from kerbside and CI&CD sources.

Waste collection and transport to

MRF

MRF

Transport to reprocessor

Reprocessing paper & board into

recycled paper

Transport of waste from sorting to

landfill

Collection and transport of waste

to landfill

Treatment of waste in landfill


Primary production of

unbleached kraft pulp

Recycling process Avoided processes

System Boundary

Modelled for Kerbside sources only


reprocessor

Modelled for CI &CD sources only

A) Kerbside collection system

Processes considered The kerbside collection system involves collection of waste for recycling from the kerbside and transport to a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF), which sorts the commingled materials in the recycling stream. The model developed takes into account transportation impacts as well as sorting impacts incurred to bring the material from the kerbside to the material reprocessing facility. During sorting, waste material is generated and transported to landfill.

Once at the reprocessing facility, the model considers the impacts of material reprocessing required to convert the waste material into secondary products. Losses associated with this process are included in the analysis. The kerbside treatment system is illustrated in Figure 2 (process unique to kerbside collection are shaded accordingly).

In order to determine the benefit or impact of recycling a material, it is also necessary to consider the processes avoided when recycling is undertaken. Figure 2 also illustrates the processes that would be avoided if waste paper and board are reprocessed (shown to the right of the vertical line). Two main processes are considered, the collection and disposal to landfill of waste paper and board from the kerbside, and the primary manufacture of unbleached kraft pulp from virgin resources.



Results Considering both the recycling process flows and the avoided process flows, described in Figure 2, an inventory of environmental flows was developed. This inventory was then assessed using the Australian Impact Assessment Method, with results described in Table 1.

Table 1: Benefits and impacts of recycling of paper and board from kerbside sources (per tonne). Benefits are shown negative, impacts are shown positive.

Collection, sorting and reprocessing

Collection and landfill

Primary material

production

Total avoided impacts

Green house gases t CO20.25 -0.78 -0.07 -0.85 -0.60

Cumulative energy demand GJ LHV 3.34 -2.01 -10.65 -12.66 -9.32Water use kL H2O 4.80 0.26 -30.47 -30.21 -25.41Solid w aste tonnes 0.10 -0.74 0.00 -0.74 -0.64

Net benefits of recycling

Avoided process impacts(Figure 44 - right side)

Impact category Unit

Recycling process impacts

(Figure 44 - left side)

Network diagrams detailing key processes that influence the impact listed in Table 1 are shown in Figure 3 to Figure 6. For further information regarding interpretation of network diagrams, refer to Understanding Network Diagrams (Figure 1).

Key assumptions Table 2 describes the key processes and data sources used to determine the benefits and impacts associated with the collection, recycling and reprocessing of 1 tonne of paper and board. The table also includes the products and processes avoided when 1 tonne of paper and board is recycled.



Table 2: Inventory for recycling 1 tonne of paper and board from a kerbside source (1 tonne)

Item Flow Unit Comment

Recycling process flows (Figure 2 — left hand side) Waste collection and transport to MRF

8.0 m3 Density from Grant (2001a) Transport model for kerbside collection based on collection model developed in Grant (2001b). Emission of the truck from Apelbaum (2001), NGGIC (1997) and other sources.

Sorting of paper and board at Material Recovery Facility (MRF)

8.0 m3 10 per cent of the waste material is lost during sorting at MRF Energy inputs from Nishtala (1997) and estimated from equipment specifications


65 km 65km transport to reprocessor in Sydney metro area. Emissions from transport based on a trucking model developed from data provided by Apelbaum (2001)

Reprocessing paper and board into recycled paper

900 kg Assumption of 25% loss (especially due to fibre losses), so reprocessing 980kg of waste ends up with 735kg of reprocessed paper outputs. Energy requirement to reprocess one tonne of waste paper. Estimate from Grant and James (2005): 0.311 GJ of electricity, 0.23 GJ from coal, 0.685 GJ from natural gas, 0.017 GJ from fuel, 0.17 GJ from steam (cogeneration), and 0.062 MJ from woodwaste consumed for the reprocessing of 1 tonne of waste. Visy environment report 2003/2004 for water, electricity and energy data. Impact from the production of electricity high voltage in Australia based on ESAA, 2003 and other sources. This is the main inventory which is an integrated grid for QLD, NSW, ACT, SA and Victoria.

Transport of waste from sorting to landfill

20 km Emissions from transport based on an articulated truck, 28 tonne load on 30 tonne truck. Trucking model developed from data provided by Apelbaum (2001).


100 kg During the sorting process, 10 per cent of waste assumed to be discarded at MRF, and treated in landfill. Operation to the landfill from a personal communication with S. Middleton, Pacific Waste, NSW, 1998 Methane generated in landfill from NGGIC (2007). Capture of methane assumed to be 36 per cent Hyder (2006), ‘Mid 2020’ scenario.

Avoided process flows (Figure 2 — right hand side) Collection and transport of waste to landfill

8.0 m3 Waste collection avoided by sending material to MRF above. Transport model for kerbside collection based on Grant (2001b); refer appendices for discussion on transport. Emission of the truck from Apelbaum (2001), NGGIC (1997) and other sources.

Landfill of mixed paper

1 tonne Operation to the landfill from a personal communication with S. Middleton, Pacific Waste, NSW, 1998 Methane generated in landfill from NGGIC (2007). Capture of methane assumed to be 36% Hyder (2006), ‘Mid 2020’ scenario.

Unbleached kraft pulp

675 kg For 900kg reprocessed 675kg of paper is produced thereby avoiding 675kg of virgin unbleached kraft pulp production.. Data from IVAM Environmental Research, University of Amsterdam 13.5 MJ of energy from woodwaste, plus the energy necessary to produce the pulp wood supply, consumed for the processing of 1 tonne of unbleached kraft pulp.



Data quality table and comment Table 3 presents a summary of the data quality for the main processes considered. It shows the data sources used; if they are general data or specific to a company; the age of the data; the geographic location that the data were based on; and, the nature of the technology considered.

Table 3: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and landfilling of paper and board, kerbside source

Primary data source Geography Data

Age Technology Representativeness

Recycling collection and transport

Apelbaum consulting group (2001)

Australia 2001 Average Average from all suppliers

Transportation distances

Estimate Sydney 2009 Average Estimate based on simple radial transport model

Reprocessing waste paper

Grant and James (2005), Visy Industries

Australia 2003–2005

Average Mixed data

Avoided unbleached kraft pulp

IVAM Europe 2005 Unspecified Unspecified

Avoided landfill impacts

Grant and James (2005)


Average Mixed data

B) C&I and C&D collection system

Processes considered In the case of the C&I and C&D collection system, it has been assumed that segregated waste collected from such sources is directly sent to the reprocessing site without any further sorting process, or associated losses. The model developed takes into account transportation impacts incurred to bring the material from C&I and C&D sources to the material reprocessing facility.

Once at the reprocessing facility, the model considers the impacts of material reprocessing required to convert the waste material into recycled paper. Losses associated with this process are included in the analysis. The model also illustrates the processes considered in determining the impact of the processes avoided when recycling paper and board from C&I and C&D sources. Three main processes are considered, the collection of waste paper and board and landfill treatment, and the primary manufacture of unbleached kraft pulp from virgin resources. The system is also described in Figure 2 (processes unique to C&I, C&D collection are shown shaded accordingly).




Table 4: Benefits and impacts of recycling of paper and board from C&I and C&D sources (per tonne). Benefits are shown negative, impacts are shown positive.

Collection, sorting and

reprocessing


Primary material

production



Cumulative energy demand GJ LHV 2.37 -1.31 -11.83 -13.14 -10.76Water use kL H2O 5.31 0.27 -33.86 -33.59 -28.28Solid w aste tonnes 0.00 -0.74 0.00 -0.75 -0.74

Avoided process impacts(Figure 44 - right side) Net benefits of

recyclingImpact category Unit




Key assumptions Table 5 describes the key processes and data sources used to determine the benefits and impacts associated with the collection, recycling and reprocessing of 1 tonne of paper and board. The table also includes the products and processes avoided when 1 tonne of paper and board is recycled.



Table 5: Inventory for recycling 1 tonne of paper and board from C&I and C&D source


Recycling process flows (Figure 2 — left hand side) Waste collection

20 km 20km distance estimate based on a simplified transport analysis for Sydney. Refer transport discussion below. Emissions from transport based on a trucking model developed by the Centre for Design, incorporating trucking data from Apelbaum (2001) and other sources. Truck backhaul ratio assumed to be 1:2.


65 km 65km transport to reprocessor in Sydney metro area. Emissions from transport based on a trucking model developed from data provided by Apelbaum (2001)

Reprocessing paper and board into recycled paper

1 tonne Energy requirement to reprocess one tonne of waste paper. Estimate from Grant and James (2005). Energy requirement to reprocess one tonne of waste paper. Estimate from Grant and James (2005): 0.311 GJ of electricity, 0.23 GJ of energy from coal, 0.685 GJ of energy from natural gas, 0.017 GJ of energy from fuel, 0.17 GJ of energy from steam (cogeneration), and 0.062 MJ of energy from woodwaste consumed for the reprocessing of 1 tonne of waste. Visy environment report 2003/2004 for water, electricity and energy data. Impact from the production of electricity high voltage in Australia based on ESAA, 2003 and other sources. This is the main inventory which is an integrated grid for QLD, NSW, ACT, SA and Victoria.


20 km 20km distance estimate based on a simplified transport analysis for Sydney, refer appendices for discussion on transport. Emissions from transport based on a trucking model developed by the Centre for Design, incorporating trucking data from Apelbaum (2001), Truck backhaul ratio assumed to be 1:2.

Landfill of mixed paper

1 tonne Operation to the landfill from a personal communication with S. Middleton, Pacific Waste, NSW, 1998 Methane generated in landfill from NGGIC (2007). Capture of methane assumed to be 36 per cent Hyder (2006), ‘Mid 2020’ scenario.

Unbleached kraft pulp

750 kg 75 per cent fibre recovery in the pulping process (due partly to fibre losses as fibre length decreases) from the 1000 kg reaching paper recycling. 13.5 MJ of energy from woodwaste, plus the energy necessary to produce the pulp wood supply, consumed for the processing of 1 tonne of unbleached kraft pulp. Data from IVAM Environmental Research, University of Amsterdam

Data Quality table and comment Table 6 presents a summary of the data quality for the main processes considered. It shows the data sources used; if they are general data or specific to a company; the age of the data; the geographic location that the data were based on; and, the nature of the technology considered.



Table 6: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and land filling of paper and board from C&I and C&D source (1 tonne)











Average Mixed data






Average Mixed data

References Apelbaum Consulting Group (2001), Australian Transport facts 2001 Tables in Excel Format, Blackburn, Victoria.

Australian Greenhouse Office, Factors and Methods Workbook, December 2001 version 3, Department of Environment and Heritage.

Electricity Supply Association of Australia (2003), Electricity Australia 2003

Grant and James (2005), Life Cycle Impact Data for resource recovery from C&I and C&D waste in Victoria final report, Melbourne, Victoria, Centre for Design at RMIT university (www.cfd.rmit.edu.au)

Grant, T., James, K., Lundie, S., Sonneveld, K., (2001a), Life Cycle Assessment for Paper and Packaging Waste Management Scenarios in Victoria, EcoRecycle, Melbourne

Grant, T., James, K.L., Lundie, S., Sonneveld, K., Beavis, P. (2001b), Report for Life Cycle Assessment for Paper and Packaging Waste Management Scenarios in New South Wales, NSW Environment Protection Authority, Sydney

Hyder Consulting Group, (2007), Review of Methane recovery and flaring from landfills, Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of Environment and Water Resources

IVAM 4.0 Database (2004), IVAM Environmental Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands, from www.ivam.nl/index.php?id=164&L=1

National Greenhouse Gas Inventory (2002 through 2006), Department of Climate Change, Canberra

National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Committee (2007), Australian Methodology for the Estimation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks 2006 – Waste, Environment Australia, Canberra Australia

Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories. (2004). "EcoInvent Database version 1.01." from http://www.ecoinvent.ch/en/index.htm.

The Visy Report (2003 and 2004), NPC, Environment and Community, Data Tables (Australia and NZ), Visy Industries.

U.S Greenhouse Gas Emissions and sinks inventory (2006), United States Environmental Protection Agency, http://www.epa.gov/methane/sources.html

Wang, F. (1996). Solid Waste Integrated Management Model. PhD Thesis in the Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering. Melbourne, RMIT.



Network diagrams — Kerbside collection

Figure 3: Recycling process network diagram — Green house gases indicator. Processes contributing less than 3 per cent to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded. �

205 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�

v oltage , Australian

�

av erage /AU U

�

0. 0557 t CO 2 e

�

- 733 kg

�

Carbon

�

Sequestration

�

( landf ill )/ AU U

�

0. 733 t CO 2e

�

630 MJ

�

Credit f or electricity

�

production / AU U

�

0. 172 t CO 2e

�

835 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�


�

av erage ,

�

0. 227 t CO 2e

�

266 MJ

�

Electrictiy black coal

�

NSW , sent out /AU U

�

0. 0724 t CO 2 e

�

196 MJ

�


�

QLD , sent out / AU U

�

0. 0521 t CO 2 e

�

212 MJ

�

Electricity brown coal

�

Victoria , sent out /AU

�

U

�

0. 0776 t CO 2 e

�

- 48 kg

�

Methane Com bustion

�

f rom landf ill /AU U

�

0. 157 t CO 2e

�

280 MJ

�

Av erage electricity

�

to pulp and paper

�

production / AU U

�

0. 0762 t CO 2 e

�

900 kg

�

Reprocessing waste

�

paper , f or linerboard

�

production , 2005 / AU

�

0. 152 t CO 2e

�

8 m 3

�

Paper Coll &Tran

�

( Sy d Met )/ AU U

�

0. 0735 t CO 2 e

�

-5 .55 m 3

�

Garbage Coll &Tran

�

( Sy d Met )/ AU U

�

-0 .0543 t CO 2e

�

- 133 kg

�

Methane generated in

�

landf ill -EEBR 2008

�

-1 .46 t CO 2e

�

- 85 .3 kg

�

Methane not capt .

�

but under

�

cap -EEBR 2008

�

-1 .61 t CO 2e

�

- 700 kg

�

Landf ill of

�

Newspaper -NGA / EP

�

A- EEBR2008

�

-0 .539 t CO 2 e

�

- 170 kg

�

Landf ill of

�

CoccugatedBoard -N

�

GA /EPA- EEBR2008

�

-0 .137 t CO 2 e

�

- 100 kg

�

Landf ill of

�

CoatedPaper - NGA /E

�

PA-EEBR 2008

�

-0 .0805 t CO 2e

�

1E3 kg

�

Paper & board ( Kerb )

�

- Collect & reprocess

�

0. 247 t CO 2e

�

1E3 kg

�


�

- Net benef it of

�

recy cling

�

-0 .603 t CO 2 e

�

- 675 kg

�

Prim ary production

�

of unbleached kraf t

�

pulp

�

-0 .0693 t CO 2e

�

-1 E3 kg

�

Landf ill of Paper &

�

Board f rom kerbside

�

-0 .781 t CO 2 e

�

-1 E3 kg

�


�


�

-0 .781 t CO 2 e



Figure 4: Recycling process network diagram — Cumulative energy demand indicator. Processes contributing less than 5 per cent to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded �

205 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�


�

av erage / AU U

�

0 .583 GJ LHV

�

-118 kg

�

Biogas f rom

�

landf ill /AU U

�

- 2. 95 GJ LHV

�

33 . 4 kg

�

Black coal , NSW /AU

�

U

�

0 .726 GJ LHV

�

83 . 5 kg

�

Brown coal ,

�

Victoria / AU U

�

0. 677 GJ LHV

�

- 2. 78 E3 s

�

Collecting

�

Garbage /AU U

�

- 0. 563 GJ LHV

�

2 .88 E3 s

�

Collecting Paper / AU

�

U

�

0 .584 GJ LHV

�

630 MJ

�


�

production / AU U

�

1 .79 GJ LHV

�

835 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�


�

av erage ,

�

2 .38 GJ LHV

�

266 MJ

�


�

NSW , sent out / AU U

�

0 .729 GJ LHV

�

212 MJ

�


�

Victoria , sent out /AU

�

U

�

0. 678 GJ LHV

�

- 837 MJ

�

Electrictiy landf ill

�

gas , sent out /AU U

�

- 2. 96 GJ LHV

�

595 MJ

�

Energy , f rom natural

�

gas / AU U

�

0. 612 GJ LHV

�

27 . 9 m 3

�

Natural gas ,

�

processed / AU U

�

1. 14 GJ LHV

�

-48 kg

�

Methane Com bustion

�

f rom landf ill / AU U

�

- 1. 18 GJ LHV

�

21 . 4 kg

�

Natural gas , high

�

pressure / AU U

�

1. 14 GJ LHV

�

27 . 9 m 3

�

Natural gas , high

�

pressure / AU U

�

1. 14 GJ LHV

�

- 1. 35 E3 kg

�

Pulp wood supply ,

�

av erage AU , m ass

�

allocation /AU U

�

-1 .28 GJ LHV

�

-284 kg

�

Wood Chips - Pine ,

�

m ass allocation ,

�

u =55 %/ AU U

�

-1 .23 GJ LHV

�

280 MJ

�

Av erage electricity

�

to pulp and paper

�

production / AU U

�

0 .797 GJ LHV

�

-9 .15 E3 MJ

�

Energy , f rom

�

woodwaste and black

�

liquors , based on

�

- 9. 15 GJ LHV

�

900 kg

�

Reprocessing waste

�


�

production , 2005 / AU

�

2 .02 GJ LHV

�

- 850 MJ

�

Energy , f rom wood

�

waste , low population

�

area /AU U

�

-0 .85 GJ LHV

�

8 m 3

�

Paper Coll &Tran

�

(Sy d Met )/ AU U

�

1 .05 GJ LHV

�

- 5. 55 m 3

�

Garbage Coll &Tran

�

(Sy d Met )/ AU U

�

- 0. 778 GJ LHV

�

-133 kg

�


�

landf ill - EEBR2008

�

- 1. 18 GJ LHV

�

-700 kg

�

Landf ill of

�

Newspaper - NGA /EP

�

A-EEBR 2008

�

- 1. 31 GJ LHV

�

1 E3 kg

�

Paper & board (Kerb )

�


�

3 .34 GJ LHV

�

1 E3 kg

�


�

- Net benef it of

�

- 9. 32 GJ LHV

�

-675 kg

�

Prim ary production

�


�

pulp

�

-10 . 6 GJ LHV

�

- 1E3 kg

�


�


�

- 2. 01 GJ LHV

�

- 1E3 kg

�


�


�

- 2. 01 GJ LHV

The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 3 December 2009


Figure 5: Recycling process network diagram — Water indicator. Processes contributing less than 1 per cent to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded. �

205 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�


�

av erage /AU U

�

0. 0879 kL H 2 O

�

835 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�


�

av erage ,

�

0. 358 kL H 2O

�

- 11 .3 kg

�

Sodium sulphate /AU

�

U

�

-0 .00109 kL H 2 O

�

4. 63 E3 kg

�

Water -

�

reticulated /AU U

�

4 .63 kL H 2O

�

694 kg

�

Water - reticulated

�

QLD / AU U

�

0 .694 kL H 2 O

�

463 kg

�

Water - reticulated

�

SA/AU U

�

0 .463 kL H 2 O

�

1. 62 E3 kg

�

Water - reticulated

�

Sy dney / AU U

�

1 .62 kL H 2O

�

1. 16 E3 kg

�

Water - reticulated

�

Vic/ AU U

�

1 .16 kL H 2O

�

694 kg

�

Water - reticulated

�

WA /AU U

�

0 .695 kL H 2 O

�

900 kg

�

Reprocessing waste

�


�

4 .78 kL H 2O

�

1 E3 kg

�


�


�

4 .8 kL H 2 O

�

1 E3 kg

�


�

- Net benef it of

�

- 25 .4 kL H 2 O

�

-675 kg

�

Prim ary production

�


�

-30 . 5 kL H 2O



Figure 6: Recycling process network diagram — Solid waste indicator. Processes contributing less than 1 per cent to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded. �

205 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�


�

0. 00221 tonnes

�

835 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�


�

av erage ,

�

0. 00901 tonnes

�

266 MJ

�


�


�

0. 00461 tonnes

�

12 . 8 kg

�

F ly ash

�

processing // AU U

�

0. 00767 tonnes

�

- 700 kg

�

Landf ill of

�

Newspaper -NGA / EP

�

A- EEBR2008

�

-0 .52 tonnes

�

-170 kg

�

Landf ill of

�

CoccugatedBoard - N

�

GA/ EPA-EEBR 2008

�

- 0. 126 tonnes

�

- 30 kg

�

Landf ill of

�

Of f icePaper - NGA /E

�

PA-EEBR 2008

�

-0 .0223 tonnes

�

-100 kg

�

Landf ill of

�

CoatedPaper - NGA /E

�

PA-EEBR 2008

�

-0 .0743 tonnes

�

1E3 kg

�


�


�

0. 105 tonnes

�

1 E3 kg

�


�

- Net benef it of

�

- 0. 64 tonnes

�

- 1E3 kg

�


�


�

- 0. 743 tonnes

�

- 1E3 kg

�


�


�

- 0. 743 tonnes

�

100 kg

�

Landf ill inert waste

�

0. 1 tonnes



Network diagrams — C&I and C&D collection

Figure 7: Recycling process network diagram — Green house gases indicator. Processes contributing less than 3 per cent to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded.

�

200 MJ

�

Electric ity , high

�

voltage , Australian

�

average/AU U

�

0.0545 t CO 2e

�

-733 kg

�

Carbon Sequestration

�

(landf ill)/AU U

�

0.733 t CO 2e

�

630 MJ

�

Credit for electric ity

�

production /AU U

�

0.172 t CO 2e

�

830 MJ

�

Electric ity , high

�


�

average,

�

0.226 t CO 2e

�

261 MJ

�


�


�

0.0708 t CO 2e

�

192 MJ

�


�

QLD, sent out /AU U

�

0.0511 t CO 2e

�

207 MJ

�

Electric ity brow n coal

�

V ictoria, sent out /AU

�

U

�

0.076 t CO 2e

�

-48 kg

�

Methane Combustion

�


�

0.157 t CO 2e

�

311 MJ

�

Average electric ity to

�

pulp and paper

�

production/AU U

�

0.0847 t CO 2e

�

1E3 kg

�

Reprocessing w aste

�

paper, for linerboard

�

production, 2005/AU

�

0.169 t CO 2e

�

-133 kg

�


�

landf ill-EEBR2008

�

-1.46 t CO 2e

�

-85.3 kg

�

Methane not capt . but

�

under cap -EEBR2008

�

-1.61 t CO 2e

�

1E3 kg

�

Paper & board (CI &

�

CD) - Collect &

�

reprocess

�

0.178 t CO 2e

�1E3 kg

�

Paper & board (CI &

�

CD) - Net benef it of

�

recycling

�

-0.631 t CO 2e

�

-750 kg

�


�

unbleached kraf t pulp

�

-0.077 t CO 2e

�

-100 kg

�

Landf ill of

�

CoatedPaper -NGA/EP

�

A -EEBR2008 5 %moist

�

-0.0732 t CO 2e

�

-170 kg

�

Landf ill of

�

CoccugatedBoard -NG

�

A /EPA-EEBR2008

�

-0.124 t CO 2e

�

-700 kg

�

Landf ill of

�

New spaper -NGA/EPA

�

-EEBR2008 5%moist

�

-0.512 t CO 2e

�

-1E3 kg

�


�

Board f rom CI & CD

�

-0.732 t CO 2e

�

-1E3 kg

�


�

Board f rom CI & CD

�

-0.732 t CO 2e



Figure 8: Recycling process network diagram — Cumulative energy demand indicator. Processes contributing less than 5 per cent to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded. �

-118 kg

�

Biogas from

�

landfill /AU U

�

-2 .95 GJ LHV

�

32.7 kg

�

Blac k c oal , NSW /AU U

�

0 .711 GJ LHV

�

81.8 kg

�

Brow n c oal ,

�

Vic toria /AU U

�

0 .663 GJ LHV

�

630 MJ

�

Credit for e lec tric ity

�

p roduc tion /AU U

�

1 .79 GJ LHV

�

830 MJ

�

Elec tric ity , h igh

�

v o ltage , Aus tra lian

�

av erage,

�

2 .36 GJ LHV

�

261 MJ

�

Elec tric tiy b lac k c oal

�

NSW , s ent out/AU U

�

0 .714 GJ LHV

�

207 MJ

�

Elec tric ity brow n c oal

�

Vic toria , s ent out/AU

�

U

�

0 .664 GJ LHV

�

-837 MJ

�

Elec tric tiy landfill gas ,

�

s ent out/AU U

�

-2 .96 GJ LHV

�

641 MJ

�

Energy , from natura l

�

gas /AU U

�

0 .66 GJ LHV

�

29.7 m 3

�

Natura l gas ,

�

p roc es s ed /AU U

�

1 .21 GJ LHV

�

-48 kg

�

Methane Combus tion

�

from landfill /AU U

�

-1 .18 GJ LHV

�

22.9 kg

�

Natura l gas , h igh

�

p res s ure/AU U

�

1 .21 GJ LHV

�

29.7 m 3

�

Natura l gas , h igh

�

p res s ure /AU U

�

1 .21 GJ LHV

�

- 1 .5E3 kg

�

Pu lp w ood s upply ,

�

av erage AU , mas s

�

a lloc ation /AU U

�

-1 .42 GJ LHV

�

-315 kg

�

Wood Chips -Pine ,

�

mas s a lloc ation ,

�

u=55%/AU U

�

-1 .37 GJ LHV

�

311 MJ

�

Av erage e lec tric ity to

�

pu lp and paper

�

p roduc tion /AU U

�

0 .886 GJ LHV

�

-1 .02E4 MJ

�

Energy , from

�

w oodw as te and b lac k

�

liquors , bas ed on v is y

�

-10.2 GJ LHV

�

1E3 kg

�

Reproc es s ing w as te

�

paper , for linerboard

�

p roduc tion , 2005/AU

�

2 .24 GJ LHV

�

-945 MJ

�

Energy , from w ood

�

w as te, low population

�

a rea/AU U

�

-0 .945 GJ LHV

�

-133 kg

�


�

landfill -EEBR 2008

�

-1 .18 GJ LHV

�

1E3 kg

�

Paper & board (CI &

�

CD ) - Collec t &

�

reproc es s

�

2 .37 GJ LHV

�

1E3 kg

�

Paper & board (CI &

�

CD ) - Net benefit o f

�

rec y c ling

�

-10.8 GJ LHV

�

-750 kg

�

Primary produc tion of

�

unb leac hed kraft pu lp

�

-11.8 GJ LHV

�

-700 kg

�

Landfill o f

�

New s paper -NGA /EPA

�

-EEBR 2008 5%mois t

�

-0 .917 GJ LHV

�

-1E3 kg

�

Landfill o f Paper &

�

Board from CI & CD

�

-1 .31 GJ LHV

�

-1E3 kg

�

Landfill o f Paper &

�

Board from CI & CD

�

-1 .31 GJ LHV




200 MJ

�

Electric ity , high

�


�

average/AU U

�

0.0859 kL H2O

�

830 MJ

�

Electric ity , high

�


�

average,

�

0.356 kL H2O

�

-12.5 kg

�

Sodium sulphate /AU U

�

-0.00121 kL H2O

�

5.14E3 kg

�

Water - reticulated /AU

�

U

�

5.14 kL H 2O

�

771 kg

�

Water - reticulated

�

QLD/AU U

�

0.771 kL H 2O

�

514 kg

�

Water - reticulated

�

SA /AU U

�

0.514 kL H 2O

�

1.8E3 kg

�

Water - reticulated

�

Sydney /AU U

�

1.8 kL H2O

�

1.28E3 kg

�

Water - reticulated

�

V ic/AU U

�

1.28 kL H 2O

�

771 kg

�

Water - reticulated

�

WA/AU U

�

0.772 kL H2O

�

1E3 kg

�

Reprocessing w aste

�

paper, for linerboard

�

production , 2005/AU

�

5.31 kL H 2O

�

1E3 kg

�

Paper & board (CI &

�

CD) - Collect &

�

reprocess

�

5.31 kL H 2O

�1E3 kg

�

Paper & board (CI &

�


�

recycling

�

-28.3 kL H 2O

�

-750 kg

�


�

unbleached kraf t pulp

�

-33.9 kL H2O



Figure 10: Recycling process network diagram — Solid waste indicator. Processes contributing less than 1 per cent to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded.

�

200 MJ

�

Electric ity , high

�

voltage, Australian

�

average/AU U

�

0.00216 tonnes

�

830 MJ

�

Electric ity , high

�

voltage, Australian

�

average,

�

0.00896 tonnes

�

261 MJ

�


�


�

0.00451 tonnes

�

12.5 kg

�

Fly ash

�

processing//AU U

�

0.00752 tonnes

�1E3 kg

�

Paper & board (CI &

�


�

recycling

�

-0.74 tonnes

�

-100 kg

�

Landf ill of

�

CoatedPaper -NGA/EP

�

A -EEBR2008 5 %moist

�

-0.0743 tonnes

�

-170 kg

�

Landf ill of

�

CoccugatedBoard -NG

�

A /EPA-EEBR2008

�

-0.126 tonnes

�

-700 kg

�

Landf ill of

�

New spaper -NGA/EPA

�

-EEBR2008 5%moist

�

-0.52 tonnes

�

-30 kg

�

Landf ill of

�

Of f icePaper-NGA/EPA

�

-EEBR2008 5 %moist

�

-0.0223 tonnes

�

-1E3 kg

�


�

Board f rom CI & CD

�

-0.743 tonnes

�

-1E3 kg

�


�

Board f rom CI & CD

�

-0.743 tonnes



Newsprint

Process description Newspaper in NSW is assumed to be recovered from both the kerbside and C&I and C&D collection systems. The collected newspapers and magazines are mixed with water and agitated in a pulping vat to make slush. Small quantities of caustic soda, sodium silicate and hydrogen peroxide are added to help the repulping process. Screens remove impurities like stables and binding materials, and a deinking process is undertaken. The recycled pulp is then mixed with virgin pulp (radiate pine 60%, recycled pulp 30%, eucalypt pulp 10%). The process considered in this assessment is based on the Norske Skog plant in Albury. During reprocessing, part of the output is a pulp that is used in the Norske Skog’s Boyer plant, displacing semi-bleached kraft pulp. The remaining pulp is reprocessed as newsprint and displaces production of newsprint from virgin fibre sources.

Two collection systems for waste newspapers considered in the model were: A) Kerbside collection — municipal collection from households, and processing through a Materials Recovery Facility

B) C&I, C&D collection — direct transfer of segregated waste from point of waste generation to a reprocessing facility

The unique nature of each collection system drives differences in the impacts associated with newspaper recycling. For this reason the newspaper recycling processes considered have been described separately in the following sections, according to the collection method used.

Figure 11 illustrates the processes considered in determining the overall impact of newsprint recycling from kerbside and C&I and C&D sources (shown to the left of the vertical line), and the processes considered in determining the overall impact of the avoided processes (shown to the right of the vertical line).



Figure 11: Processes considered in determining the net impacts of the recycling process from kerbside and C&I and C&D sources.


MRF

MRF


Reprocessing newsprint into

recycled newsprint


landfill


to landfill




semi -bleached kraft pulp


System Boundary


Waste collection



Newsprint from virgin fibre



Once at the reprocessing facility, the model considers the impacts of material reprocessing required to convert the waste material into secondary products. Losses associated with this process are included in the analysis. The kerbside treatment system is illustrated in Figure 11 (processes unique to kerbside collection have been shaded accordingly).

In order to determine the benefit or impact of recycling a material, it is also necessary to consider the processes avoided when recycling is undertaken. Figure 11 also illustrates the processes that would be avoided if newsprint wastes are reprocessed (shown to the right of the vertical line). Three main processes are considered, the collection and disposal to landfill of newsprint wastes from the kerbside; the primary manufacture of semi-bleached kraft pulp from virgin resources for use in non-newsprint applications; and the production of newsprint from virgin fibre.




Table 7: Benefits and impacts of recycling newsprint from kerbside sources (per tonne). Benefits are shown negative, impacts are shown positive.



Primary material

production



Cumulative energy demand GJ LHV 14.14 -1.87 -18.60 -20.47 -6.33Water use kL H2O 12.33 0.26 -25.65 -25.39 -13.06Solid w aste tonnes 0.12 -0.74 -0.05 -0.79 -0.67







Key assumptions Table 8 describes the key processes and data sources used to determine the benefits and impacts associated with the collection, recycling and reprocessing of 1 tonne of newsprint. The table also includes the products and processes avoided when 1 tonne of newsprint is recycled.



Table 8: Inventory for recycling 1 tonne of newsprint from a kerbside source



8 m3 Density assumption from Warren (1997). Transport model for kerbside collection from Grant (2001b), see discussion below Emission of the truck from NGGIC (1997)

Sorting at Material Recovery Facility (MRF)

8 m3 Density assumption from Warren (1997). Energy inputs from Nishtala (1997) and estimated from equipment specifications


400 km Sorted material trucked to Norske Skog plant in Albury. Emissions from transport based on a trucking model from Apelbaum (2001)

Reprocessing newsprint into recycled newsprint,

0.9 tonne Energy required to reprocess newsprint, data supplied by Norske Skog (2000) and Fletcher Challenge paper (PNEB 2000). Estimate from Grant and James (2005). 1.7 MWh of electricity and 4.14 GJ of natural gas consumed per tonne of waste reprocessed.




100 kg 10 per cent of those wastes will be discarded during sorting. The 100 kg of waste discarded will be treated in landfill. Emission factors adapted from EcoInvent database to Australian conditions; energy and transport data changed to Australian data. Operation to the landfill from a personal communication with S. Middleton, Pacific Waste, NSW, 1998 Methane generated in landfill from NGGIC (2007). Capture of methane assumed to be 36% Hyder (2006), ‘Mid 2020’ scenario.




1 tonne Emission factors adapted from EcoInvent database to Australian conditions; energy and transport data have been changed to Australian data. Operation to the landfill from a personal communication with S. Middleton, Pacific Waste, NSW, 1998 Methane generated in landfill from NGGIC (2007). Capture of methane assumed to be 36 per cent Hyder (2006), ‘Mid 2020’ scenario.

Primary production of semi-bleached kraft pulp

0.125

tonne The bleached sulphate pulp production involves the chemical processing of logged (pine) into pulp, using H2SO4, NaClO3, H2O2 as reactive bleaching agents. Data supplied by Norske Skog Mill (2000), energy referencing from Picken (1996). 20 kWh of electricity and 2.6 GJ of heat from fossil fuel consumed to process 1 tonne of semi-bleached kraft pulp.

Primary production of newsprint from virgin fibre

0.535

tonne Full production of newsprint by virgin fibres, transport of logs removed. Electricity and energy data supplied by Fletcher Challenge paper (PNEB 2000) 1.75 MWh of electricity, 9.18 GJ of natural gas and 1.26 GJ of energy from wood waste consumed to process 1 tonne of newsprint from virgin fibre




Table 9: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and landfilling of newsprint, kerbside source






ONP reprocessing at Norske Skog

Norske Skog data provided by mill

Western Europe 1990 and 1994

Average technology

Mixed data

Avoided virgin newsprint production

Fletcher challenge data provided by mill


Average technology

Mixed data

Avoided virgin kraft pulp production



Average technology

Mixed data




Average Mixed data


Processes considered In the case of the C&I and C&D collection system, it has been assumed that waste collected from such sources is sent directly to the reprocessing site without any further sorting processes or associated losses. The model developed takes into account transportation impacts incurred to bring the material from C&I and C&D sources to the material reprocessing facility.

Once at the reprocessing facility, the model considers the impacts of material reprocessing required to convert the waste material into recycled newsprint and semi-bleached kraft pulp. Losses associated with this process are included in the analysis. The model also illustrates the processes considered in determining the impact of the processes avoided when recycling newsprint from C&I and C&D sources. Three main processes are considered, the collection of newsprint wastes and landfill treatment, and the primary manufacture of semi-bleached kraft pulp and the production of newsprint from virgin resources. The system is also described in Figure 11 (processes unique to C&I, C&D collection are shaded accordingly).




Table 10: Benefits and impacts of recycling newsprint from C&I and C&D sources (per tonne). Benefits are shown negative, impacts are shown positive.


reprocessing


Primary material

production








Network diagrams detailing key processes that influence the impact listed in Table 10 are shown in Figure 16 to Figure19. For further information regarding interpretation of network diagrams, refer to Understanding Network Diagrams (Figure 1).

Key assumptions Table 11 describes the key processes and data sources used to determine the benefits and impacts associated with the collection, recycling and reprocessing of 1 tonne of newsprint. The table also includes the products and processes avoided when 1 tonne of newsprint is recycled.



Table 11: Inventory for recycling 1 tonne of newsprint from C&I and C&D source


Recycling process flows (Figure 11 — left hand side) Waste collection 20 km 20km distance estimate based on a simplified transport analysis for

Sydney. Refer transport discussion below. Emissions from transport based on a trucking model developed by the Centre for Design, incorporating trucking data from Apelbaum (2001) and other sources. Truck backhaul ratio assumed to be 1:2.


400 km Sorted material trucked to Norske Skog plant in Albury. Emissions from transport based on a trucking model from Apelbaum (2001)

Reprocessing newsprint into recycled newsprint

1 tonne Energy required to reprocess newsprint, data supplied by Norske Skog (2000) and Fletcher Challenge paper (PNEB 2000). Estimate from Grant and James (2005). 1.7 MWh of electricity and 4.14 GJ of natural gas consumed per tonne of waste reprocessed.




1 tonne Emission factors adapted from EcoInvent database to Australian conditions; energy and transport data have been changed to Australian data. Operation to the landfill from a personal communication with S. Middleton, Pacific Waste, NSW, 1998 Methane generated in landfill from NGGIC (2007). Capture of methane assumed to be 36 per cent Hyder (2006), ‘Mid 2020’ scenario.

Primary production of semi-bleached kraft pulp

0.125 tonne The bleached sulphate pulp production involves the chemical processing of logged (pine) into pulp, using H2SO4, NaClO3, H2O2 as reactive bleaching agents. Data supplied by Norske Skog Mill (2000), energy referencing from Picken (1996). 20 kWh of electricity and 2.6 GJ of heat from fossil fuel consumed to process 1 tonne of semi-bleached kraft pulp.

Primary production of newsprint from virgin fibre

0.535 tonne Full production of newsprint by virgin fibres, transport of logs removed. Electricity and energy data supplied by Fletcher Challenge paper (PNEB 2000) 1.75 MWh of electricity, 9.18 GJ of natural gas and 1.26 GJ of energy from wood waste consumed to process 1 tonne of newsprint from virgin fibre




Table 12: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and landfilling of newsprint from C&I and C&D source (1 tonne)






ONP reprocessing at Norske Skog


Western Europe

1990–1994

Average technology

Mixed data

Avoided virgin newsprint production

Fletcher challenge data provided by mill

Western Europe

1990–1994

Average technology

Mixed data

Avoided virgin kraft pulp production


Western Europe

1990–1994

Average technology

Mixed data




Average Mixed data


DEH (2004), National Pollutant Inventory Data for year 2002, Department of Environment, Canberra.



Grant, T., James, K., Lundie, S., Sonneveld, K., (2001a), Life Cycle Assessment for Paper and Packaging Waste Management Scenarios in Victoria, EcoRecycle, Melbourne



National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Committee (1997), National Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1995 with Methodology Supplement, Environment Australia, Canberra Australia


National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Committee (2007), Australian Methodology for the Estimation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks 2006 - Waste, Environment Australia, Canberra Australia

Norske Skog (2000), Material and Energy inputs and outputs for the Albury Newsprint Mill, sent via email from Steve Balmforth from Norske Skog Paper mills (Australia) to RMIT Centre for Design.

Picken J (1996), Paper and the Greenhouse Effect, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, Melbourne, Australia, University of Melbourne.

Publishers National Environment Bureau, Industry Waste Report - Newsprint Producer/Publisher Group, December 1999, Fletcher Challenge Paper, http://www.pneb.com.au

US EPA (2006). Solid Waste Management and Greenhouse Gases. A Life-Cycle Assessment of Emissions and Sinks, 3rd Edition.

Warren, M., 1997, Australian Waste and Recycling Cost Model (WRCM). Sydney, Software developed for the CRC for Waste Management and Pollution Control, June




Figure 12: Recycling process network diagram - Green house gases indicator. Processes contributing less than 4 per cent to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded. �

-660 kg

�


�

(landf ill)/AU U

�

0.66 t CO 2e

�

4.37E3 s

�

Collecting

�

Recyclables /AU U

�

0.0688 t CO 2e

�

567 MJ

�


�

production/AU U

�

0.154 t CO 2e

�

-323 MJ

�

Electric ity , high

�

voltage, Eastern

�

Australian /AU U

�

-0.0942 t CO 2e

�

647 MJ

�

Electric ity , high

�

voltage, Australian

�

average,

�

0.176 t CO 2e

�

-323 MJ

�

Electric ity , high

�

voltage, Eastern

�

Australian ,

�

-0.0942 t CO 2e

�

-4.92E3 MJ

�

Energy, f rom natural

�

gas/AU U

�

-0.289 t CO 2e

�

1.99E3 MJ

�


�

gas, low population

�

area/AU U

�

0.119 t CO 2e

�

-43.2 kg

�

Methane Combustion

�

f rom landf ill/AU U

�

0.141 t CO 2e

�

4.37E3 s

�

Recycling Truck

�

(packw aste )/AU U

�

0.0688 t CO 2e

�

900 kg

�

ONP reprocessing at

�

Norske Skog /AU U

�

1.06 t CO 2e

�

-10.7 kg

�

Process chemical in

�

to new sprint pulp /AU

�

U

�

-0.159 t CO 2e

�

-1E3 kg

�

Landf ill of New sprint

�

f rom kerbside

�

-0.771 t CO 2e

�

-535 kg

�


�

new sprint f rom virgin

�

f ibre

�

-1.45 t CO 2e

�

-125 kg

�


�

Semi -Bleached Kraf t

�

Pulp f rom virgin f ibre

�

-0.0654 t CO 2e

�

8 m3

�

Recycling Coll &Tran

�

(Syd Met )/AU U

�

0.0946 t CO 2e

�

-120 kg

�


�

landf ill-EEBR2008

�

-1.31 t CO 2e

�

-76.8 kg

�


�

under cap -EEBR2008

�

-1.45 t CO 2e

�

-1E3 kg

�

Landf ill of

�

New spaper -NGA/EP

�

A -EEBR2008

�

-0.771 t CO 2e

�

1E3 kg

�

New sprint (kerb) -

�

Collect & reprocess

�

1.3 t CO 2e

�1E3 kg

�

New sprint (kerb ) -

�

Net benef it of

�

recycling

�

-0.991 t CO 2e

�

100 kg

�


�

f rom kerbside

�

0.0805 t CO 2e




529 MJ

�

A rticulated truck

�

operation /AU U

�

0.813 GJ LHV

�

402 tkm

�

A rticulated Truck , 30

�

tonne load on 30

�

tonne truck , (f reight

�

0.686 GJ LHV

�

-107 kg

�

Biogas f rom

�

landf ill/AU U

�

-2.66 GJ LHV

�

4.37E3 s

�

Collecting

�

Recyclables /AU U

�

0.984 GJ LHV

�

567 MJ

�


�

production /AU U

�

1.61 GJ LHV

�

29.1 kg

�

Crude oil , Australian

�

average/AU U

�

1.3 GJ LHV

�

23.7 kg

�

Diesel , at

�

consumer/AU U

�

1.28 GJ LHV

�

-323 MJ

�

Electric ity , high

�

voltage , Eastern

�

Australian /AU U

�

-0.946 GJ LHV

�

647 MJ

�

Electric ity , high

�


�

average,

�

1.84 GJ LHV

�

-323 MJ

�

Electric ity , high

�

voltage , Eastern

�

Australian,

�

-0.946 GJ LHV

�

-755 MJ

�

Electrictiy landf ill gas ,

�

sent out /AU U

�

-2.67 GJ LHV

�

-4.92E3 MJ

�


�

gas/AU U

�

-5.07 GJ LHV

�

1.99E3 MJ

�


�

gas, low population

�

area/AU U

�

2.08 GJ LHV

�

-67.4 m3

�

Natural gas ,

�

processed/AU U

�

-2.75 GJ LHV

�

-43.2 kg

�

Methane Combustion

�


�

-1.06 GJ LHV

�

-51.9 kg

�

Natural gas , high

�

pressure/AU U

�

-2.75 GJ LHV

�

-67.4 m3

�

Natural gas , high

�

pressure /AU U

�

-2.75 GJ LHV

�

4.37E3 s

�

Recycling Truck

�

(packw aste )/AU U

�

0.984 GJ LHV

�

900 kg

�

ONP reprocessing at

�

Norske Skog /AU U

�

11.7 GJ LHV

�

-10.7 kg

�

Process chemical in

�

to new sprint pulp /AU

�

U

�

-1.93 GJ LHV

�

0.0236 m3

�

Crude oil ,

�

imported /GLO U

�

0.904 GJ LHV

�

-1E3 kg

�


�

f rom kerbside

�

-1.87 GJ LHV

�

-535 kg

�


�

new sprint f rom virgin

�

f ibre

�

-17.8 GJ LHV

�

-125 kg

�


�

Semi-Bleached Kraf t

�

Pulp f rom virgin f ibre

�

-0.792 GJ LHV

�

8 m3

�

Recycling Coll &Tran

�

(Syd Met )/AU U

�

1.36 GJ LHV

�

-120 kg

�


�

landf ill-EEBR2008

�

-1.06 GJ LHV

�

-1E3 kg

�

Landf ill of

�

New spaper -NGA/EP

�

A -EEBR2008 5%moist

�

-1.87 GJ LHV

�

1E3 kg

�

New sprint (kerb) -

�

Collect & reprocess

�

14.1 GJ LHV

�1E3 kg

�

New sprint (kerb ) -

�

Net benef it of

�

recycling

�

-6.33 GJ LHV




-2.34E3 kg

�

Water -

�

reticulated/AU U

�

-2.34 kL H2O

�

-350 kg

�

Water - reticulated

�

QLD/AU U

�

-0.35 kL H2O

�

-816 kg

�

Water - reticulated

�

Sydney/AU U

�

-0.817 kL H2O

�

-583 kg

�

Water - reticulated

�

Vic/AU U

�

-0.583 kL H2O

�

-350 kg

�

Water - reticulated

�

WA/AU U

�

-0.35 kL H2O

�

900 kg

�

ONP reprocessing at

�

Norske Skog/AU U

�

12.3 kL H2O

�

-535 kg

�


�

new sprint from virgin

�

f ibre

�

-14.9 kL H2O

�

-125 kg

�


�

Semi-Bleached Kraft

�

Pulp from virgin f ibre

�

-10.8 kL H2O

�

1E3 kg

�

New sprint (kerb) -

�

Collect & reprocess

�

12.3 kL H2O

�1E3 kg

�

New sprint (kerb) -

�

Net benefit of

�

recycling

�

-13.1 kL H2O




900 kg

�

ONP reprocessing at

�

Norske Skog/AU U

�

0.049 tonnes

�

-1E3 kg

�

Landfill of New sprint

�

f rom kerbside

�

-0.743 tonnes

�

-535 kg

�


�

new sprint from virgin

�

f ibre

�

-0.0461 tonnes

�

-1E3 kg

�

Landfill of

�

New spaper-NGA/EP

�

A-EEBR2008

�

-0.743 tonnes

�

1E3 kg

�

New sprint (kerb) -

�

Collect & reprocess

�

0.124 tonnes

�1E3 kg

�

New sprint (kerb) -

�

Net benefit of

�

recycling

�

-0.667 tonnes

�

100 kg

�

Landfill of New sprint

�

f rom kerbside

�

0.0743 tonnes





458 MJ

�

Articulated truck

�

operation/AU U

�

0.0491 t CO2e

�

401 tkm

�

Articulated Truck , 30

�

tonne load on 30

�

0.0477 t CO2e

�

-733 kg

�

Carbon

�

Sequestration

�

0.733 t CO2e

�

630 MJ

�

Credit for electricity

�

production/AU U

�

0.172 t CO2e

�

691 MJ

�

Electricity, high

�


�

0.188 t CO2e

�

194 MJ

�


�

NSW, sent out/AU U

�

0.0526 t CO2e

�

142 MJ

�


�

QLD, sent out/AU U

�

0.0378 t CO2e

�

154 MJ

�

Electricity brown

�

coal Victoria , sent

�

0.0564 t CO2e

�

- 4.92E3 MJ

�

Energy , from natural

�

gas/AU U

�

- 0.289 t CO2e

�

2.17E3 MJ

�

Energy , from natural

�

gas, low population

�

0.129 t CO2e

�

-48 kg

�

Methane

�

Combustion from

�

0.157 t CO2e

�

38.5 kg

�

Process chemical

�

for RCF /AU U

�

0.0581 t CO2e

�

980 kg

�

ONP reprocessing

�

at Norske Skog /AU

�

1.16 t CO2e

�

- 10.7 kg

�

Process chemical in

�

to newsprint pulp /AU

�

-0.159 t CO2e

�

-535 kg

�

Primary production

�

of newsprint from

�

-1.45 t CO2e

�

-125 kg

�

Primary production

�

of Semi -Bleached

�

- 0.0654 t CO2e

�

- 133 kg

�

Methane generated

�

in

�

- 1.46 t CO2e

�

-85.3 kg

�

Methane not capt.

�

but under

�

- 1.61 t CO2e

�

1E3 kg

�

Newsprint ( CI &

�

CD) - Collect &

�

1.21 t CO2e

�1E3 kg

�

Newsprint (CI &

�

CD) - Net benefit of

�

- 1.04 t CO2e

�

-1E3 kg

�

Landfill of Newsprint

�

from CI & CD

�

- 0.732 t CO2e

�

-1E3 kg

�

Landfill of Newsprint

�

from C &I and C&d

�

- 0.732 t CO2e



Figure 17: Recycling process network diagram – Cumulative energy demand indicator. Processes contributing less than 2 per cent to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded. �

458 MJ

�

Articulated truck

�

operation / AU U

�

0 .705 GJ LHV

�

401 tkm

�

Articulated Truck , 30

�

tonne load on 30 tonne

�

truck , ( f reight task )/ AU

�

0 .684 GJ LHV

�

- 118 kg

�

Biogas f rom landf ill / AU

�

U

�

- 2. 95 GJ LHV

�

24 . 4 kg

�

Black coal , NSW / AU U

�

0 .529 GJ LHV

�

18 .5 kg

�

Black coal , QLD /AU U

�

0 .383 GJ LHV

�

60 .7 kg

�

Brown coal , Victoria / AU

�

U

�

0. 492 GJ LHV

�

630 MJ

�


�

production /AU U

�

1. 79 GJ LHV

�

9 .87 kg

�

Crude oil , Australian

�

av erage / AU U

�

0 .441 GJ LHV

�

7 .42 kg

�

Diesel , at consum er / AU

�

U

�

0 .401 GJ LHV

�

691 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�


�

av erage , production / AU

�

1. 97 GJ LHV

�

194 MJ

�


�


�

0 .53 GJ LHV

�

142 MJ

�


�

QLD , sent out /AU U

�

0 .385 GJ LHV

�

154 MJ

�


�

Victoria , sent out /AU U

�

0. 493 GJ LHV

�

-838 MJ

�


�

sent out / AU U

�

- 2. 96 GJ LHV

�

- 4. 92 E3 MJ

�


�

gas / AU U

�

-5 .06 GJ LHV

�

2 .17 E3 MJ

�


�

gas , low population

�

area / AU U

�

2 .27 GJ LHV

�

- 674 MJ

�

Energy , f rom wood

�

waste /AU U

�

- 0. 691 GJ LHV

�

-61 . 6 m 3

�

Natural gas ,

�

processed / AU U

�

-2 .52 GJ LHV

�

-48 kg

�

Methane Com bustion

�


�

- 1. 18 GJ LHV

�

- 47 .4 kg

�

Natural gas , high

�

pressure / AU U

�

-2 .52 GJ LHV

�

-61 . 6 m 3

�

Natural gas , high

�

pressure / AU U

�

-2 .52 GJ LHV

�

38 .5 kg

�

Process chem ical f or

�

RCF / AU U

�

0. 744 GJ LHV

�

980 kg

�

ONP reprocessing at

�

Norske Skog /AU U

�

12 .7 GJ LHV

�

- 674 MJ

�

Energy , f rom wood

�

waste , pulp and paper

�

production /AU U

�

- 0. 691 GJ LHV

�

-10 . 7 kg

�

Process chem ical in to

�

newsprint pulp /AU U

�

- 1. 93 GJ LHV

�

- 535 kg

�

Prim ary production of

�

newsprint f rom v irgin

�

f ibre

�

-17 . 8 GJ LHV

�

-125 kg

�


�

Sem i- Bleached Kraf t

�

Pulp f rom v irgin f ibre

�

- 0. 792 GJ LHV

�

- 133 kg

�


�


�

- 1. 18 GJ LHV

�

1 E3 kg

�

Newsprint ( CI & CD ) -

�

Collect & reprocess

�

13 . 5 GJ LHV

�

1E3 kg

�


�

Net benef it of recy cling

�

- 6. 43 GJ LHV

�

- 1E3 kg

�

Landf ill of Newsprint

�

f rom CI & CD

�

- 1. 31 GJ LHV

�

- 1E3 kg

�


�

f rom C &I and C &d

�

- 1. 31 GJ LHV



Figure 18: Recycling process network diagram — Water indicator. Processes contributing less than 1 per cent to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded.

�

630 MJ

�


�

production / AU U

�

0. 271 kL H 2O

�

691 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�


�

av erage , production /AU

�

0. 297 kL H 2O

�

- 48 kg

�

Methane Com bustion

�


�

0. 267 kL H 2O

�

- 1. 38 E3 kg

�

Water - reticulated /AU

�

U

�

-1 .38 kL H 2O

�

-207 kg

�

Water - reticulated

�

QLD /AU U

�

-0 .207 kL H 2 O

�

-483 kg

�

Water - reticulated

�

Sy dney / AU U

�

-0 .484 kL H 2 O

�

- 345 kg

�

Water - reticulated

�

Vic /AU U

�

- 0. 345 kL H 2O

�

- 207 kg

�

Water - reticulated

�

WA/ AU U

�

- 0. 207 kL H 2O

�

38 . 5 kg

�

Process chem ical f or

�

RCF /AU U

�

0 .16 kL H 2O

�

980 kg

�

ONP reprocessing at

�

Norske Skog / AU U

�

13 . 4 kL H 2O

�

-10 . 7 kg

�

Process chem ical in to

�

newsprint pulp / AU U

�

- 0. 2 kL H 2O

�

-535 kg

�


�


�

f ibre

�

-14 . 9 kL H 2O

�

- 125 kg

�


�

Sem i- Bleached Kraf t

�

Pulp f rom v irgin f ibre

�

- 10 .8 kL H 2 O

�

- 133 kg

�


�


�

0. 267 kL H 2O

�

1E3 kg

�


�

Collect & reprocess

�

13 . 4 kL H 2O

�

1 E3 kg

�

Newsprint (CI & CD ) -

�


�

-12 kL H 2O

�

-1 E3 kg

�


�

f rom CI & CD

�

0. 265 kL H 2O

�

-1 E3 kg

�


�

f rom C &I and C &d

�

0. 265 kL H 2O



Figure 19: Recycling process network diagram – Solid waste indicator. Processes contributing less than 1 per cent to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded. �

61 .6 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�


�

av erage /AU U

�

0. 000665 tonnes

�

691 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�


�

av erage , production /AU

�

0. 00747 tonnes

�

980 kg

�

ONP reprocessing at

�

Norske Skog / AU U

�

0 .0534 tonnes

�

-535 kg

�


�


�

f ibre

�

- 0. 0461 tonnes

�

1 E3 kg

�


�

Collect & reprocess

�

0 .0534 tonnes

�

1E3 kg

�

Newsprint (CI & CD ) -

�


�

-0 .738 tonnes

�

-1 E3 kg

�


�

f rom CI & CD

�

-0 .743 tonnes

�

-1 E3 kg

�


�

f rom C &I and C &d

�

-0 .743 tonnes



Liquid paper board

Process description Liquid paper board (LPB) is sourced from kerbside collection.

There are two types of liquid paper board containers: A) Gable-top carton — which is used to package pasteurized/refrigerated products like milk

and fruit juice. In this form LPB is typically made from a solid bleached sulphide (SBS) board sandwiched between polyethylene coating on both sides (assume: 12 per cent low density polyethylene (LDPE), 88 per cent SBS).

B) Aseptic carton — which is used to package shelf-stable products like long-life milk. In an aseptic application LPB is a more complex composite, being made up of a sandwich of polyethylene, aluminium and SBS board. A closure is also typically included, in this case polypropylene (PP) is assumed (assume 71 per cent SBS, 19 per cent LDPE, 5 per cent Aluminium, 5 per cent PP closure).

In this study, all recycling is assumed to be directed to Visy or Amcor reprocessing facilities assumed to be local to Sydney, where it is reprocessed into paper and board.

Only one collection system for LPB waste was considered in the model: Kerbside collection — municipal collection from households, and processing through a Materials Recovery Facility. The model developed takes into account transportation impacts incurred to bring the material from kerbside sources to the MRF. Sorting impacts are also taken into account, as well as transport to reprocessing facility. Once at the reprocessing facility, the model considers the impacts of material reprocessing.

Figure 20 illustrates the processes considered in determining the overall impact of paper and board recycling from kerbside and C&I and C&D sources (shown to the left of the vertical line), and the processes considered in determining the overall impact of the avoided processes (shown to the right of the vertical line).



Figure 20: Processes considered in determining the net impacts of the recycling process from kerbside.


MRF

MRF


Reprocessing liquidpaperboard

into recycled paper


landfill


to landfill






System Boundary

Collection system The kerbside collection system involves collection of waste for recycling from the kerbside and transport to a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF), which sorts the commingled materials in the recycling stream. The model developed takes into account transportation impacts as well as sorting impacts incurred to bring the material from the kerbside to the material reprocessing facility. During sorting, waste material is generated and transported to landfill. Once at the reprocessing facility, the model considers the impacts of material reprocessing required to convert the waste material into secondary products. Losses associated with this process are included in the analysis. The kerbside treatment system is illustrated in Figure 20. In order to determine the benefit or impact of recycling a material, it is also necessary to consider the processes avoided when recycling is undertaken. Figure 20 also illustrates the processes that would be avoided if waste paper and board are reprocessed (shown to the right of the vertical line). Two main processes are considered, the collection and disposal to landfill of waste LPB from the kerbside, and the primary manufacture of unbleached kraft pulp from virgin sources.




Table 13: Benefits and impacts of recycling and landfill of liquid paper board from a kerbside source (per tonne)

Collection and reprocessing


Primary material

production


Green house gases t CO21.04 -0.71 -0.03 -0.74 0.30

Cumulative energy demand GJ LHV 10.28 -2.08 -4.98 -7.07 3.22Water use kL H2O 5.38 0.23 -14.27 -14.04 -8.66Solid w aste tonnes 0.46 -0.77 0.00 -0.77 -0.31

Avoided process impacts(Figure 62 - right hand side) Net benefits of



(Figure 62 - left hand side)


Key assumptions Table 14 describes the key processes and data sources used to determine the benefits and impacts associated with the collection, recycling and reprocessing of 1 tonne of liquid paper board. The table also includes the products and processes avoided when 1 tonne of liquid paper board is recycled.



Table 14: Inventory for recycling 1 tonne of liquid paper board from a kerbside source



32 m3 Transport model for kerbside collection based on Grant (2001b), refer discussion below Emission of the truck from Apelbaum (2001), NGGIC (1997) and other sources.

Sorting of LPB at Material Recovery Facility (MRF)

32 m3 Energy inputs from Nishtala (1997) and estimated from equipment specifications 1/3 of material collected is sent through to landfill by MRF when they are not sorting for LPB.


65 km Transportation to a local Visy or Amcor reprocessing facility. Emissions from transport based on a trucking model developed from data provided by Apelbaum (2001)

Reprocessing of LPB into recycled paper

667 kg Assumes LPB reprocessing undertaken locally to Sydney into paper and board, Grant (2001a) Efficiency of fibre reclamation from fibre fraction of LPB is taken as 67%. Fibre content for LPB is taken as 70.8 per cent (taken from aseptic carton composition although some gable will also come through this stream). Energy requirement to reprocess waste paper. Estimate from Grant and James (2005) 500 kWh electricity and 1 GJ of natural gas consumed per tonne of waste treated (pulping and reprocessing). Visy environment report 2003/2004 for water, electricity and energy data. Impact from the production of electricity high voltage in Australia based on ESAA, 2003 and other sources. This is the main inventory which is an integrated grid for QLD, NSW, ACT, SA and Victoria.




333 kg 1/3 of material collected is sent through to landfill by MRF when they are not sorting for LPB. Operation to the landfill from a personal communication with S. Middleton, Pacific Waste, NSW, 1998 Methane generated in landfill from NGGIC (2007). Capture of methane assumed to be 36 per cent Hyder (2006), ‘Mid 2020’ scenario.

Avoided processes (Figure 20 — right hand side) Collection and transport of waste to landfill

32 m3 Waste collection avoided by sending material to MRF above. Transport model for kerbside collection based on Grant (2001b); refer appendices for discussion on transport. Emission of the truck from Apelbaum (2001), NGGIC (1997) and other sources.


1 tonne Operation to the landfill from a personal communication with S. Middleton, Pacific Waste, NSW, 1998 Methane generated in landfill from NGGIC (2007). Capture of methane assumed to be 36 per cent Hyder (2006), ‘Mid 2020’ scenario.

Primary production of unbleached kraft pulp

316 kg Data from IVAM Environmental Research, University of Amsterdam, adapted for Australian energy mix and fuels. Avoided product from Visy recycling. 667 kg of waste gets through MRF. Of this amount 29.2 per cent lost as polyethylene and aluminium fraction. Of the 472 kg of waste remaining it is assumed an efficiency of 67 per cent in pulp recovery.




Table 15: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and landfilling of liquid paper board, kerbside source

Primary data source Geography Data Age Technology Representativeness







Average Mixed data






Average technology

Data from a specific process and company





Grant, T., James, K., Lundie, S., Sonneveld, K., (2001), Life Cycle Assessment for Paper and Packaging Waste Management Scenarios in Victoria, EcoRecycle, Melbourne



National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Committee (2007), Australian Methodology for the Estimation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks 2006 - Waste, Environment Australia, Canberra Australia



The Visy Report (2003–2004), NPC, Environment and Community, Data Tables (Australia and NZ), Visy Industries.

U.S Greenhouse Gas Emissions and sinks inventory (1990–2003), United States Environmental Protection Agency, http://www.epa.gov/methane/sources.html






895 MJ

�

Electricity - SEAus HV

�

0 .25 t CO 2 e

�

156 kg

�

Landfill paperboard

�

frac CS

�

0 .0343 t CO 2 e

�

672 MJ

�

Energy from natural

�

gas

�

0 .0409 t CO 2 e

�

895 MJ

�

Electricity - SEAU HV

�

m arch 2003 ( agg )

�

0 .25 t CO 2 e

�

672 MJ

�

Energy from natural

�

gas Ag 00 - 01

�

0 .0409 t CO 2 e

�

156 kg

�

Paperboard disposal

�

0 .0343 t CO 2 e

�

156 kg

�

!Landfill paperboard

�

fraction

�

0 .0343 t CO 2 e

�

415 MJ

�

Articulated truck

�

operation / AU U

�

0 .0445 t CO 2 e

�

139 tkm

�

Articulated T ruck , 7

�

tonne load on 30

�

tonne truck , ( freight

�

0 .0555 t CO 2 e

�

1 .86 E4 m

�

Bulk recyclables

�

trans ./ AU U

�

0 .0555 t CO 2 e

�

-489 kg

�


�

(landfill )/ AU U

�

0 .489 t CO 2 e

�

- 2 .67 E 3 s

�

Collecting

�

Garbage /AU U

�

-0 .0378 t CO 2 e

�

1. 75 E4 s

�

Collecting

�

Recyclables /AU U

�

0 .275 t CO 2e

�

420 MJ

�


�

production /AU U

�

0 .114 t CO 2 e

�

86 .3 kg

�

Diesel , at

�

consum er /AU U

�

0 .0565 t CO 2 e

�

478 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�


�

average ,

�

0 .13 t CO 2e

�

166 MJ

�


�


�

0 .0452 t CO 2 e

�

122 MJ

�


�


�

0 .0325 t CO 2 e

�

132 MJ

�


�

Victoria , sent out / AU U

�

0 .0484 t CO 2 e

�

- 32 kg

�

Methane Com bustion

�

from landfill /AU U

�

0 .105 t CO 2 e

�

32 m 3

�

MRF sorting

�

recyclables /AU U

�

0 .0594 t CO 2 e

�

4 .06 E4 m

�

Recyclables transit / AU

�

U

�

0. 0478 t CO 2e

�

1. 75 E4 s

�

Recycling T ruck

�

( packwaste )/ AU U

�

0 .275 t CO 2e

�

1. 67 E4 s

�

Refuse truck

�

( packwaste )/ AU U

�

0 .237 t CO 2e

�

355 MJ

�

Rigid truck operation ,

�

diesel /AU U

�

0. 0424 t CO 2e

�

3 .61 E4 m

�

Rigid truck , gross

�

distance travelled /AU

�

U

�

0. 0425 t CO 2e

�

667 kg

�

LPB reprocessing .

�

( Visy )

�

0 .415 t CO 2e

�

-1 E3 kg

�

landfill of LPB from

�

kerbside

�

- 0. 709 t CO 2 e

�

32 m 3

�

Recycling Coll &T ran

�

( Syd Met )/ AU U

�

0. 378 t CO 2 e

�

- 5. 34 m 3

�

Garbage Coll & T ran

�

( Syd Met )/ AU U

�

-0 .0522 t CO 2 e

�

- 88 .9 kg

�


�

landfill -EEBR 2008

�

- 0. 971 t CO 2 e

�

- 56 .9 kg

�


�

under cap - EEBR 2008

�

- 1. 08 t CO 2 e

�

-316 kg

�


�


�

-0 .0324 t CO 2 e

�

1 E3 kg

�

LiquidPaperBoard

�

(kerb ) - Collect &

�

reprocess

�

1 .04 t CO 2 e

�

1 E3 kg

�

LiquidPaperBoard

�

(kerb ) - Net benefit of

�

recycling

�

0 .296 t CO 2 e

�

-667 kg

�

Landfill of corrugated

�

board from kerbside

�

- 0. 537 t CO 2 e




895 MJ

�

Elec tric ity - SEAus HV

�

2 .74 GJ LHV

�

156 kg

�

Landfill paperboard frac

�

CS

�

-0 .928 GJ LHV

�

895 MJ

�

Elec tric ity - SEAU HV

�

marc h 2003 ( agg)

�

2 .74 GJ LHV

�

156 kg

�

Paperboard d is pos al

�

-0 .928 GJ LHV

�

156 kg

�


�

frac tion

�

-0 .928 GJ LHV

�

-78.7 kg

�

Biogas from landfill /AU

�

U

�

-1 .97 GJ LHV

�

1 .75E4 s

�

Collec ting

�

Rec y c lab les /AU U

�

3 .94 GJ LHV

�

420 MJ

�

Credit for e lec tric ity

�

p roduc tion /AU U

�

1 .2 GJ LHV

�

102 kg

�

Crude o il , Aus tra lian

�

av erage/AU U

�

4 .58 GJ LHV

�

86.3 kg

�

Dies el , a t c ons umer /AU

�

U

�

4 .66 GJ LHV

�

478 MJ

�

Elec tric ity , h igh v o ltage ,

�

Aus tra lian av erage ,

�

p roduc tion /AU U

�

1 .36 GJ LHV

�

- 558 MJ

�

Elec tric tiy landfill gas ,

�

s ent out/AU U

�

-1 .98 GJ LHV

�

-32 kg

�

Methane Combus tion

�

from landfill /AU U

�

-0 .786 GJ LHV

�

1 .75E4 s

�

Rec y c ling Truc k

�

(pac kw as te )/ AU U

�

3 .94 GJ LHV

�

1 .67E4 s

�

Refus e truc k

�

(pac kw as te )/ AU U

�

3 .4 GJ LHV

�

667 kg

�

LPB reproc es s ing .

�

(Vis y )

�

3 .49 GJ LHV

�

- 4 .28E3 MJ

�

Energy , from

�

w oodw as te and b lac k

�

liquors , bas ed on v is y

�

- 4 .28 GJ LHV

�

0 .0385 m3

�

Crude o il , domes tic /AU U

�

1 .41 GJ LHV

�

0 .0832 m 3

�

Crude o il , imported /GLO

�

U

�

3 .19 GJ LHV

�

-1E3 kg

�

landfill o f LPB from

�

kerbs ide

�

-2 .08 GJ LHV

�

32 m 3

�

Rec y c ling Coll & Tran

�

(Sy d Met )/AU U

�

5 .42 GJ LHV

�

-88.9 kg

�


�

landfill -EEBR 2008

�

-0 .786 GJ LHV

�

-316 kg

�

Primary produc tion of

�

unb leac hed kraft pu lp

�

- 4 .98 GJ LHV

�

1E3 kg

�

L iqu idPaperBoard (kerb )

�

- Collec t & reproc es s

�

10.3 GJ LHV

�

1E3 kg

�

L iqu idPaperBoard ( kerb )

�

- Net benefit o f

�

rec y c ling

�

3 .22 GJ LHV

�

-667 kg

�

Landfill o f c orrugated

�

board from kerbs ide

�

-1 .57 GJ LHV




895 MJ

�


�

1 .19 kL H2O

�

156 kg

�

Landfill paperboard

�

frac CS

�

-0 .406 kL H 2O

�

895 MJ

�


�

march2003 (agg)

�

1 .19 kL H2O

�

156 kg

�

Paperboard disposal

�

-0 .406 kL H 2O

�

156 kg

�


�

fraction

�

-0 .406 kL H 2O

�

420 MJ

�


�

production /AU U

�

0.181 kL H2O

�

478 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�


�

average ,

�

0.205 kL H2O

�

-32 kg

�

Methane Combustion

�

from landfill /AU U

�

0.178 kL H2O

�

667 kg

�

LPB reprocessing .

�

(Visy )

�

5 .33 kL H 2O

�

-1E3 kg

�


�

kerbside

�

0.226 kL H2O

�

-88.9 kg

�


�

landfill -EEBR 2008

�

0.178 kL H2O

�

-316 kg

�


�


�

-14 .3 kL H2O

�

1E 3 kg

�

LiquidPaperBoard

�

(kerb) - Collect &

�

reprocess

�

5 .38 kL H 2O

�1E3 kg

�

LiquidPaperBoard

�

(kerb) - Net benefit of

�

recycling

�

-8.66 kL H 2O

�

-667 kg

�


�

board from kerbside

�

0.171 kL H2O




895 MJ

�


�

0 .0302 tonnes

�

156 kg

�

Landfill paperboard

�

frac CS

�

0 .146 tonnes

�

895 MJ

�


�

march2003 (agg )

�

0 .0302 tonnes

�

156 kg

�

Paperboard disposal

�

0 .146 tonnes

�

156 kg

�


�

fraction

�

0 .146 tonnes

�

667 kg

�

LPB reprocessing .

�

(Visy )

�

0 .186 tonnes

�

-1E3 kg

�


�

kerbside

�

-0 .768 tonnes

�

1E3 kg

�

LiquidPaperBoard

�

(kerb ) - Collect &

�

reprocess

�

0 .46 tonnes

�1E3 kg

�

LiquidPaperBoard

�

(kerb ) - Net benefit of

�

recycling

�

-0 .308 tonnes

�

-667 kg

�


�

board from kerbside

�

-0 .496 tonnes



Office paper

Process description Office paper is generally recycled back into white office paper. The process involves sorting the paper into different grades. It is then mixed with water to form a pulp. The pulp is then screened, cleaned, de-inked and then mixed with sodium hypochlorite (bleach), and finally sent to the paper machine to be used to make different grades of paper ranging from envelopes to office paper. The avoided product from office paper production is assumed to be white office paper from virgin fibre.

Two collection systems for waste office paper were considered in the model: A) Kerbside collection — municipal collection of office paper in commingled from households,

and processing through a Materials Recovery Facility B) C&I, C&D collection — the segregated waste collected is sent directly to the reprocessing

site without any sorting process, or associated losses.

The unique nature of each collection system drives differences in the impacts associated with office paper recycling. For this reason the recycling processes considered and impacts generated have been described separately in the following sections, according to the collection method used.

Figure 25 illustrates the processes considered in determining the overall impact of office paper recycling from kerbside and C&I and C&D sources (shown to the left of the vertical line), and the processes considered in determining the overall impact of the avoided processes (shown to the right of the vertical line).

Figure 25: Processes considered in determining the net impacts of the recycling process from kerbside and CI&CD sources.


MRF

MRF


Reprocessing office paper into recycled office

paper


landfill


to landfill




white office paper


System Boundary



reprocessor






Once at the reprocessing facility, the model considers the impacts of material reprocessing required to convert the waste material into secondary products. Losses associated with this process are included in the analysis. The kerbside treatment system is illustrated in Figure 25 (processes unique to kerbside collection have been shaded accordingly).

In order to determine the benefit or impact of recycling a material, it is also necessary to consider the processes avoided when recycling is undertaken. Figure 25 also illustrates the processes that would be avoided if office paper wastes are reprocessed (shown to the right of the vertical line). Two main processes are considered, the collection and disposal to landfill of office paper wastes from the kerbside, and the primary manufacture of white office paper from virgin resources.


Table 16: Benefits and impacts of recycling of office paper from kerbside sources (per tonne). Benefits are shown negative, impacts are shown positive.



Primary material

production









Network diagrams detailing key processes that influence the impact listed in Figure 25 are shown in Figure 26 to Figure 29. For further information regarding interpretation of network diagrams, refer to Understanding Network Diagrams (Figure 1).

Key assumptions Table 17 describes the key processes and data sources used to determine the benefits and impacts associated with the collection, recycling and reprocessing of 1 tonne of office paper. The table also includes the products and processes avoided when 1 tonne of office paper is recycled.



Table 17: Inventory for recycling 1 tonne of office paper from a kerbside source (1 tonne)



5.5 m3 Transport model for kerbside collection based on Grant (2001), refer discussion below Emission of the truck from NGGIC (1997) Density of the material in cubic meter from Grant (2001)

Sorting of office paper at Material Recovery Facility (MRF)

5.5 m3 10 per cent loss assumed at MRF Energy inputs from Nishtala (1997) and estimated from equipment specifications


65 km 65km transport to reprocessor in Sydney metro area. Fuel use data are from Apelbaum (1997). Greenhouse related emissions are based on fuel use with factors taken from NGGIC (1997). Non greenhouse emissions apart from lead are taken from Delft (1996).

Reprocessing office paper into recycled office paper

0.9 tonne Based on linerboard but with hardwood kraft pulp input, de-inking included from EcoInvent data. Also referenced are Picken (1996) and FEFCO (1997) 1.152 GJ of electricity, 0.860 GJ of energy from coal, 4.392 GJ energy from natural gas, 0.025 GJ of energy from diesel, 1.245 MJ of energy from wood waste, plus the necessary energy input for the deinking process (0.748 MWh of electricity and 1.2 GJ of natural gas per tonne) are consumed for the reprocessing of 1 tonne of office paper.




0.1 tonne During the sorting process, 10 per cent of waste assumed to be discarded at MRF, and treated in landfill. This correspond to 100 kg.




1 tonne Emission factors adapted from EcoInvent database to Australian conditions; energy and transport data have been changed to Australian data. Operation to the landfill from a personal communication with S. Middleton, Pacific Waste, NSW, 1998 AGO dissimilated in landfill factor for final inert waste and carbon sequestration.

Primary production of white office paper

0.85 tonne Based on linerboard but with hardwood kraft pulp input Also referenced are Picken (1996) and FEFCO (1997) 1.15 GJ of electricity, 0.86 GJ of energy from coal, 4.4 GJ of energy from natural gas, 0.025 GJ of energy from diesel, and 1.25 MJ of energy from woodwaste are assumed to be consumed to process 1 tonne of white office paper from virgin sources.




Table 18: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and landfilling of office paper, kerbside source








Recycling paper to office paper with deinking

Ecoinvent data, Picken (1996), FEFCO (1997)

European data adapted to Australian conditions

1996–2004

Average Mixed data

Avoided virgin material production

Unknown Western Europe 1990–1994

Average Mixed data


Eco–invent, AGO and US EPA

European data adapted to Australian conditions, Australia and US

2001–2004

Unspecified Unspecified


Processes considered In the case of the C&I and C&D collection system, it has been assumed that waste collected from such sources is directly sent to the reprocessing site without any further sorting process, or associated losses. The model developed takes into account transportation impacts incurred to bring the material from C&I and C&D sources to the material reprocessing facility.

Once at the reprocessing facility, the model considers the impacts of material reprocessing required to convert the waste material into recycled paper. Losses associated with this process are included in the analysis. The model also illustrates the processes considered in determining the impact of the processes avoided when recycling office paper from C&I and C&D sources. Three main processes are considered, the collection of office paper wastes and landfill treatment, and the primary manufacture of white office paper from virgin resources. The system is also described in Figure 25 (processes unique to C&I, C&D collection are shown shaded accordingly).




Table 19: Benefits and impacts of recycling and landfill of office paper from C&I and C&D sources (per tonne). Benefits are shown negative, impacts are shown positive.


reprocessing


Primary material

production









Key assumptions Table 20 describes the key processes and data sources used to determine the benefits and impacts associated with the collection, recycling and reprocessing of 1 tonne of office paper. The table also includes the products and processes avoided when 1 tonne of office paper is recycled.



Table 20: Inventory for recycling 1 tonne of office paper from C&I and C&D source


Recycling process flows (Figure 25 — left hand side) Waste collection and transport to reprocessor

65 km 65km transport to reprocessor in Sydney metro area. Emissions from transport based on a trucking model developed by the Centre for Design, incorporating trucking data from Apelbaum (2001), Truck backhaul ratio assumed to be 1:2.

Reprocessing office paper into recycled office paper

1 tonne Based on linerboard but with hardwood kraft pulp input, de-inking included from EcoInvent data. Also referenced are Picken (1996) and FEFCO (1997) 1.152 GJ of electricity, 0.860 GJ of energy from coal, 4.392 GJ energy from natural gas, 0.025 GJ of energy from diesel, 1.245 MJ of energy from wood waste, plus the necessary energy input for the deinking process (0.748 MWh of electricity and 1.2 GJ of natural gas per tonne) are consumed for the reprocessing of 1 tonne of office paper.




1 tonne Emission factors adapted from EcoInvent database to Australian conditions; energy and transport data have been changed to Australian data. Operation to the landfill from a personal communication with S. Middleton, Pacific Waste, NSW, 1998 Methane generated in landfill from US EPA 2002 data AGO dissimilated in landfill factor for final inert waste and carbon sequestration

Primary production of white office paper

0.85 tonne Based on linerboard but with hardwood kraft pulp input Also referenced are Picken (1996) and FEFCO (1997) 1.15 GJ of electricity, 0.86 GJ of energy from coal, 4.4 GJ of energy from natural gas, 0.025 GJ of energy from diesel, and 1.25 MJ of energy from woodwaste are assumed to be consumed to process 1 tonne of white office paper from virgin sources.




Table 21: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and land filling of office paper from C&I and C&D source (1 tonne)








Recycling paper to office paper with deinking

Ecoinvent data, Picken (1996), FEFCO (1997)

European data adapted to Australian conditions

1996–2004

Average Mixed data

Avoided virgin material production

Unknown Western Europe 1990–1994

Average Mixed data


Eco–invent, AGO and US EPA

European data adapted to Australian conditions, Australia and US

2001–2004

Unspecified Unspecified



Delft University of Technology (1996), data from the Section for Environmental Product Development, Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, The Netherlands

FEFCO (1997), European Database for Corrugated Board, Life Cycle Studies, Brussels, Belgium.


Grant, T., James, K., Lundie, S., Sonneveld, K., (2001), Life Cycle Assessment for Paper and Packaging Waste Management Scenarios in Victoria, EcoRecycle, Melbourne

National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Committee (1997), National Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1995 with Methodology Supplement, Environment Australia, Canberra Australia

Nishtala, S., Solano-Mora, E., (1997), Description of the Material Recovery Facilities Process Model: Design, Cost, and Life-Cycle Inventory, Research Triangle Institute and North Carolina State University

Picken J (1996), Paper and the Greenhouse Effect, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, Melbourne, Australia, University of Melbourne.


U.S Greenhouse Gas Emissions and sinks inventory (1990-2003), United States Environmental Protection Agency, http://www.epa.gov/methane/sources.html





Figure 26: Recycling process network diagram — Green house gases indicator. Processes contributing less than 5 per cent to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded.

�

-782 MJ

�

Electric ity , high voltage ,

�

Australian average /AU

�

U

�

-0.213 t CO 2e

�

-667 kg

�


�

(landf ill)/AU U

�

0.667 t CO 2e

�

-206 kg

�

Caustic soda /AU U

�

-0.233 t CO 2e

�

543 MJ

�


�

production/AU U

�

0.148 t CO 2e

�

1.64E3 MJ

�


�

Eastern Australian /AU

�

U

�

0.477 t CO 2e

�

1.64E3 MJ

�


�

Eastern Australian ,

�

production/AU U

�

0.477 t CO 2e

�

519 MJ

�


�


�

0.141 t CO 2e

�

381 MJ

�


�

QLD, sent out /AU U

�

0.101 t CO 2e

�

412 MJ

�


�

V ictoria, sent out /AU U

�

0.151 t CO 2e

�

-4.66E3 MJ

�


�

gas/AU U

�

-0.273 t CO 2e

�

-41.4 kg

�

Methane Combustion

�

f rom landf ill/AU U

�

0.135 t CO 2e

�

14.7 kg

�


�

landf ill/AU U

�

0.131 t CO 2e

�

8.07 kg

�


�

under cap /AU U

�

0.152 t CO 2e

�

-850 kg

�

Hardw ood kraf t pulp

�

AU, 05

�

-0.993 t CO 2e

�

900 kg

�

Deinking , based on

�

EcoInvent data , per kg

�

of paper

�

0.888 t CO 2e

�

900 kg

�

Recycling paper , to

�

of f ice paper, w ith

�

deinking

�

1.48 t CO 2e

�

100 kg

�

Landf ill of paper

�

w aste, EEBR

�

update /AU U

�

0.0653 t CO 2e

�

-133 kg

�


�

landf ill-EEBR2008

�

-1.46 t CO 2e

�

-85.3 kg

�


�

under cap -EEBR2008

�

-1.61 t CO 2e

�

1E3 kg

�

Of f ice paper (kerb ) -

�

Collect & reprocess

�

1.63 t CO 2e

�1E3 kg

�


�

Net benef it of recycling

�

-0.743 t CO 2e

�

-850 kg

�

Production of w hite

�

of f ice paper f rom

�

v irgin sources

�

-1.59 t CO 2e

�

-1E3 kg

�

landf ill of Of f ice Paper

�

f rom kerbside

�

-0.78 t CO 2e

�

-1E3 kg

�

Landf ill of Of f ice Paper

�

f rom kerbside

�

-0.78 t CO 2e




-782 MJ

�


�

Australian average /AU

�

U

�

-2.23 GJ LHV

�

-101 kg

�

Biogas f rom landf ill /AU

�

U

�

-2.52 GJ LHV

�

65.3 kg

�

Black coal , NSW /AU U

�

1.42 GJ LHV

�

163 kg

�

Brow n coal ,

�

V ictoria /AU U

�

1.32 GJ LHV

�

-206 kg

�

Caustic soda /AU U

�

-2.45 GJ LHV

�

543 MJ

�


�

production /AU U

�

1.55 GJ LHV

�

1.64E3 MJ

�

Electric ity , high

�

voltage , Eastern

�

Australian /AU U

�

4.79 GJ LHV

�

1.64E3 MJ

�

Electric ity , high

�

voltage , Eastern

�

Australian,

�

4.79 GJ LHV

�

519 MJ

�


�


�

1.42 GJ LHV

�

412 MJ

�


�

V ictoria , sent out /AU U

�

1.32 GJ LHV

�

-720 MJ

�


�

sent out /AU U

�

-2.55 GJ LHV

�

-4.66E3 MJ

�


�

gas/AU U

�

-4.79 GJ LHV

�

-110 m3

�

Natural gas ,

�

processed/AU U

�

-4.48 GJ LHV

�

-41.4 kg

�

Methane Combustion

�


�

-1.02 GJ LHV

�

-84.5 kg

�

Natural gas , high

�

pressure/AU U

�

-4.48 GJ LHV

�

-110 m3

�

Natural gas , high

�

pressure /AU U

�

-4.48 GJ LHV

�

-850 kg

�


�

AU, 05

�

-13.3 GJ LHV

�

900 kg

�

Deinking , based on

�


�

of paper

�

9.84 GJ LHV

�

900 kg

�


�

of f ice paper , w ith

�

deinking

�

17.8 GJ LHV

�

-133 kg

�


�

landf ill-EEBR2008

�

-1.18 GJ LHV

�

1E3 kg

�


�

Collect & reprocess

�

19.2 GJ LHV

�1E3 kg

�

Of f ice paper (kerb) -

�


�

-4.12 GJ LHV

�

-850 kg

�


�


�

v irgin sources

�

-21.3 GJ LHV

�

-1E3 kg

�


�

f rom kerbside

�

-2.01 GJ LHV

�

-1E3 kg

�


�

f rom kerbside

�

-2.01 GJ LHV




89.3 kg

�

Kaolin , at plant /RER S

�

1.05 kL H 2O

�

22.1 kg

�

Rosin s ize , in paper

�

production, at

�

plant /RER S

�

4.41 kL H 2O

�

-782 MJ

�

Electric ity , high

�

voltage, Australian

�

average/AU U

�

-0.336 kL H 2O

�

-206 kg

�

Caustic soda /AU U

�

-0.421 kL H 2O

�

1.64E3 MJ

�

Electric ity , high

�

voltage, Eastern

�

Australian/AU U

�

0.758 kL H 2O

�

1.64E3 MJ

�

Electric ity , high

�

voltage, Eastern

�

Australian ,

�

0.758 kL H 2O

�

-850 kg

�


�

AU, 05

�

-24.7 kL H 2O

�

900 kg

�

Deinking , based on

�


�

of paper

�

22.2 kL H 2O

�

900 kg

�


�

of f ice paper, w ith

�

deinking

�

22.6 kL H 2O

�

-101 kg

�

Kaolin , at plant /RER U -

�

AU adapted f rom

�

EcoInvent

�

-0.592 kL H2O

�

-133 kg

�


�

landf ill-EEBR2008

�

0.267 kL H2O

�

1E3 kg

�


�

Collect & reprocess

�

22.6 kL H 2O

�1E3 kg

�


�


�

-2.91 kL H2O

�

-850 kg

�


�


�

v irgin sources

�

-25.8 kL H 2O

�

-1E3 kg

�


�

f rom kerbside

�

0.26 kL H2O

�

-1E3 kg

�


�

f rom kerbside

�

0.26 kL H2O




-206 kg

�

Caustic soda /AU U

�

-0.02 tonnes

�

1.64E3 MJ

�

Electric ity , high

�

voltage , Eastern

�

Australian /AU U

�

0.0199 tonnes

�

1.64E3 MJ

�

Electric ity , high

�

voltage , Eastern

�

Australian,

�

0.0199 tonnes

�

519 MJ

�


�


�

0.00899 tonnes

�

24.2 kg

�

Fly ash

�

processing//AU U

�

0.0145 tonnes

�

-1.56E3 kg

�

Pulp logs , Hardw ood,

�

V ictoria/AU U

�

-0.223 tonnes

�

-850 kg

�


�

AU, 05

�

-0.259 tonnes

�

900 kg

�

Deinking , based on

�


�

of paper

�

0.0321 tonnes

�

900 kg

�


�

of f ice paper , w ith

�

deinking

�

0.0484 tonnes

�

100 kg

�

Landf ill of paper

�

w aste , EEBR

�

update/AU U

�

0.0441 tonnes

�

1E3 kg

�


�

Collect & reprocess

�

0.0928 tonnes

�1E3 kg

�


�


�

-0.926 tonnes

�

-850 kg

�


�


�

v irgin sources

�

-0.275 tonnes

�

-1E3 kg

�


�

f rom kerbside

�

-0.743 tonnes

�

-1E3 kg

�


�

f rom kerbside

�

-0.743 tonnes





- 670 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�


�

av erage /AU U

�

-0 .182 t CO 2 e

�

- 733 kg

�


�

( landf ill )/ AU U

�

0 .733 t CO 2 e

�

- 205 kg

�

Caustic soda / AU U

�

- 0. 232 t CO 2e

�

630 MJ

�


�

production / AU U

�

0 .172 t CO 2 e

�

1. 9E3 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�

v oltage , Eastern

�

Australian / AU U

�

0. 553 t CO 2e

�

1. 9E3 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�

v oltage , Eastern

�

Australian ,

�

0. 553 t CO 2e

�

676 MJ

�


�


�

0. 184 t CO 2e

�

497 MJ

�


�


�

0 .132 t CO 2 e

�

537 MJ

�


�


�

0. 197 t CO 2e

�

-4 .05 E3 MJ

�


�

gas /AU U

�

-0 .238 t CO 2 e

�

-48 kg

�

Methane Com bustion

�


�

0 .157 t CO 2 e

�

- 850 kg

�

Hardwood kraf t pulp

�

AU, 05

�

- 0. 993 t CO 2e

�

1 E3 kg

�

Deinking , based on

�

EcoInv ent data , per kg

�

of paper

�

0. 987 t CO 2e

�

1 E3 kg

�

Recy cling paper , to

�

of f ice paper , with

�

deinking

�

1. 64 t CO 2 e

�

-1 E3 kg

�


�

f rom C &I and C &D

�

-0 .732 t CO 2 e

�

- 133 kg

�


�


�

-1 .46 t CO 2e

�

- 85 .3 kg

�


�

under cap - EEBR2008

�

-1 .61 t CO 2e

�

1 E3 kg

�

Of f ice Paper ( CI & CD )

�


�

1. 66 t CO 2 e

�

1E3 kg

�

Of f ice Paper (CI & CD )

�

- Net benef it of

�

recy cling

�

-0 .668 t CO 2 e

�

- 850 kg

�

Production of white

�

of f ice paper f rom v irgin

�

sources

�

- 1. 59 t CO 2 e

�

-1 E3 kg

�


�

f rom C &I and C &D

�

-0 .732 t CO 2 e



Figure 31: Recycling process network diagram — Cumulative energy demand indicator. Processes contributing less than 6 per cent to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded. �

- 670 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�


�

av erage /AU U

�

-1 .91 GJ LHV

�

-117 kg

�

Biogas f rom landf ill /AU

�

U

�

-2 .92 GJ LHV

�

85 . 1 kg

�

Black coal , NSW / AU U

�

1 .85 GJ LHV

�

64 . 7 kg

�

Black coal , QLD /AU U

�

1 .34 GJ LHV

�

212 kg

�

Brown coal , Victoria / AU

�

U

�

1. 72 GJ LHV

�

- 205 kg

�

Caustic soda / AU U

�

- 2. 44 GJ LHV

�

630 MJ

�


�

production / AU U

�

1 .79 GJ LHV

�

1 .9 E3 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�

v oltage , Eastern

�

Australian /AU U

�

5 .55 GJ LHV

�

1 .9 E3 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�

v oltage , Eastern

�

Australian ,

�

5 .55 GJ LHV

�

676 MJ

�


�


�

1 .85 GJ LHV

�

497 MJ

�


�


�

1 .34 GJ LHV

�

537 MJ

�


�


�

1. 72 GJ LHV

�

- 834 MJ

�


�

sent out /AU U

�

-2 .95 GJ LHV

�

-4 .05 E3 MJ

�


�

gas /AU U

�

-4 .17 GJ LHV

�

- 92 m 3

�

Natural gas ,

�

processed /AU U

�

-3 .76 GJ LHV

�

-48 kg

�

Methane Com bustion

�


�

- 1. 18 GJ LHV

�

- 70 .9 kg

�

Natural gas , high

�

pressure / AU U

�

-3 .76 GJ LHV

�

- 92 m 3

�

Natural gas , high

�

pressure /AU U

�

-3 .76 GJ LHV

�

- 850 kg

�


�

AU, 05

�

- 13 .3 GJ LHV

�

1E3 kg

�

Deinking , based on

�


�

of paper

�

10 . 9 GJ LHV

�

1 E3 kg

�


�


�

deinking

�

19 .7 GJ LHV

�

- 1E3 kg

�


�

f rom C &I and C &D

�

- 1. 31 GJ LHV

�

- 133 kg

�


�


�

- 1. 18 GJ LHV

�

1 E3 kg

�


�


�

20 GJ LHV

�

1 E3 kg

�


�

- Net benef it of

�

recy cling

�

-2 .63 GJ LHV

�

- 850 kg

�

Production of white

�


�

sources

�

- 21 .3 GJ LHV

�

- 1E3 kg

�


�

f rom C &I and C &D

�

- 1. 31 GJ LHV




99 . 2 kg

�

Kaolin , at plant /RER S

�

1 .17 kL H 2O

�

24 .5 kg

�

Rosin size , in paper

�

production , at

�

plant /RER S

�

4. 89 kL H 2 O

�

-670 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�


�

av erage / AU U

�

- 0. 288 kL H 2O

�

- 205 kg

�

Caustic soda / AU U

�

- 0. 42 kL H 2 O

�

630 MJ

�


�

production /AU U

�

0. 271 kL H 2O

�

1 .9 E3 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�

v oltage , Eastern

�

Australian /AU U

�

0 .879 kL H 2 O

�

1 .9 E3 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�

v oltage , Eastern

�

Australian ,

�

0 .879 kL H 2 O

�

676 MJ

�


�


�

0 .294 kL H 2 O

�

497 MJ

�


�


�

0. 292 kL H 2O

�

- 48 kg

�

Methane Com bustion

�


�

0. 267 kL H 2O

�

- 850 kg

�


�

AU, 05

�

- 24 .7 kL H 2 O

�

1 E3 kg

�

Deinking , based on

�


�

of paper

�

24 .6 kL H 2 O

�

1E3 kg

�


�


�

deinking

�

25 . 1 kL H 2O

�

- 101 kg

�

Kaolin , at plant / RER U

�

- AU adapted f rom

�

EcoInv ent

�

- 0. 592 kL H 2O

�

-1 E3 kg

�


�

f rom C &I and C &D

�

0. 265 kL H 2O

�

-133 kg

�


�

landf ill - EEBR2008

�

0. 267 kL H 2O

�

1E3 kg

�


�


�

25 . 1 kL H 2O

�

1E3 kg

�


�

- Net benef it of

�

recy cling

�

- 0. 372 kL H 2O

�

- 850 kg

�

Production of white

�


�

sources

�

- 25 .8 kL H 2 O

�

-1 E3 kg

�


�

f rom C &I and C &D

�

0. 265 kL H 2O




- 205 kg

�

Caustic soda / AU U

�

-0 .02 tonnes

�

1. 9E3 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�

v oltage , Eastern

�

Australian / AU U

�

0 .0231 tonnes

�

1. 9E3 MJ

�

Electricity , high

�

v oltage , Eastern

�

Australian ,

�

0 .0231 tonnes

�

- 1. 56 E3 kg

�

Pulp logs , Hardwood ,

�

Victoria /AU U

�

- 0. 223 tonnes

�

-850 kg

�


�

AU , 05

�

- 0. 259 tonnes

�

1 E3 kg

�

Deinking , based on

�


�

of paper

�

0 .0356 tonnes

�

1 E3 kg

�


�


�

deinking

�

0 .0538 tonnes

�

-1 E3 kg

�


�

f rom C &I and C &D

�

-0 .743 tonnes

�

1 E3 kg

�


�


�

0 .0538 tonnes

�

1E3 kg

�


�

- Net benef it of

�

recy cling

�

-0 .965 tonnes

�

-850 kg

�

Production of white

�


�

sources

�

- 0. 275 tonnes

�

-1 E3 kg

�


�

f rom C &I and C &D

�

-0 .743 tonnes

appendix 3 – paper

Documents