343

Appendix 2: Languages

1 Introduction In §2 we list in their putative subgroups all the Oceanic languages to which we refer in

this volume. The higher-order subgroups are those described in Chapter 1, §3.2. Lower-order groups, except where indicated, are drawn from the classification in Lynch, Ross and Crowley (2002), and also, for Western Oceanic, from Ross (1988). In §3 we provide an index to §2. Polynesian subgrouping is based on Marck (2000).

Square brackets enclose the subgroup abbreviations used in the data. Parentheses include dialect names or, where an equals sign is used, an alternative name or names for the language.

2 Languages by subgroups 1 Yapese 2 Admiralties [Adm]

2.1 St Matthias Emira Mussau Tench (=Tenis)

2.2 Admiralties proper 2.2.1 Western Admiralties

Aua Kaniet Seimat (= Ninigo) Wuvulu

2.2.2 Eastern Admiralties 2.2.2.1 Manus

Andra Bipi Bohuai Drehet (= Ndrehet, Khehek, Levei-Tulu) Ere Kele Koro Lele Likum Loniu

344 Appendix 2

Mondropolon Nali Nyindrou Pak Ponam Sori-Harengan Titan

2.2.2.2 South-East Admiralties Baluan Lou Nauna Penchal

3 Western Oceanic 3.1 Sarmi/Jayapura [SJ]

3.2.1 Sarmi Bongo Kayupulau Ormu Sobei

3.2 North New Guinea [NNG] 3.2.1 Schouten

3.2.1.1 Manam/Kairiru Bam Kaiep Kairiru Kis Manam Medebur Sepa Sera Terebu Wogeo

3.2.1.2 Siau Ali Sissano Tumleo Ulau-Suain

3.2.2 Huon Gulf 3.2.2.1 North Huon Gulf

Bukawa Kela Yabem

3.2.2.2 Markham Adzera Dangal Duwet Labu Silisili Sukurum

Languages 345

Wampar Wampur Yalu

3.2.2.3 South Huon Gulf Buang Hote Kaiwa Kapin Mangga (= dialect of Buang) Mapos Buang Misim (= dialect of Hote) Mumeng (Patep, Zenang, Kumaru) Vehes

3.2.2.4 Numbami 3.2.3 Ngero/Vitiaz

3.2.3.1 Ngero Bariai Gitua Kove Lusi Malai Malalamai Mandok Mutu Tuam

3.2.3.2 Bel Bilibil (= Bilbil) Bing (= Biliau) Dami (= Ham) Gedaged Matukar Megiar Mindiri Takia Wab

3.2.3.3 Vitiaz Strait (areal grouping only) Amara Barim Kilenge Lukep (Pono) (= Arop-Lokep) Lukep Malasanga Maleu Mangap (= Mangap-Mbula, Kaimanga) Roinji Singorakai Sio Tami

346 Appendix 2

3.2.3.4 Southwest New Britain Akolet Apalik Arawe (= Arove) Aria Atui Avau Bebeli Kaulong Lamogai Mangseng Psohoh Rauto Sengseng

3.2.3.5 Mengen family Kakuna (= dialect of Mamusi) Maeng Mamusi Poeng Uvol

3.3 Papuan Tip [PT] 3.3.1 Nuclear Papuan Tip

3.3.1.1 Suauic Suau (Kwato Suau, Sariba) Tubetube Wagawaga

3.3.1.2 North Mainland/D’Entrecasteaux 3.3.1.2.1 Gumawana (= Gumasi) 3.3.1.2.2 Dobu/Duau

Dobu Duau Sewa Bay

3.3.1.2.3 Bwaidoga Bwaidoga Iduna (= dialect of Bwaidoga) Kalokalo Molima

3.3.1.2.4 Anuki 3.3.1.2.5 Kakabai/Dawawa

Kakabai Dawawa

3.3.1.2.6 Are/Taupota Are Arifama Gapapaiwa (= Paiwa) Minaveha (= Kukuya) Tawala Ubir Wedau

Languages 347

3.3.2 Kilivila/Misima 3.3.2.1 Kilivila

Kilivila (= Kiriwina) Muyuw

3.3.2.2 Misima 3.3.3 Nimoa/Sudest

Nimoa Sudest

3.3.4 Central Papuan Balawaia (= dialect of Sinaugoro) Gabadi Hula (= dialect of Keapara) Kuni Lala (= Nara, ’Ala’ala, Pokau) Magori Maopa (= dialect of Keapara) Mekeo Motu Roro Sinaugoro Taboro (= dialect of Sinaugoro)

3.4 Meso-Melanesian [MM] 3.4.1 Bali-Vitu

Bali Vitu

3.4.2 Willaumez Bola Bola Harua Bulu Meramera Nakanai (= Lakalai)

3.4.3 New Ireland/Northwest Solomonic 3.4.3.1 Tungag/Nalik family

Kara (East) Kara (West) Lavongai (= Tungak, Tungag) Nalik Tiang Tigak

3.4.3.2 Tabar linkage Lihir Notsi Tabar

3.4.3.3 Madak linkage Barok Lamasong Madak

3.4.3.4 Tomoip 3.4.3.5 St George linkage

348 Appendix 2

3.4.3.5.1 South New Ireland Bilur Kandas Konomala Label Minigir Patpatar Ramoaaina (= Duke of York) Siar Sursurunga Tangga (= Tanga) Tolai (= Kuanua, Raluana, Tuna)

3.4.3.5.2 Northwest Solomonic linkage 3.4.3.5.2.1 Nehan/North Bougainville

Hahon Halia (= Hanahan), Halia (Haku), Halia (Selau) Nehan Papapana Petats Solos Taiof Teop Tinputz

3.4.3.5.2.2 Piva/Banoni Banoni Piva

3.4.3.5.2.3 Mono-Alu/Torau Mono-Alu Torau Uruava

3.4.3.5.2.4 Choiseul Babatana Katazi Ririo Sisiqa (= Sengga) Vaghua Varisi

3.4.3.5.2.5 New Georgia Bareke Ghanongga Hoava Lungga Marovo Nduke Roviana Simbo Ughele Vangunu

Languages 349

3.4.3.5.2.6 Ysabel Kia (= Zabana) Kilokaka Kokota Ghove Laghu Maringe (= Cheke Holo, Hograno) Samasodu

4 Eastern Oceanic 4.1 Southeast Solomonic [SES]

4.1.1 Bugotu/Gela/Guadalcanal 4.1.1.1 Bugotu 4.1.1.2 Gela/Guadalcanal

Baegu Birao Gela Lengo Ghari Malagheti Malango Talise Tolo West Guadalcanal

4.1.1.3 Longgu/Malaita/Makira 4.1.1.3.1 Longgu 4.1.1.3.2 Malaita/Makira

’Are’are Arosi Baelelea Bauro Fagani Kahua Kwai Kwaio Kwara’ae Langalanga Lau Oroha Sa’a To’aba’ita Ulawa

4.2 North/Central Vanuatu [NCV] (groupings are areal, based on Clark 1996) 4.2.1 Banks and Torres, Maewo, Ambae, North Pentecost

Araki Hiw Maewo Merlav Mota Mwotlap

350 Appendix 2

Nduindui North-East Ambae (= NE Aoba) Raga

4.2.2 Espiritu Santo Fortsenal Kiai Nokuku Sakao Tamambo (= Malo) Tangoa Tasmate Tasiriki Tolomako Wusi

4.2.3 Malekula Atchin Axamb Big Nambas Burmbar Labo Mae Port Sandwich Uripiv

4.2.4 South Pentecost, Ambrym, Paama, Epi Lewo Lonwolwol Paamese S.E. Ambrym

4.2.5 Efate-Shepherds Makura Namakir (= Namakura) Nguna Sesake South Efate

4.3 South Vanuatu [SV] Anejom (= Aneityum) Kwamera Lenakel North Tanna South-west Tanna Sye (= Sie, Eromango) Ura Whitesands

4.4 New Caledonia [NCal] 4.4.1 New Caledonia proper

Ajië Cèmuhî Fwâi Pije Pwapwâ

Languages 351

Nemi Nyelâyu Xârâcùù Yuanga

4.4.2 Loyalties Dehu Iaai Nengone

4.5 Nuclear Micronesian [Mic] Carolinian Chuukese (= Trukese) Kiribatese (= Kiribati, Gilbertese) Kosraean (= Kusaeian) Lamotrek Marshallese Mokilese Mortlockese Ponapean Puluwatese Satawalese Sonsorolese Ulithian Woleaian

4.6 Central Pacific [Fij and Pn] 4.6.1 Rotuman 4.6.2 Western Fijian

Nadrogaa Wayan Yasawa

4.6.3 Eastern Fijian Bauan (= Standard Fijian) Boumaa Nabukelevu Wailevu

4.6.4 Polynesian (subgrouping based on Marck (2000) 4.6.4.1 Tongic

Niuatoputapu (dialect of Tongan) Niuean Tongan

4.6.4.2 Nuclear Polynesian Anutan East Uvean East Futunan Pileni Pukapukan Rennellese Tikopia West Futunan (= Futuna-Aniwa) West Uvean

352 Appendix 2

Ifira-Mele (= Mele-Fila) Emae

4.6.4.2.1 Samoan/Ellicean/Eastern Polynesian 4.6.4.2.1.1 Samoan 4.6.4.2.1.2 Ellicean/Eastern Polynesian

(A) Ellicean Kapingamarangi Luangiua Nanumean (dialect of Tuvalu) Nukuoro Nukuria Sikaiana Takuu Tokelauan Tuvalu (= Ellicean)

(B) Eastern Polynesian (a) Rapanui (= Easter Island) (b) Central Eastern Polynesian

(i) Marquesic Hawaiian

Mangareva Marquesan

(ii) Tahitic Mangaia

Manihiki Maori Rapa Rarotongan Tahitian Tongareva (= Penrhyn) Tuamotuan

Languages 353

3 language finderlist Languages are listed alphabetically below with a numeric reference to their position in

the subgrouping hierarchy in §2.

A Adzera 3.2.2.2 Ajië 4.4.1 Akolet 3.2.3.4 ’Ala’ala (see Lala) Ali 3.2.1.2 Alu (see Mono-Alu) Amara 3.2.3.3 Ambae (see North-east Ambae) Andra 2.2.2.1 Aneityum (see Anejom) Anejom 4.3 Anuki 3.3.1.2.4 Anutan 4.6.4.2 Aoba (see North-east Ambae) Apalik 3.2.3.4 Araki 4.2.1 Arawe 3.2.3.4 Are 3.3.1.2.6 ’Are’are 4.1.1.3.2 Aria 3.2.3.4 Arifama 3.3.1.2.6 Arop-Lokep (see Lukep (Pono)) Arosi 4.1.1.3.2 Arove (see Arawe) Atchin 4.2.3 Atui 3.2.3.4 Aua 2.2.1 Avau 3.2.3.4 Awad Bing (see Bing) Axamb 4.2.3

B Babatana 3.4.3.5.2.4 Baegu 4.1.1.2 Baelelea 4.1.1.3.2 Balawaia 3.3.4 Bali 3.4.1 Baluan 2.2.2.2

Bam 3.2.1.1 Banoni 3.4.3.5.2.2 Bareke 3.4.3.5.2.5 Bariai 3.2.3.1 Barim 3.2.3.3 Barok 3.4.3.3 Bauan 4.6.3 Bauro 4.1.1.3.2 Bebeli 3.2.3.4 Big Nambas 4.2.3 Bilbil (see Bilibil) Biliau (see Bing) Bilibil 3.2.3.2 Bilur 3.4.3.5.1 Bing 3.2.3.2 Bipi 2.2.2.1 Birao 4.1.1.2 Bohuai 2.2.2.1 Bola 3.4.2 Bongo 3.1.1 Boumaa 4.6.3 Boumaa (see Boumaa) Buang 3.2.2.3 Bugotu 4.1.1.1 Bukawa 3.2.2.1 Bulu 3.4.2 Burmbar 4.2.3 Bwaidoga 3.3.1.2.3

C Carolinian 4.5 Cèmuhî 4.4.1 Cheke Holo (see Maringe) Chuukese 4.5

D Dami 3.2.3.2 Dangal 3.2.2.2 Daui (see Suau)

354 Appendix 2

Dawawa 3.3.1.2.5 Dehu 4.4.2 Dobu 3.3.1.2.2 Drehet 2.2.2.1 Duau 3.3.1.2.2 Duke of York (see Ramoaaina) Duwet 3.2.2.2

E East Futunan 4.6.4.2 East Uvean 4.6.4.2 Easter Island (see Rapanui) Ellicean (see Tuvalu) Emae 4.6.4.2 Emira 2.1 Ere 2.2.2.1 Eromangan (see Sye)

F Fagani 4.1.1.3.2 Fijian (see Bauan) Fortsenal 4.2.2 Futuna-Aniwa (see West Futunan) Fwâi 4.4.1

G Gabadi 3.3.4 Gapapaiwa 3.3.1.2.6 Gedaged 3.2.3.2 Gela 4.1.1.2 Ghanongga 3.4.3.5.2.5 Ghari 4.1.1.2 Ghove 3.4.3.5.2.6 Gilbertese (see Kiribatese) Gitua 3.2.3.1 Gumasi (see Gumawana) Gumawana 3.3.1.2.1

H Hahon 3.4.3.5.2.1 Haku (see Halia) Halia 3.4.3.5.2.1 Ham (see Dami) Hanahan (see Halia)

Harua (see Bola) Hawaiian 4.6.4.2.1.2.B.b.i Hiw 4.2.1 Hoava 3.4.3.5.2.5 Hograno (see Maringe) Hote 3.2.2.3 Hula 3.3.4

I Iaai 4.4.2 Iduna 3.3.1.2.3 Ifira-Mele 4.6.4.2

K

Kahua 4.1.1.3.2 Kaiep 3.2.1.1 Kaimanga (see Mangap) Kairiru 3.2.1.1 Kaiwa 3.2.2.3 Kakabai 3.3.1.2.5 Kakuna (see Mamusi) Kalokalo 3.3.1.2.3 Kandas 3.4.3.5.1 Kaniet 2.2.1 Kapin 3.2.2.3 Kapingamarangi 4.6.4.2.1.2.A Kara (East) 3.4.3.1 Kara (West) 3.4.3.1 Katazi 3.4.3.5.2.4 Kaulong 3.2.3.4 Kayupulau 3.1.1 Keapara (see Hula) Keapara (see Maopa) Kela 3.2.2.1 Kele 2.2.2.1 Khehek (see Drehet) Kia 3.4.3.5.2.6 Kiai 4.2.2 Kilenge 3.2.3.3 Kilivila 3.3.2.1 Kiliokaka 3.4.3.5.2.6 Kiribati (see Kiribatese) Kiribatese 4.5 Kiriwina (see Kilivila)

Appendix 2 355

Kis 3.2.1.1 Kokota 3.4.3.5.2.6 Konomala 3.4.3.5.1 Koro 2.2.2.1 Kosraean 4.5 Kove 3.2.3.1 Kuanua (see Tolai) Kukuya (see Minaveha) Kumaru (see Mumeng) Kuni 3.3.4 Kusaeian (see Kosraean) Kwai 4.1.1.3.2 Kwaio 4.1.1.3.2 Kwamera 4.3 Kwara’ae 4.1.1.3.2 Kwato (see Suau)

L Label 3.4.3.5.1 Labo 4.2.3 Labu 3.2.2.2 Laghu 3.4.3.5.2.6 Lakalai (see Nakanai) Lala 3.3.4 Lamasong 3.4.3.3 Lamogai 3.2.3.4 Lamotrek 4.5 Langalanga 4.1.1.3.2 Lau 4.1.1.3.2 Lavongai 3.4.3.1 Lele 2.2.2.1 Lenakel 4.3 Lengo 4.1.1.2 Levei-Tulu (see Drehet) Lewo 4.2.4 Lihir 3.4.3.2 Likum 2.2.2.1 Longgu 4.1.1.3.1 Loniu 2.2.2.1 Lonwolwol 4.2.4 Lou 2.2.2.2 Luangiua 4.6.4.2.1.2.A Lukep (Pono) 3.2.3.3 Lukep 3.2.3.3

Lungga 3.4.3.5.2.5 Lusi 3.2.3.1

M Madak 3.4.3.3 Mae 4.2.3 Maeng 3.2.3.5 Maewo 4.2.1 Magori 3.3.4 Makura 4.2.5 Malagheti 4.1.1.2 Malai 3.2.3.1 Malalamai 3.2.3.1 Malango 4.1.1.2 Malasanga 3.2.3.3 Maleu 3.2.3.3 Malo (see Tamambo) Mamusi 3.2.3.5 Manam 3.2.1.1 Mandok 3.2.3.1 Mangaia 4.6.4.2.1.2.B.b.ii Mangap 3.2.3.3 Mangap-Mbula (see Mangap) Mangareva 4.6.4.2.1.2.B.b.i Mangga 3.2.2.3 Mangseng 3.2.3.4 Manihiki 4.6.4.2.1.2.B.b.ii Maopa 3.3.4 Maori 4.6.4.2.1.2.B.b.ii Mapos Buang 3.2.2.3 Maringe 3.4.3.5.2.6 Marovo 3.4.3.5.2.5 Marquesan 4.6.4.2.1.2.B.b.i Marshallese 4.5 Matukar 3.2.3.2 Mbula (see Mangap) Medebur 3.2.1.1 Megiar 3.2.3.2 Mekeo 3.3.4 Mele-Fila (see Ifira-Mele) Meramera 3.4.2 Merlav 4.2.1 Minaveha 3.3.1.2.6 Mindiri 3.2.3.2

356 Appendix 2

Minigir 3.4.3.5.1 Misim (see Hote) Misima 3.3.2.2 Mokilese 4.5 Molima 3.3.1.2.3 Mondropolon 2.2.2.1 Mono (see Mono-Alu) Mono-Alu 3.4.3.5.2.3 Mortlockese 4.5 Mota 4.2.1 Motu 3.3.4 Mumeng 3.2.2.3 Mussau 2.1 Mutu 3.2.3.1 Muyuw 3.3.2.1 Mwotlap 4.2.1

N Nabukelevu 4.6.3 Nadrogaa 4.6.2 Nakanai 3.4.2 Nali 2.2.2.1 Nalik 3.4.3.1 Namakir 4.2.5 Namakura (see Namakir) Nanumean 4.6.4.2.1.2.A Nara (see Lala) Nauna 2.2.2.2 Ndrehet (see Drehet) Nduindui 4.2.1 Nduke 3.4.3.5.2.5 Nehan 3.4.3.5.2.1 Nemi 4.4.1 Nengone 4.4.2 Nguna 4.2.5 Nimoa 3.3.3 Ninigo (see Seimat) Niuatoputapu (see Tonga) Niuean 4.6.4.1 Nodup (see Tolai) Nokuku 4.2.2 North-east Ambae 4.2.1 North-east Aoba (see North-East Ambae)

North Tanna 4.3 Notsi 3.4.3.2 Nukuoro 4.6.4.2.1.2.A Nukuria 4.6.4.2.1.2.A Numbami 3.2.2.4 Nyelâyu 4.4.1 Nyindrou 2.2.2.1

O Ormu 3.1.1 Oroha 4.1.1.3.2

P Paamese 4.2.4 Paiwa (see Gapapaiwa) Pak 2.2.2.1 Papapana 3.4.3.5.2.1 Patep (see Mumeng) Patpatar 3.4.3.5.1 Penchal 2.2.2.2 Penrhyn (see Tongareva) Petats 3.4.3.5.2.1 Pije 4.4.1 Pileni 4.6.4.2 Piva 3.4.3.5.2.2 Poeng 3.2.3.5 Pokau (see Lala) Ponam 2.2.2.1 Ponapean 4.5 Port Sandwich 4.2.3 Psohoh 3.2.3.4 Pukapukan 4.6.4.2 Puluwatese 4.5 Pwapwâ 4.4.1

R Raga 4.2.1 Raluana (see Tolai) Ramoaaina 3.4.3.5.1 Rapa 4.6.4.2.1.2.B.b.ii Rapanui 4.6.4.2.1.2.B.a. Rarotongan 4.6.4.2.1.2.B.b.ii Rauto 3.2.3.4 Rennellese 4.6.4.2

Appendix 2 357

Ririo 3.4.3.5.2.4 Roinji 3.2.3.3 Roro 3.3.4 Rotuman 4.6.1 Roviana 3.4.3.5.2.5

S Sa’a 4.1.1.3.2 Sakao 4.2.2 Samasodu 3.4.3.5.2.6 Samoan 4.6.4.2.1.1 Sariba (see Suau) Satawalese 4.5 Seimat 2.2.1 Selau (see Halia) Sengga (see Sisiqa) Sengseng 3.2.3.4 Sepa 3.2.1.1 Sera 3.2.1.1 Sesake 4.2.5 Sewa Bay 3.3.1.2.2 Siar 3.4.3.5.1 Sie (see Sye) Sikaiana 4.6.4.2.1.2 Silisili 3.2.2.2 Simbo 3.4.3.5.2.5 Sinaugoro 3.3.4 Singorakai 3.2.3.3 Sio 3.2.3.3 Sisiqa 3.4.3.5.2.4 Sissano 3.2.1.2 Sobei 3.1.1 Solos 3.4.3.5.2.1 Sonsorolese 4.5 Sori-Harengan 2.2.2.1 South Efate 4.2.5 South-east Ambrym 4.2.4 South-west Tanna 4.3 Standard Fijian (see Bauan Fijian) Suau 3.3.1.1 Sudest 3.3.3 Sukurum 3.2.2.2 Sursurunga 3.4.3.5.1 Swit (see Gedaged)

Sye 4.3

T Tabar 3.4.3.2 Taboro 3.3.4 Tahitian 4.6.4.2.1.2.B.b.ii Taiof 3.4.3.5.2.1 Takia 3.2.3.2 Takuu 4.6.4.2.1.2.A Talise 4.1.1.2 Tamambo 4.2.2 Tami 3.2.3.3 Tanga (see Tangga) Tangga 3.4.3.5.1 Tangoa 4.2.2 Tasmate 4.2.2 Tasiriki 4.2.2 Tawala 3.3.1.2.6 Tench 2.1 Teop 3.4.3.5.2.1 Terebu 3.2.1.1 Tiang 3.4.3.1 Tigak 3.4.3.1 Tikopia 4.6.4.2 Tinputz 3.4.3.5.2.1 Titan 2.2.2.1 To’aba’ita 4.1.1.3.2 Tokelauan 4.6.4.2.1.2.A Tolai 3.4.3.5.1 Tolo 4.1.1.2 Tolomako 4.2.2 Tomoip 3.4.3.4 Tongan 4.6.4.1 Tongareva 4.6.4.2.1.2.B.b.ii Torau 3.4.3.5.2.3 Trukese (see Chuukese) Tuam 3.2.3.1 Tuamotuan 4.6.4.2.1.2.B.b.ii Tubetube 3.3.1.1 Tumleo 3.2.1.2 Tuna (see Tolai) Tungag (see Lavongai) Tungak (see Lavongai) Tuvalu 4.6.4.2.1.2.A

358 Appendix 2

U Ubir 3.3.1.2.6 Ughele 3.4.3.5.2.5 Ulau-Suain 3.2.1.2 Ulawa 4.1.1.3.2 Ulithian 4.5 Ura 4.3 Uripiv 4.2.3 Uruava 3.4.3.5.2.3 Uvol 3.2.3.5

V Vaghua 3.4.3.5.2.4 Vangunu 3.4.3.5.2.5 Varisi 3.4.3.5.2.4 Vehes 3.2.2.3 Vitu 3.4.1

W Wab 3.2.3.2 Wagawaga 3.3.1.1 Wailevu 4.6.3 Wampar 3.2.2.2 Wampur 3.2.2.2

Wayan 4.6.2 Wedau 3.3.1.2.6 West Futunan 4.6.4.2 West Guadalcanal West Uvean 4.6.4.2 Whitesands 4.3 Wogeo 3.2.1.1 Woleaian 4.5 Wusi 4.2.2 Wuvulu 2.2.1

X Xârâcùù 4.4.1

Y Yabem 3.2.2.1 Yalu 3.2.2.2 Yapese 1 Yasawa 4.6.2 Yuanga 4.4.1

Z Zabana (see Kia) Zenang (see Mumeng)

Language maps 359

360 Language maps

Language maps 361

362 Language maps

Language maps 363

364 Language maps

Language maps 365

366 Language maps