appendix 1 the family connections of joan de valence978-0-230-39201... · 2017-08-29 · hugh de...
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APPENDIX 1
THE FAMILY CONNECTIONS OF
JOAN DE VALENCE
Reconstructing the lineages of these three groups can demonstrate
how very intertwined they were, both politically and socially.
The children of William and Isabella Marshal married—or were mar-
ried to—an interconnected and somewhat closed group of magnates and
barons who were prominent either throughout the kingdom or in the
specific localities of Marshal inf luence. The marriage strategies of the
ultimate heirs to the Marshal estates mimicked those of their parents,
even as the generations became more attenuated. William and Joan de
Valence both reinforced these marriage patterns and introduced new
ones, in particular by creating linkages with prominent barons in the
North with ties to the Scottish throne.
Wal
ter
d. 1
245
m.
Mar
gare
t de
Que
ncy
wid
. Joh
n de
Lac
y
Will
iam
d. 1
231
m.
1) A
lice
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ethu
ne2)
Ele
anor
Pla
ntag
enet
Ric
hard
d. 1
234
m.
Ger
vais
e de
Din
an
Gilb
ert
d. 1
241
m.
Mar
jorie
of S
cotla
nd
Ans
elm
d. 1
245
m.
Mau
d de
Boh
un
Isab
ella
de
Cla
red.
122
0W
illia
m M
arsh
ald.
121
9M
Mau
dd.
124
8m
.1)
Hug
h B
igod
2) W
illia
m d
e W
aren
ne
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elle
d. 1
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m.
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ilber
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re2)
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ornw
all
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yld.
ant
e-12
45m
.W
illia
m F
erre
rs
Eva
d.12
46m
.W
illia
m d
e B
raos
e
Joan
d.12
34m
.W
arin
de
Mun
chen
sy
Chart
A1.1
T
he
lineag
e of W
illi
am M
arsh
al a
nd I
sabel
la d
e C
lare
Mau
d M
arsh
alan
dH
ugh
Big
od
Mau
d M
arsh
alan
dW
illia
m d
e W
aren
ne
Isab
elle
Mar
shal
and
Gilb
ert d
e C
lare
Isab
elle
Mar
shal
and
Ric
hard
of C
ornw
all
Joan
Mar
shal
and
War
in d
e M
unch
ensy
Sib
yl M
arsh
alan
dW
illia
m F
erre
rs
Eva
Mar
shal
and
Will
iam
de
Bra
ose
John
[dsp
]
Joan
m. W
illia
m d
e V
alen
ce
Agn
es m
. Will
iam
de
Ves
cy
Isab
el m
. 1)
Ral
ph B
asse
t; 2)
Reg
inal
d M
ohun
Sib
yl m
. Fra
nco
de B
ohun
Mau
d m
. 1)
Sim
on d
e K
yme;
2)
Hug
h le
For
z; 3
) E
mer
y de
Roc
hech
ouar
d
Ele
anor
[dsp
] m. 1
) Jo
hn d
e V
aux;
2)
Rog
er d
e Q
uenc
y; 3
) R
oger
de
Leyb
urn
Joan
m. 1
) Jo
hn d
e M
ohun
; 2)
Rob
ert A
guill
on
Aga
tha
m. H
ugh
de M
ortim
er
Mau
d m
. Rog
er d
e M
ortim
er
Eve
m. W
illia
m d
e C
antil
upe
Ele
anor
m. H
umph
rey
de B
ohun
Isab
el [d
sp] m
. Daf
ydd
ap L
lew
elly
nJo
hn m
. Alic
e de
Lus
igna
n
Isab
el [d
sp] m
. Hug
h d’
Aub
igny
Rog
er [d
sp] m
. Isa
bella
of S
cotla
nd
Ral
ph [d
sp]
Hug
h m
. Joa
n de
Stu
tevi
lle (
wid
. Hug
h W
ake)
Isab
el m
. 1)
Gilb
ert d
e La
cy; 2
) Jo
hn fi
tzG
eoffr
ey
Agn
es [d
sp]
Am
icia
m. B
aldw
in d
e R
edve
rs
Ric
hard
m. 1
) M
arga
ret d
e B
urgh
; 2)
Mau
d de
Lac
y
Isab
el m
. Rob
ert B
ruce
Will
iam
[dsp
]
Gilb
ert [
dsp]
John
[dsp
]
Isab
el [d
sp]
Hen
ry o
f Alm
ain
[dsp
] m. C
onst
ance
of B
éarn
Nic
hola
s [d
sp]
Chart
A1.2
T
he
lineag
es
of th
e M
arsh
al h
eir
s
Joan de MunchensyandWilliam de Valence
Agnes m. 1) Maurice FitzGerald; 2) Hugh Balliol;3) John d’Avesnes
John [dsp]
William the Younger [dsp]
Margaret [dsp]
Isabelle m. John de Hastings
Aymer [dsp] m. 1) Beatrice de Nesle; 2) Marie de St Pol
Joan m. John “the Red” Comyn
John [dsp]
Robert [dsp]
Elizabeth m. John Talbot
William [dsp]
John m. Juliana de Leybourne
Edumund [dsp]
Elizabeth m. Roger de Grey
John [dsp]
Baldwin [dsp]
Felicite [dsp]
Chart A1.3 The family of William de Valence and Joan de Munchensy
APPENDIX 2
JOAN DE VALENCE’S PROPERTY
The chancery records of what property Joan de Valence inherited
from her brother, John de Munchensy, and what she held in dower,
maritagium , and/or jointure are fragmentary at best and are also affected
by the degree to which the calendared versions of the property distribu-
tions ref lect the original entries. The confusion as to which properties
William de Valence held independently of his wife’s inheritance further
complicates the process of reconstruction.
The following list of properties is derived from a number of different
sources: from the patent and close rolls of the royal chancery; from both
William and Joan’s Inquisitions Post Mortem ; from lists referenced in the
justiciary rolls of Ireland; from litigation records, deeds, and petitions
of the central courts, the justiciary of Ireland, the exchequer, and the
county courts; and from accounts and receipts made during Joan’s wid-
owhood. I have assumed that any litigation in which Joan appeared as a
co-litigant, either with her husband or with any of the Marshal co-heirs,
involved land she maintained an interest in, usually through inheritance.
As Joan’s dower assignment was not made through the royal chancery,
but rather as a private agreement with her son Aymer, it is not possible to
determine conclusively what properties she held, but her itinerary in the
two years following William’s death and the receipts from 1300 and 1302
provide information on properties she did not inherit, but which were
likely either dower or jointure properties. In addition, it has been possible
to determine which lands she likely received in maritagium , which she
would have controlled outright after William’s death.
The maps included after the list of properties pinpoint the location of
all of Joan’s holdings and provide an illustration of two itineraries from
her account rolls: the first beginning with her places of residence before
William’s death and her moves immediately following William’s death
to her settling at Goodrich; and the second recounting her travel from
A P P E N D I X 2160
Goodrich to London to celebrate the anniversary of William’s death and
her return to Goodrich.
List of Properties Inherited by Joan de Valence
Wales
County, town, honor, and Castle of Pembroke with pleas and ●
perquisites
“Rents in outlying vills of Karreu, Stakepol, Kylvegy, Costeyniston, ●
Gilcop, Gonedon, Opeton, Seynt Syrone, Maynerbir, Mynewere,
and Esse” 1
Castlemartin (on the coast near Stakepool) ●
St. Florence (near Tenby) ●
Coyttht’ ●2
Town and Castle of Tenby, Pembrokeshire, with acreage and bur- ●
gesses (held by Margaret de Lacy Marshal in dower until 1266)
Commote of Oysterlow, Carmarthenshire ●
England
Goodrich Castle, Herefordshire ●
Awre, Gloucestershire (tenure uncertain, but shared with other ●
Marshal heirs; maintained a bailiff on site)
Sutton Valence, Kent (held by Eleanor de Montfort in dower until ●
1275)
Brabourne, Kent (held by Eleanor de Montfort in dower until ●
1275)
Kemsing, Kent (held by Eleanor de Montfort in dower until 1275) ●
Inkberrow, Worcestershire (held by Margaret Lacy Marshal in ●
dower until 1266; possibly partially held by Eleanor de Montfort
in dower)
Newburgh, Worcestershire (possibly appurtenant to Inkberrow) ●
Half of the manors of Stanstead and Chelebridge, Essex (granted to ●
Waltham Abbey for annual rent)
Maidencote, Berkshire (co-held with the Ferrers heiresses, ulti- ●
mately by the Beauchamps of Hatch)
Shrivenham, Berkshire (now Oxfordshire); (half of the manor ●
granted in maritagium by William Marshal to Joan Marshal on occa-
sion of her marriage to Warin de Munchensy; inherited directly by
Joan de Valence after Warin’s death in 1255; other half of the manor
had been granted to William the Younger after death of count of
Perche and formed part of Eleanor’s dower/jointure with reversion
to William’s heirs)
A P P E N D I X 2 161
Ireland 3
County, town, honor, and Castle of Wexford ●
Ferrycarrig Castle, co. Wexford ●
Town and Castle of Ferns, co. Wexford ●
Manor of Odagh, co. Kilkenny ●
Manor and Castle of Rossclare, co. Wexford (with the barony of ●
Forth and shared jurisdiction in Old and New Ross)
Manor of Bannow, co. Wexford ●
Portion of the Vill of Taghmon, co. Wexford (but part of the liberty ●
of Kildare assigned to the Ferrers-Marshal heirs 4 )
Properties Held in Joint Tenure with Survivorship to Joan and Her Heirs
Fernham, Berkshire ●
Benham (Valence), Berkshire (controlled half and other half con- ●
trolled by Longespee earls of Salisbury in a grant made simultane-
ously with grants made to William Marshal Jr. )
Properties Possibly Held in Joint Tenure (Asterix Indicates Either
Jointure or Dower)
*Newton Valence, Hampshire ●
Horewood, Buckinghamshire (now divided between Great and ●
Little Horwood)
Acle, Norfolk ●
West Hanney, Berkshire (now part of Wantage, Oxfordshire) ●
Notteswyk, Berkshire (possibly hers outright—appurtenant to ●
Shrivenham?)
Burgthone, Berkshire (possibly hers outright—appurtenant to ●
Shrivenham?)
Suthryworthe, Berkshire (possibly hers outright—appurtenant to ●
Shrivenham?) 5
Likely Properties Held in Dower by Joan
(Asterix Indicates Either Dower or Jointure)
Moreton Valence, Gloucestershire (sold to William de Valence by ●
William de Pontlarge, who held of the Bohun earls of Hereford—
therefore not held in chief, although occasionally listed as such;
although Joan officially was endowed with one-third, she seems to
have used it as one of her normal residences 6 )
Swindon, Wiltshire (granted to William de Valence c. 1252) ●
A P P E N D I X 2162
Bampton, Oxfordshire (granted to William de Valence 1248) ●
*Newton Valence, Hampshire (granted to William de Valence c. 1250) ●
Collingbourne Valence, Wiltshire (granted to William de Valence ●
c. 1253)
Maps 7
Map A2.1 Properties in England and Wales controlled by Joan de Valence 8
Note: Locations are approximate.
Map A2.2 Properties in Ireland controlled by Joan de Valence. 9
Note: Locations are approximate.
Map A2.3 Itinerary of Joan de Valence, September 1295–May 1296. 10
Note: Locations are approximate.
Map A2.4 Itinerary of Joan de Valence, May–October 1296. 11
Note: Locations are approximate.
Map A2.5 Itinerary of Joan de Valence, October–November 1296. 12
Note: Locations are approximate.
Map A2.6 Itinerary of Joan de Valence, May–September 1297. 13
Note: Locations are approximate.
APPENDIX 3
LITIGATION OF JOAN DE VALENCE
IN WIDOWHOOD
Joan de Valence was only moderately litigious in her 11-year wid-
owhood, but she was persistent. Many of the suits she pursued had
their origins in disputes from years past: Haverfordwest, Painswick, and
Oysterlow remained points of conf lict. Joan initiated few land-based
suits beyond those begun while William de Valence was still alive, but
she did pursue tenants and estate officials for failure to render service, for
debt, and for detinue ( Table A3.1 ).
Debt Trespass
1 3 6 1 1 6 5
Joan as Defendant
2 1 4 1
Joan as Co-Executor–Plaintiff
1 1
Joan as Co-Executor–Defendant
1 1
Advowson / Darrein
Presentment
Detinue / Unjust
Detention
Morte d'Ancestor
Rendering of Accounts
Right / Jurisdiction
Voucher to Warranty
Joan as Plaintiff / Demandant
Table A3.1 Litigation of Joan de Valence in widowhood
NOTES
Introduction: Writing Medieval Women’s Biographies
1 . These approaches to Joan de Valence can be seen in the works of Huw
Ridgeway, who has been the only modern-day historian to discuss
William de Valence in any detail and who is also the author of William’s
biography in the new edition of the ODNB , and of J. R. S. Phillips, whose
biography of Aymer de Valence signif icantly minimizes the presence of
Joan in her son’s life. Huw Ridgeway, “Valence, William de,” ODNB ,
ed. H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2004), 56: 45–49; J. R. S. Phillips, Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke
1307–1324: Baronial Politics in the Reign of Edward II (Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1972).
2 . Indeed, the first version of William’s biography in the original ODNB ,
written by T. F. Tout, was little more than gossip and diatribe. T.
F. Tout, “William de Valence,” ODNB (Oxford, 1885–1900), 61:
373–377, at Wikisource, http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/William_de_
Valence_%28DNB00%29 . Although Huw Ridgeway’s revision for the
new edition is more matter-of-fact, it still contains some surprising exam-
ples of irrational animus directed at both William and Joan.
3 . For example, Simon—like William—was French and an interloper in
England. He claimed the earldom of Leicester through a matrilineal inher-
itance and eloped illicitly with Eleanor, sister of Henry III. Although Earl
Simon was older than William, he has been identified with the “young
baronage” in contrast to the “old generation”—including the much
younger William de Valence—who supported the king.
4 . C. M. Woolgar, The Great Household in Late Medieval England (New Haven:
Yale University Press, 1999); Kate Mertes, The English Noble Household,
1250–1600: Good Governance and Politic Rule (Oxford: Basil Blackwell,
1988). Joan de Valence’s household in 1296–97 forms a substantial compo-
nent to the Woolgar book, considerably less so for Mertes.
5 . Women of the English Nobility and Gentry, 1066–1500 , tr. and ed. Jennifer
Ward (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995), 180.
6 . Joan actually inherited from her brother John de Munchensy who had
died before the division of the estates. She, therefore, is usually referred to
N O T E S172
in documents simply as one of the coheirs of Earl Walter le Marshal. See
chapter 1 .
7 . My case study, “Joan de Valence: A Lady of Substance,” appears in
the collection Writing Medieval Women’s Lives , ed. Charlotte Newman
Goldy and Amy Livingstone (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012),
193–208.
8 . Margaret Wade Labarge chose Eleanor de Montfort as a lifelong topic
of study in several books and numerous shorter works. The most sig-
nif icant of these in this context is A Baronial Household of the Thirteenth
Century (London: Eyre and Spottiswood, 1965), reprinted most recently
as Mistresses, Maids, and Men: Baronial Life in the Thirteenth Century
(London: Phoenix, 2003). Louise Wilkinson has recently published a
new biography of Eleanor de Montfort: Eleanor De Montfort, A Rebel
Countess in Medieval England (London: Continuum, 2012). Complete
biographies of medieval noblewomen are somewhat rare, although many
f igure into composite portraits. One recent work, however, is Francis
Underhill, For Her Good Estate: The Life of Elizabeth de Burgh (New
York: St. Martin’s, 1999). Jennifer Ward has also published a selec-
tion of Elizabeth de Burgh’s extensive household and account records:
Elizabeth de Burgh, Lady of Clare (195–1360): Household and Other Records ,
ed. Jennifer Ward, Suffolk Records Society 57 (Woodbridge: Boydell
Press, 2014).
9 . See, for example, the articles in Theodore Evergates, ed., Aristocratic Women in
Medieval France (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999); Susan
M. Johns, Noblewomen, Aristocracy and Power in the Twelfth-Century Anglo-
Norman Realm (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003); Susan M.
Johns, Gender, Nation and Conquest in the High Middle Ages: Nest of Deheubarth
(Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 2013); Amy Livingstone, Out
of Love for My Kin: Aristocratic Family Life in the Lands of the Loire, 1000–1200
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010); Heather J. Tanner, Families, Friends
and Allies: Boulogne and Politics in Northern France and England, c. 879– 1160
(Leiden: Brill, 2004); Theresa Earenfight, The King’s Other Body: Mar í a of
Castile and the Crown of Aragon (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania
Press, 2010); Theresa Earenfight, Queenship in Medieval Europe (New York:
Palgrave Macmillan, 2013); Elena Woodacre, Queenship in the Mediterranean:
Negotiating the Role of the Queen in the Medieval and Early Modern Eras (New
York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013); Miriam Shadis, Berenguela of Castile
(1180–1246) and Political Women in the High Middle Ages (New York: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2009). Although most Continental studies are focusing on royal
women rather than aristocratic women, the kinds of political, social, and
cultural alliances made are similar. For work specifically about nonroyal (or
almost-royal) women, see, for example, Fredric L. Cheyette, Ermengard of
Narbonne and the World of the Troubadours (Ithaca: Cornell University Press,
2001), and Kimberly A. LoPrete, Adela of Blois: Countess and Lord (c. 1067–
1137) (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2007).
N O T E S 173
1 Growing Up as a Marshal, Marriage,
and Motherhood (1230–58)
1 . Spellings of this name in English vary considerably because of its origins
in Latin and French, but The National Archives reference this variant most
frequently in its catalogue, so I have chosen to use it. In this I disagree sig-
nificantly with the editors of the ODNB , who have adopted “Munchensi”
as their preferred spelling.
2 . The date of both Walter and Anselm Marshal’s deaths: they were the last
two surviving sons of William and Isabella.
3 . Led by Huw Ridgeway, who has inserted in both of his biographies—of
William de Munchensy and of William de Valence—a number of unsub-
stantiated inferences about Joan as a vengeful sister.
4 . The tale of William Marshal’s life has been told by historians as diverse
as Sidney Painter, William Marshal: Knight-Errant, Baron, and Regent of
England (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1933), and Georges Duby,
William Marshal: The Flower of Chivalry , tr. Richard Howard (New York:
Pantheon Books, 1985). The current specialist on the Marshal is David
Crouch, William Marshal: Knighthood, War and Chivalry, 1147–1219 , 2nd
ed. (London: Longman, 2002). Most of the biographical material for these
historians was derived from a poem, commissioned by the family after the
Marshal’s death, in which more of the scintillating—and unverifiable—
tales appear.
5 . Histoire de Guillaume le Mar é chal , tr. as History of William Marshal , ed. A.
J. Holden, tr. S. Gregory, notes by D. Crouch (London: Anglo-Norman
Text society, 2004), ll. 18519–18524 and reference at bottom. In the poem,
Earl William asks the two of his daughters who are keeping vigil by his
side—Matilda (Maud) Bigod, the eldest, and Joan, the youngest—to sing.
Joan’s approach to the song is “timid” and her father gives her a singing
lesson from his deathbed (ll. 18561–18580).
6 . John had reached his majority by 1245, the year of the deaths of both
Walter and Anselm Marshal. He died in late 1246 or early 1247, before
the final distribution of the Marshal estates. Joan is listed sometimes as his
heir—which seems to have been the official account—but also, especially
in litigation and royal writs, as simply one of the direct co-heirs of Walter
Marshal, so it is likely that John had not yet performed homage and fealty
for his lands. Joan, on the other hand, was still unmarried and of equivocal
legal status in 1247. Although she had certainly reached the canonical age
of marriage—13—she might only recently have reached the age of major-
ity in 1247. She is mentioned as one of only three co-heirs to be unmarried
in 1247: Joan plus Eleanor and Agatha Ferrers, who were the youngest of
the seven Ferrers sisters to inherit. Eleanor eloped with John de Vaux,
and Agatha was married to Hugh Mortimer of Chelmarsh, the younger
brother of Roger Mortimer, who was married to yet another Marshal heir,
Maud de Braose.
N O T E S174
7 . Chron. Maj. , trans. Giles, II: 441–442. Matthew mistakenly names
Eleanor “Johanna the king’s sister.” See also Louise Wilkinson, Eleanor
de Montfort: A Rebel Countess in Medieval England (London: Continuum,
2012), 11–12.
8 . Wilkinson does not think about the relative chronology of Eleanor and
Joan’s parallel lives when discussing their relationship.
9 . William was near his age of majority at the time of his father’s death
in 1255. His wardship was granted to his brother-in-law, William de
Valence, but it proved to be a very short guardianship.
10 . GEC 9: 421–424. William’s daughter, Dionysia, was the subject of a sig-
nificant dispute in 1290 over the Munchensy inheritance, discussed in
chapter 3 . She married Hugh de Vere, son and brother of the earl of
Oxford, and died childless in 1313. Her heir was Joan and William de
Valence’s son, Aymer de Valence.
11 . See Linda E. Mitchell, Portraits of Medieval Women: Family, Marriage, and
Politics in England 1225–1350 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003),
especially Chapters 1 and 2 for discussion of these women; and Margaret
Howell, Eleanor of Provence: Queenship in Thirteenth-Century England
(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2001), 53. This issue is also discussed
brief ly by Andrew M. Spencer, Nobility and Kingship in Medieval England:
The Earls and Edward I, 1272–1307 (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 2014), 22, although he misidentifies John de Lacy as the earl
of Lincoln before his marriage and then confuses the Lacys with the
FitzAlan Earls of Arundel (27).
12 . Joan’s husband, William de Valence, and her cousin, John de Warenne,
were very close friends and allies. That relationship could have begun
with Joan and John’s acquaintance in the royal nursery.
13 . Robert de Blois’s text is available in only one edition: Enseignement des
princes et chastoiement des dames : É d. crit. avec commentaire et glossaire , ed.
John Howard Fox (Paris: Nizet, 1950). How the Goodwife is included
in Edith Rickert, trans. and ed., The Babbee’s Book: Medieval Manners
for the Young (London: Chatto and Windus, 1923). They are both dis-
cussed in Kathleen Ashley and Robert L. A. Clark, eds., Medieval Conduct
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001).
14 . The most recent edition is in Dorothea Oschinsky, ed. and trans., Walter
of Henley and Other Treatises on Estate Management and Accounting (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1971).
15 . In 1332, Edward III replaced French with English in pleading in royal
courts, but it is not clear how frequently he conversed in English
himself.
16 . Although Henry III’s facility might have been minimal at best, his
brother, Richard of Cornwall, according to Matthew Paris, had some
knowledge of English. Chron. Maj. , tr. Giles, III: 209.
17 . John Higgitt, The Murthly Hours: Devotion, Literacy and Luxury in Paris,
England and the Gaelic West (London: The British Library and University
of Toronto Press, 2000). The manuscript was discovered only in 1980.
N O T E S 175
18 . Joan received a portion of the manor of Shrivenham, Berkshire, which
had been her mother’s maritagium . See Appendix 2.
19 . The alliance of young William de Munchensy, Joan’s halfbrother, with
Simon de Montfort in the civil war might have been inf luenced by
this change in status. William occupied a number of Valence castles in
Wales—including Pembroke—during the war. Indeed, the claim made
by Huw Ridgeway that William and Joan’s later suit against William’s
daughter Denise was motivated by revenge could indeed be true—but
not for the reasons Ridgeway claimed (such as that Joan felt cheated out of
the Munchensy and Anesty inheritances; Denise de Anesty was not Joan’s
mother, so she would never have been an heir to those estates in any case).
It is far more likely that they were enacting a long-awaited revenge against
William’s enthusiastic support of the Valences’ enemy, Earl Simon.
20 . Maud, the eldest Marshal daughter, married Hugh Bigod, earl of Norfolk,
and after his death married William de Warenne, earl of Surrey. She
had children with both husbands and survived them both to be the only
direct descendant of William and Isabella Marshal to inherit in 1245. The
Warennes became very close associates of the Valences. Isabelle Marshal
married, first, Gilbert de Clare, earl of Gloucester and Hertford, and
after his death married Richard, earl of Cornwall, Henry III’s younger
full-brother and William de Valence’s halfbrother—a second marriage
for them both. She was the mother of Henry of Almain, Richard of
Cornwall’s heir. Isabelle died in the 1230s and did not live to see her son,
Richard de Clare, inherit.
21 . Eva married William de Braose. She completed negotiations with
Llewelyn ab Iorwerth after the prince of Gwynnedd executed her hus-
band for adultery with his wife, Joan, illegitimate daughter of King John.
Three of her four daughters ultimately inherited: Maud married Roger
Mortimer of Wigmore; Eleanor married Humphrey de Bohun, earl of
Hereford; and Eve married William de Cantilupe. Sibyl married William
Ferrers, earl of Derby, and all seven of her daughters inherited, although
only six had children of their own. See Appendix 1, Table A.1–2 for
information on these daughters’ marriages.
22 . When Isabel de Braose, wife of Dafydd ap Llewelyn, died without heirs,
her sisters inherited her portion. This likely occurred before the final
distribution, because Isabel is not mentioned in any of the distributions,
and Dafydd was not able to claim control of her portion through the law
of curtesy. Eleanor Ferrers de Vaux Quency Leyburn, dowager count-
ess of Winchester, died without progeny, so her portion devolved to her
sisters.
23 . In addition to the biographies of the ODNB , the most thorough study
of the Lusignan family’s activities in England is by Harold S. Snellgrove,
“The Lusignans in England, 1247–1258,” University of New Mexico
Publications in History , no. 2 (1950).
24 . John eventually remarried, again into the royal family, one of Eleanor of
Castile’s Poitevan cousins, Isabella Beaumont.
N O T E S176
25 . Chron. Maj. , trans. Giles, II: 230–231. “[A]nd thus in a great measure the
English nobility fell to the lot of foreigners and unknown persons.”
26 . The barons also were seemingly hostile to what they perceived as the
undue inf luence of Queen Eleanor of Provence on the marriage arrange-
ments of young heirs who were wards of the crown. See Margaret Howell,
Eleanor of Provence: Queenship in Thirteenth-Century England (Oxford: Basil
Blackwell, 1998), 51–52.
27 . For this discussion, see Linda E. Mitchell, “Baronial Dowagers of the
Thirteenth-Century Welsh March” PhD dissertation, Indiana University,
1992, especially Chapter 3 .
28 . For more information on the activities of the Ferrers sisters, see Linda
E. Mitchell, “Agnes and Her Sisters: Squabbling and Cooperation in the
Extended Medieval Family,” Portraits of Medieval Women , 11–28.
29 . The correspondence between them can be found in Anc. Corr. Re: Wales ,
51 (also in Shirley, Letters , I: 368). Discussion of the negotiations and the
subsequent breakdown of the alliance between the house of Gwynnedd
and the Braoses can be found in Mitchell, “Heroism and Duty: Maud
Mortimer of Wigmore’s Contributions to the Royalist Cause,” Portraits of
Medieval Women, 43–55.
30 . See R. R. Davies, Conquest, Coexistence, and Change: Wales, 1063–1415 ,
History of Wales, v. 2 (Oxford: Clarendon Press and University of Wales
Press, 1987), esp. 273–277.
31 . There is, indeed, considerable confusion as to which properties belonged
to William in chief and which belonged to Joan, and therefore to William
“by right of his wife.” Part of the problem lies in the calendar of the
Inquisition Post Mortem for William, which incorrectly lists several proper-
ties as held by William in chief without the correct qualifier suo jure uxoris .
See CIPM 3: 222 and Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt. 4, 143–144. Other problems lie
in the other chancery calendars, which often leave off Joan’s name when
including correspondence between the chancery and William over prop-
erties he controlled only by right of his wife. William did inherit a num-
ber of significant properties in France from his parents, in the territory
of La Marche; his stake was large enough for King Philip IV to decide to
purchase their rights of inheritance from Joan and William’s son Aymer.
See J. R. S. Phillips, “The Anglo-Norman Nobility,” The English in
Medieval Ireland , ed. James Lydon (Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 1984),
87–104, esp. 95. See also Ridgeway, “Valence, William de”; Woolgar,
The Great Household ; and G. H. Orpen. Ireland under the Normans 1169–
1333 (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2005 [1911]) for different lists of what
Joan inherited. Woolgar and Ridgeway are not accurate.
32 . CChR , 1226–1257, 1: 102.
33 . Apparently, the child that was born and died along with Alicia was
“heard within the four walls” of the birthing chamber, and so the prop-
erty transfer remained with William. These very complicated tenur-
ial arrangements were investigated by researchers for English Heritage:
N O T E S 177
http://www.engl ish-her itage.org.uk/daysout/proper t ies/sutton-
valence-castle/history-and-research/ , accessed November 4, 2014.
34 . All of these properties have been incorrectly assigned to William de
Valence instead of understood to be held by him suo jure uxoris .
35 . Phillips, “The Anglo-Norman Nobility,” emphasizes the connections
between Wales and Ireland after the twelfth-century conquest. See also
Orpen, Ireland under the Normans ; A. J. Otway-Ruthven, A History of
Medieval Ireland (London: Ernest Benn Ltd., 1968); and, brief ly, James
Lydon, “The Expansion and Consolidation of the Colony, 1215–54,” A
New History of Ireland , II: Medieval Ireland 1169–1534, ed. Art Cosgrove
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987 [1993]), 166–169. Lydon refers
several times—and in the index—to the “extinction” of the Marshal fam-
ily, considering the inheritance by multiple heirs to have catastrophically
“weakened” the lordship. His sole reference is Orpen, published in 1911.
36 . This included the manor of Inkberrow, Worcestershire.
37 . References, originating in GEC, to a third marriage are in error:
Margaret enjoyed a long and eventful widowhood. See Mitchell, “Like
Mother, Like Daughter: The Parallel Careers of Margaret de Quency and
Maud de Lacy,” Portraits of Medieval Women, 29–42.
38 . GEC lists the marriage as occurring on August 13, 1247, but provides no
source verification for this date. It is, in fact, the date of the letter close to
the justiciar of Ireland instructing him to release Joan’s lands, inherited
from her brother, to the couple. Clearly, the marriage occurred before
this time, likely before July 30, 1247, when the distribution of the Irish
estates was completed. See Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt. 1, 432–433 and Cal. Docs
Ireland , Pt. 2, 160–161.
39 . This is a common trope among all historians of William de Valence based
almost entirely on hostile chronicle sources, in particular Matthew Paris’s
Chronica Maiora and William Rishanger’s continuation, and Matthew of
Westminster’s Flores Historiarum .
40 . Flores Hist., II: 339 as referenced by Frank R. Lewis, “William de Valence
(c. 1230–1296),” Pt. I Aberystwyth Studies 13 (1934): 11–35, esp. 18.
41 . CR , Henry III, 1242–1247, 527, 529, 533 and Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt. 1: 433;
CPR, Henry III, 1232–1247 , 505–506. This also included a preliminary
distribution of Inkberrow (med. Inteberg) that had been made to the late
John de Munchensy and which the king released to William (and Joan)
on 30 July. Inkberrow was held by Margaret Lacy Marshal in dower. See
CR , Henry III, 1242–1247, 7. Goodrich was released 31 July; Pembroke
7 August. See Lewis, “William de Valence,” Pt. 1: 18–19—although he is
incorrect in assuming that William gained the property before his mar-
riage. One of the major problems with the Calendar of Patent Rolls is slop-
piness, especially with respect to female names when connected to male
names, and the absence of Joan’s in the calendar entries likely ref lects an
error in the calendar rather than the appointment of William as castellan
of his wife’s own inheritance.
N O T E S178
42 . CR , Henry III, 1242–1247, 524, 531. CR , Henry III, 1247–1251, 4–5, 11,
20, 23, 44, 93, 123, 133, 141, 147, 159, 191, 193, 196.
43 . CR , Henry III, 1247–1251, 11.
44 . CR , Henry III, 1247–1251, 162, 200, 236, 249, 287, 297, 325, 327, 342,
385.
45 . CR , Henry III, 1247–1251, 397, 398, 399, 481, 484, 486.
46 . Ibid., 102–103.
47 . Anc. Corr. Re: Wales , 210–212; CR , Henry III, 1247–1251, 275, 518.
48 . CR , Henry III, 1247–1251, 102, 28.
49 . Ibid., 497.
50 . Henry III and his chancery are often not given enough credit for how
complicated this settlement was, especially since Earl Simon de Montfort
and Countess Eleanor almost immediately initiated litigation against the
heirs, claiming that Eleanor had been shortchanged by the original dower
assignment made by Richard, Earl Marshal. See Wilkinson, Eleanor de
Montfort , and Maddicott, Simon de Montfort . Henry and the heirs were
fortunate that Anselm Marshal’s widow, Maud de Bohun (and sister-in-
law of one of the Braose co-heirs), was not granted dower in real property
because Anselm died before he had paid relief for his inheritance.
51 . CR , Henry III, 1247–1251, 112–113, 159.
52 . Ibid., 134–135.
53 . For example, Matthew Paris, Chron. Maj. , and the Flores Hist.
54 . CR, Henry III, 1247–1251, November 1247, April 1248, June 1250.
Concerning the Montfort dower litigation, Michaelmas 1249, see Cal.
Docs Ireland , Pt. 1: 450.
55 . See Huw Ridgeway, “William de Valence and his Familiares , 1247–72,”
Historical Research 65, no. 158 (1992): 239–257, esp. 254–257.
56 . CR, Henry III, 1247–1251, 247.
57 . The Chronica Majora of the St. Albans historian Matthew Paris describes
him as vain and full of bluster. He is particularly scathing about William’s
choice of estate agents, whom he describes as odious. Matthew’s charac-
terization was picked up by most of the historians who succeeded him,
including William Rishanger and “Matthew of Westminster” (author of
the Flores Historiarum ).
58 . The Clares were in a more or less continuous battle with the Bohuns and
the Bigods, ones that took on the characteristics of a private war by the
1270s. Other conf licts were common. See chapter 3 .
59 . Ridgeway, “Valence, William de,” ODNB , 56: 45.
60 . The issue of the profits and jurisdiction of Haverford was never com-
pletely resolved, with even the next generation of Valences and Bohuns
involved in it. This will be discussed at greater length in subsequent
chapters.
61 . This has been discussed by Margaret Wade Labarge several times, as
well as by Louise Wilkinson. The most efficient reference to Eleanor’s
marriage portion and dower is in J. R. Maddicott, Simon de Montfort
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 50–51. Eleanor’s
N O T E S 179
possession of the manors of Sutton, Brabourne, and Kemsing in Kent was
a source of conf lict between the Montforts and the Valences, as they also
comprised Joan’s inheritance in Kent. See chapters 3 and 4 .
62 . This is discussed in Wilkinson, Eleanor de Montfort .
63 . The dispersals are recorded in the Liberate Rolls. CLR 4: 318, 372–373,
401; 5: 77, 89.
64 . The Remembrancer Rolls record much of this information and it is also
excerpted in the Calendar of Documents Relating to Ireland . See, for exam-
ple, Margaret Lacy Marshal’s records of debt in Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt. 2,
113 and E 159/47 m. 21d. This conf lict is also discussed in Margaret
Wade Labarge, A Baronial Household of the Thirteenth Century (New York:
Barnes and Noble, 1965), 14, 401; and Wilkinson, Eleanor de Montfort .
65 . This indeed occurred in the reign of Henry III, between Earl Gilbert
de Clare and his mother, Maud de Lacy de Clare, whom he sued for
admeasurement . KB 26/177 mm. 2, 3, 13; CPR , Henry III, 1266–1272,
49. For a full discussion, see Michael Altschul, A Baronial Family in
Medieval England: The Clares, 1217–1314 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1965), 96–101; see also Mitchell, Portraits of Medieval
Women , 36–37. According to a letter written to Henry by his sister-in-
law, Queen Marguerite of France, Henry was suspiciously overfond of
the dynamic widow. Lettres de Rois, Reines et Autres Personnages des Courts
de France et d’Angleterre , ed. M. Chamollion-Figeac (Paris: Imprimie
Royale, 1839), 1: 42–43, esp. 34. Transcribed and translated in “Epistolae:
Medieval Women’s Latin Letters,” http://epistolae.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/
letter/516.html .
66 . The term “Cathar,” which has typically been used to describe the hereti-
cal group living in southern France and the Pyrenees region, has been
debunked and the more accurate term “Good Men/Good Women” or
“ Perfecti ” is now considered more accurate.
67 . Quite a few historians have discussed these issues, beginning with Maurice
Powicke, The Thirteenth Century, 1216–1307 (Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1953). Most narratives, however, are based in large part on anti-Henri-
cian sources, such as Matthew Paris, and viewed in hindsight. Howell,
Eleanor of Provence , 130–135, proposes a different perspective.
68 . See, for example, Ridgeway, “William de Valence and his Familiares ,
1247–72” and “Valence, William de,” ODNB .
69 . Ibid.
70 . Isabella Ferrers was a widow, having married one of Richard Marshal’s
retainers, Gilbert Bassett. Reginald was a widower and all of his children
were the product of his first marriage. After John de Mohun’s death,
Joan remarried one of the royal household knights associated with the
Valences, Robert Aguillon.
71 . February 1252–May 1253: Cal. Docs Ireland, Pt 2: 5, 15, 21, 22, 29; CR ,
Henry III, 1251–1253, 308; CPR , Henry III, 1247–1258, 175; the final
concord is extant: CP 25/1/283/13 #285.
72 . CP 25/1/283/13 #289; Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt 2: 29.
N O T E S180
73 . This legal argument is not uncommon: minors and wives were both
denied legal “personhood” and so could not technically approve settle-
ments made while in that state. This permitted them, once reaching the
age of majority or widowhood, respectively, to be able to sue for redress.
The problem with this suit, however, is that the signing of a chyrograph
superseded the claim of being unable to “gainsay” on account of age
or marital status. Even if forced, chyrographs were technically valid.
See Bracton on the Laws and Customs of England , vol. 4, ed. George E.
Woodbine, trans. Samuel E. Thorne (Cambridge: The Belknap Press,
1968–77), 30–31.
74 . KB 26/159 mm. 3–3d; Excerpta è Rotulis Finium 2: 109; Cal. Docs Ireland ,
Pt 1: 470; E 159/26 m. 12d; Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt 2: 15.
75 . CR , Henry III, 1247–1251 lists several grants made; see n. 38; see also
CPR, Henry III, 1247–1258, 102. The reference to Hertford, which was
a county town, could include a more permanent grant of the manor of
Hertfordingbury, which was not only retained by the Valences but was
acquired later by their daughter, Agnes, who used it as one of her prin-
ciple residences.
76 . CPR, Henry III, 1247–1258, 112, 124, 276.
77 . Ibid., 174.
78 . See n. 37.
79 . Ridgeway consistently describes William as engaging in illegal hunting,
but numerous grants of permission to “take away” deer in royal forests
abound in the close rolls .
80 . CPR , Henry III, 1247–1258, 175.
81 . Ibid., 245–246, 249, et passim.
82 . CPR, Henry III, 1247–1258, 254.
83 . Ibid., 259–260.
84 . Ibid., 289.
85 . Ridgeway, “Valence, William de,” ODNB , 56: 46 and others. Ridgeway
refers to William de Munchensy as William de Valence’s “kinsman,”
instead of referring to him correctly as Joan’s brother. See also CPR,
Henry III, 1247–1258, 419, 420.
86 . William and Joan petitioned that Denise, William de Munchensy’s daugh-
ter, was illegitimate and therefore not the heir. Discussed in chapter 3 .
87 . CPR, Henry III, 1247–1258, 411. Many of the English and Anglo-French
baronage—and King Henry as well—took crusade vows to accom-
pany King Louis IX on his first attempt to travel to the Holy Land in
1248–1254.
88 . Jane E. Sayers, Original Papal Documents in England and Wales from the
Accession of Pope Innocent III to the Death of Pope Benedict XI (1198–1304)
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 151, doc. 335. See also
SC7/20/18. King Henry took formal crusade vows in 1250, but his
entourage might have preceded him as Richard of Cornwall did par-
ticipate in King Louis’s f irst crusade in 1249. See Howell, Eleanor of
Provence , 59.
N O T E S 181
89 . The confirmation charter is in Dugdale, Monasticon Anglicanum (1846),
62: 940–942; Dugdale does not include the Valences’ charter, but the
cartulary of St. Radegunde, Bodleian Rawlinson B336 f. 13 does.
Thanks to David Crouch for this information. It is very possible the
grant was a mortmain gift because Sutton was still held in dower by
Eleanor de Montfort.
90 . Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt 2: 68; CR, Henry III, 1254–56, 159.
91 . Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt. 2: 71.
92 . CLR 4 (1251–60): 230. This might have been William de Valence the
Younger.
93 . CPR, Henry III, 1247–1258, 493.
94 . Ibid., 545. Robert de North is referred to as William’s cook, but the
Calendars of Patent Rolls are frequently inaccurate in failing to add wom-
en’s names when male names are also included. It is not clear what the
relationship was between Joan and Mabel.
95 . The Sandfords were also related to the Bassets, long-time Marshal
affines. John de Sanford, brother of Fulk Basset, succeeded him as arch-
bishop of Dublin.
96 . CP 25/1/8/22, nos. 13, 14.
97 . E 159/30 m. 3.
98 . CPR , Henry III, 1247–1258, 594. This is also discussed by Matthew
Paris, CM 5: 643–644. See also Giles, tr. 2: 241–242. Predictably,
Matthew lays the blame for Jacaminus’s murder on the man’s own inso-
lence, spurred by William’s vaingloriousness.
99 . See R. R. Davies, Conquest, Coexistence, and Change , 241–245; and
Mitchell, “Welshness, Englishness, and the Problem of Dowagers and
Heiresses in Wales: The Lestrange Family’s Marital Adventures in
Powys,” Portraits of Medieval Women , 57–77.
100 . CPR, Henry III, 1247–1258, 576, 586.
101 . Ibid., 550.
102 . The first description is far more common. See R. E. Treharne and I.
J. Sanders, Documents of the Baronial Movement of Reform and Rebellion,
1258–1267 (Oxford: Oxford Medieval Texts, 1973); H. G. Richardson
and G. O. Sayles, eds., The Administration of Ireland, 1172–1377 (Dublin:
Irish Manuscripts Commission, 1963), and others. This is one of the
perspectives also espoused by Maddicott, Simon de Montfort , who focuses
more on the notion that the conf lict is within the royal family, rather
than on the Marshals. For the other perspective, see Powicke, The
Thirteenth Century , n. 41.
2 War, Rebellion, and Recovery (1258–85)
1 . See discussion in chapter 1 . Gilbert’s situation is also discussed at length
in Altschul, A Baronial Family in Medieval England ; and Paul R. Davis,
Three Chevrons Red: The Clares, A Marcher Dynasty in Wales, England and
Ireland (Logaston: Logaston Press, 2013), 187–197.
N O T E S182
2 . This was couched in terms of undue “foreign” inf luence on the king, but
also had to do with the competition between Queen Eleanor’s Savoyard
relatives and King Henry’s Lusignan half-siblings.
3 . “Petition of the Barons,” Documents of the Baronial Movement of Reform
and Rebellion, 1258–1267 , ed. R. F. Treharne and I. J. Sanders (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1973), 80–81. The editors assume, probably rightly,
that this passage refers specifically to the Valence–Munchensy marriage.
This is the first instance when marriage of an heiress to a “foreigner” is
described as a form of disparagement, a term that refers quite specifically
to Magna Carta— chapter 6 —which states that an heir whose marriage is
in the king’s gift cannot be “disparaged,” usually interpreted as meaning
that the heir cannot be married to a person of lower social station.
4 . Chron. Maj. , 4: 628. See also Chron. Maj ., trans. Giles, 1: 230–231.
5 . According to Matthew Paris, Simon declared that he would ensure that
William would lose his head if he did not swear to uphold the Provisions of
Oxford. Chron. Maj , 5: 697–698. Also discussed in Ridgeway, “Valence,
William de,” ODNB and many other historical narratives of the era.
6 . CPR , Henry III, 1247–1258, 640, 664.
7 . Ibid., 641. Ridgeway for some reasons considers this to have been cash
that belonged to Warin de Munchensy and claims that William, “prob-
ably with the connivance of Joan,” essentially stole it. Waltham Abbey
was patronized by Joan’s maternal relations, having been substantially
endowed by Strongbow, not by the Munchensys, who seem to have had
no stake in Waltham at all. Ridgeway provides no specific source for this
allegation. H. W. Ridgeway, “Munchensi, Warin de,” ODNB , http://
www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/19529 , accessed November 4, 2014.
8 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 3.
9 . Stipulated when Waltham Abbey’s treasury controlled the cash. See CR ,
Henry III, 1256–1259, 318.
10 . See Chron. Maj. , 5: 721, and CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 3, 4. “Magnates
of the council” is the language of the letter patent. Matthew claimed that
Joan petitioned the king himself.
11 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 9, 12.
12 . CR , Henry III, 1256–1259, December 13, 1258, 351. Matthew Paris says
1 December: Chron. Maj. , 5: 726.
13 . Cum familia, harnesio et pecunia sua .
14 . instanter postulans sibi justitiam exhiberi, ut saltem dos ipsam contingens sibi
concederetur.
15 . Chron. Maj., 5: 726. See also Chron. Maj ., trans. Giles, 2: 311.
16 . Ridgeway, “Valence, William de,” 56: 47.
17 . Chron. Maj. , 5: 730–731. See also Chron. Maj ., trans. Giles 2: 314–315.
18 . Compare this story to his repeated—and probably fallacious—assertions
that enemies of the baronial party tried to poison the barons at every
opportunity.
19 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 15.
N O T E S 183
20 . CR , Henry III, 1256–1259, 363, 451.
21 . CR , Henry III, 1256–1259, 404; CR , Henry III, 1259–1261, 2–3.
22 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 22.
23 . See Altschul, A Baronial Family in Medieval England , 92, 102.
24 . Chron. Maj. , 5: 747–748; Chron. Maj ., trans. Giles, 3: 329–330.
25 . CR , Henry III, 1259–1261, 329.
26 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 150.
27 . Ibid., 223.
28 . CR , Henry III, 1259–1261, 420, 428, 435; CR , Henry III, 1261–1264,
33, 74.
29 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 243. Ridgeway suggests he was playing
both sides, but this is not clear from the documents. “Valence, William
de,” 56: 47.
30 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 291. Witnesses: William de Valence, Earl
Roger Bigod ( Joan’s cousin), Earl Humphrey Bohun (father-in-law of
Joan’s cousin, Eleanor de Braose), John de Warenne ( Joan’s cousin and
William’s closest friend and brother-in-law), Hugh Bigod ( Joan’s cousin),
Philip Basset (long-time Marshal affine and former brother-in-law of
one of Joan’s cousins), Robert de Bruys (married to a Marshal affine),
Roger Mortimer (married to Joan’s cousin), Alan de la Zuche (Marshal
affine, future marital connection), and Robert Aguillon (Valence affine
and second husband on one of Joan’s cousins).
31 . CR , Henry III, 1261–1264, 322.
32 . CPR, Henry III, 1258–1266, 322.
33 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 325. Mentioned by John Carmi Parsons,
Eleanor of Castile: Queen and Society in Thirteenth-Century England (New
York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995), 264, n. 49. Unfortunately for Eleanor,
she was unable to gain the safety Joan probably secured: Henry’s letter
to her instructed her to leave the relative safety of Windsor and head
to Westminster, where she must have been a virtual prisoner of the
Montfortians.
34 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 328.
35 . Ibid., 337. Joan’s more strategically important properties were kept from
her.
36 . See Appendix 2.
37 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 339.
38 . Ibid., 423–424.
39 . Ibid., 487, 434.
40 . See Mitchell, Portraits of Medieval Women , 50–51.
41 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 460, 466.
42 . Daughter and co-heir of Robert de Quency and Helen fa Llewelyn ab
Iorwerth. Her sister, Hawise widow of Baldwin Wake, was her heir.
CIPM 2: 323.
43 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 503. This Humphrey de Bohun was also
heir to his grandfather, Humphrey, earl of Hereford, who died in 1275.
N O T E S184
It is possible that Joan de Quency and Humphrey the Younger did have
daughters, as mentioned in the patent roll entry, but they must not have
survived their mother. It is clear that the clerk writing the patent roll
entry was confused by the plethora of heiress-wives.
44 . This is clearly evident by the sheer number of errors made by modern
historians trying to determine Joan and William’s estates.
45 . Especially 1258–1259, when William was in exile and the tenure of the
property was in dispute. CR , Henry III, 1256–1259, 339–340, 342, 363,
451; Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt 2: 102.
46 . CP 25/1/8/22/13 and 14. See also VCH, Berkshire , ed., William Page and
Peter Ditchfield (1924), 4: nn. 172, 173.
47 . Such as Edmund Crouchback, who gained the earldom of Leicester along
with Lancaster as a result of the forfeiture of the Montforts.
48 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 588. Simon de Montfort had taken the
opportunity of his control of Sutton to invest a new priest into the living.
49 . Ibid., 460, 562. These might have been the same properties: it is unclear
from the patent roll entries.
50 . See chapter 1 . See also CPR, Henry III, 1266–1272, 193–194, 204–205,
213.
51 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 667.
52 . CPR, Henry III, 1266–1272, 161, 271–272. Rebels subject to the Dictum
of Kenilworth had to pay an indemnity about three times the annual
income of the properties forfeited in order to redeem them.
53 . Ibid., 181.
54 . Henry’s wife was Joan de Cantilupe, one of the Braose-Marshal cous-
ins through her mother, Eve Braose. Although not an heiress herself,
Joan’s older brother, George, inherited both the Braose properties and
the Cantilupe estates, but died without issue. Henry and Joan’s children
became his heirs.
55 . CPR, Henry III, 1266–1272, 214.
56 . Ibid., 323. Robert Aguillon was also an intimate of the Valences and
yet another cousin-by-marriage of Joan, having married Joan Ferrers,
widow of John de Mohun.
57 . CCR, Edward I, 1272–1279, 114–115.
58 . Papal Letters , 1: 450.
59 . He received seisin of his lands in July 1283. CCR, Edward I, 1279–1288,
212.
60 . CPR , Edward I, 1272–1281, 182. A commission was sent into Bergavenny
to investigate the charges of open warfare between the “King’s men of
Bergavenny” and those of Edmund in the Three Castles—Skenfrith,
White Castle, and Grosmont—in November 1276.
61 . CCR, Edward I , 1279–1288, 116.
62 . Ibid., 84.
63 . Ibid., 366.
64 . It is possible that this trip was planned but never undertaken.
N O T E S 185
65 . Agnes married Maurice FitzGerald in 1266; he died in 1268. She then
wed Hugh de Balliol sometime around 1269, but he died in 1271. After
a period of widowhood, Agnes then married a third time, to John
d’Avesnes, with whom she had three children. He died in 1283. Agnes
died in January 1310. See Cormac Ó Cl é irigh, “The Absentee Landlady
and the Sturdy Robbers,” “ The Fragility of Her Sex”? Medieval Irish Women
in their European Context , ed. C. E. Meek and M. K. Simms (Dublin: Four
Courts Press, 1996), 101–118.
66 . No death dates are listed for Margaret in any of the genealogy texts, such
as GEC, but she is listed as died in 1276 by Westminster Abbey, without
attribution. She is also listed as an infant, which is not correct, as is her
brother, John, who was definitely not an infant at his death in 1277.
John’s death is incorrectly identified as having occurred in 1267 by the
Flores Hist. , 3: 49n.
67 . It is possible that the monuments for the two Valence children are hous-
ing only partial remains, as they are small and the Abbey mistakenly
assumes they are tombs of infants.
68 . GEC, 10: 379–382; see also Annales Cambriae , ed. John Williams ab
Ithel, Rolls Series (1860), 106; The Chronicle of William de Rishanger, of
the Barons’ Wars: The Miracles of Simon de Montfort, ed. James Orchard
Halliwell (London, 1840), 100; Annales Monastici , 5 vols., ed. Henry
Richards Luard (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1864–69), 3: 292.
69 . See discussion later in text.
70 . CR , Henry III, 1268–1272, 334, 358, 366–367, 458.
71 . CPR , Henry III, 1266–1272, 504, 506.
72 . Ibid., 636.
73 . Ibid., 659.
74 . GEC 10: 382 n.a. This is also mentioned in Joan D. Tanner, “The Tombs
of Royal Babies in Westminster Abbey.”
75 . CPR, Edward I, 1272–1281, 194. William Sr. was in preparation for a
campaign in Wales at the time of this request, so it stands to reason that
William the Younger is referred to, rather than his father. In addition,
William the Elder is almost always referred to as “the king’s uncle” in
letters patent.
76 . CCR, Edward I, 1272–1279, 551. The agreement was enrolled in January
1279 and a second deed enrolled at the same time promising that John
de Vescy would restore Mary’s dowry of 4500 lt should she die before
producing an heir. In fact, Mary either died soon after or just before the
marriage, because John de Vescy, already a widower, married one of
Eleanor of Castile’s cousins, Isabella Beaumont, in 1280.
77 . Annales Cambriae , 106.
78 . Dunstable Annals , in Annales Monastici , 3: 292. Rishanger, 100, as above,
note 68.
79 . Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt. 4: 320–321. The charter is extant only as an
Inspeximus dated November 1, 1299.
N O T E S186
80 . CR , Henry III, 1256–1259, 287–289. William Marshal had actually
served as guardian of the lands of Offaly during the minority of Maurice
fitzGerald, second lord of Offaly (1194–1257).
81 . The relationship between the Verdons and the Marshal heirs was compli-
cated and multigenerational. They were also related, as halfbrothers, to
the Butlers of Ormond, having derived their family name from Roesia
de Verdon, John de Verdon’s mother, who was Theobald Butler’s sec-
ond wife. See Mark S. Hagger, The Fortunes of a Norman Family: The De
Verduns in England, Ireland, and Wales, 1066–1316 (Dublin: Four Courts
Press, 2001).
82 . Thomas was married to Gerald fitzMaurice fitzGerald’s cousin, Juliana.
83 . Hugh was the older brother of John Balliol, who became king of Scotland.
Therefore, if he had survived, he would have been king—and Agnes de
Valence queen—of Scotland.
84 . CR , Henry III, 1268–1272, 345: Agnes is assigned dower in
Northumberland from the estates of the late Hugh Balliol. Agnes is
referred to as “our dear niece, Agnes de Valence.” Indeed, Agnes never
took her husband’s patronymics as her own and continued to identify
herself as “de Valence” for the rest of her life.
85 . CCR, Edward I, 1272–1279, 45.
86 . CCR, Edward I, 1279–1288, 284–285. It is not clear whether Gerald ever
married; he died sometime after 1286 and his heir was a cousin, John fitz-
Thomas, who became the first earl of Kildare in the reign of Edward II.
87 . This marriage probably occurred around the same time as Princess
Elizabeth’s marriage to the count of Holland. Indeed, it is likely that
the two weddings coincided in order to guarantee the princess of a close
acquaintance and family member in Hainault.
88 . See chapter 4 . Baldwin died without heirs in 1309.
89 . Aymer’s date of birth is likely between 1273 and 1275, according to
Phillips, Aymer de Valence , 8. However, if Joan was the youngest child,
then it is possible that Aymer was born either just before or while William
was on crusade, which would place his birth at around 1270, and Joan’s
around 1273–1275.
90 . “Guillaume de Valence . . . a sac here compaigne et amie, saluz. Sachez que
nus vus enveoins Sire Robert de Immir a garnier le chastle de Winchester
de blez et de vuires et a demorer oveke vus a garder le avant dit chastle
ensemblement od Sire Martin de Roches et Philip le Clerc. Et vu slur
comandez de par nuz que il ourent en tute choses par un accord et par
un conseil, et vus donoms le poer sure us tuz et de eus tuz, a ordener et
a puruer en tute choses solom ceo que vuz verrez que meuz fra a fere.”
Shirley, Letters Illustrative of the Reign of Henry III , 2: 311.
91 . SC 1/8/108.
92 . CCR, Edward I, 1272–1279, 191, identifies the distribution of Eleanor de
Montfort’s Marshal dower.
93 . Wife, and widow, of Hugh de Mortimer of Chelmarsh, who was also a
younger brother of Roger de Mortimer of Wigmore.
N O T E S 187
94 . This suit continues from 1274 to 1278, encompassing multiple entries in
Cal Doc Ireland. In 1276, numerous entries regarding an unnamed suit of
partition appear in the Easter term of the King’s Bench: KB 27/21 mm.
23d [bis], 27, 33.
95 . Case was heard in Common Pleas throughout the Hilary term of 1278.
CP 40/23 mm. 2d, 4d [bis], 43. Final Concord made on the octaves of
the Feast of the Purification of the Virgin, 1278: CP 25/1/75/31.
96 . KB 27/21 m. 27.
97 . Ibid., m. 33.
98 . CP 40/18 m. 17. The Bethunes were, in fact, the original tenants in
Sutton. See chapter 1 .
99 . See James Greenstreet, “Holders of Knights’ Fees in Kent, Anno 38
Henry III,” Archaeologia Cantiana 12 (1878): 220, 233, 235.
100 . Principle argument of the suit was enrolled in Hilary 1291 into the
Hilary 1279 roll. CP 40/87 m. 2d. See also CP 40/89 m. 58, JUST
1/375 m. 45d
101 . KB 27/21 m. 28.
102 . This is also discussed brief ly in Spencer, Nobility and Kingship , 188, 199.
Spencer misidentifies the membrane as m. 30.
103 . These involved William’s properties of Hoke and Strete, Hampshire;
Swindon and Seppeworth, Wiltshire; and Bampton, Oxfordshire. Placita
de Quo Warranto temporibus Ed. I. II. & III. In curia receptae scaccarii west.
asservata ., ed. W. Illingworth (London, 1818; reprint TannerRitchie
Publishing), 668, 669, 765, 766, 768, 797, 801.
104 . King Edward sued Earl Roger Bigod and Fulk fitzWarin for warranty of
their liberties in Berkshire; both called the (other) Marshal heirs to war-
ranty. Ibid., 81–82. This will be discussed in more depth in chapter 3 .
105 . CP 40/15 mm. 79, 97d; CP 40/27 m. 63d; CP 40/36 m. 64d. See also
CCR, Edward I, 1272–1279, 345, 352. Benham, which is one of the
many manors misidentified as belonging only to William, was granted
jointly to the couple; half the manor had already been granted to the
Longespees. See chapter 1 .
106 . SC 1/47/170.
107 . This according to GEC, 8: 534, which is derived from Owen’s Description
of Pembrokeshire , Cymmrodorian Society I, 447 et seq. The reissue of the
text identifies the signatories as Sir Nicholas’s son, William Martin,
and William de Valence, “dated at Kings Clipson in 1290.” George
Owen of Henllys, The Description of Pembrokeshire , ed. Dillwyn Miles,
The Welsh Classics, vol. 6 (Llanduysul: Gomer Press, 1994), 25. This is
discussed in chapter 3 .
108 . Oxford, Magdalen College Stainswyke 75. My particular thanks
to David Crouch for sending me this reference, and to the archivist,
Robin Darwall-Smith, for his assistance in gaining a copy of the deed.
This grant underscores that these properties were, in fact, part of Joan’s
inheritance and not granted separately to William de Valence. The
manors were likely appurtenant to the main estate of Shrivenham.
N O T E S188
109 . This seal appears on several documents in the British Library, Harley
Charters. See chapter 4 .
110 . Brigitte Miriam Bedos-Rezak, When Ego Was Imago: Signs of Identity in
the Middle Ages (Leiden: Brill, 2011), 29.
111 . A virtually identical set of paragraphs appear in the Annals of
Winchester, Worcester, and Waverly. See Annales Monastici , ed. H. R.
Luard (London, 1865–1869), 2: 108–109, 376; 4: 459. The outlines of
the case can be seen in CPR, Henry III, 1266–1272, 438, 451, 472, 482.
According to Andrew Spencer, Edward I eventually forgave the fine;
see Spencer, Nobility and Kingship , 162–163.
112 . Christopher Tyerman suggests that Warenne was disgruntled about the
settlement of the Dictum of Kenilworth and that his simultaneous con-
f lict with Henry de Lacy, earl of Lincoln, amounted to a virtual private
war. See Christopher Tyerman, England and the Crusades 1095–1588
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 131.
113 . The Cartulary of Cirencester Abbey Gloucestershire , ed. Mary Devine
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), 3: 1073–1074.
114 . CP 25/1/86/32 No. 612. The manors were originally located in
Hertfordshire. See VCH, Hertfordshire (1912), 3: 366–373. “Stanstead
Manor” had been granted to Waltham Abbey by Strongbow, but part
of it was also held by Marshalsy tenure. See W. Winters, Ecclesiastical
Works of the Middle Ages, or Historical Notes of Early Manuscripts Formerly
Belonging to the Ancient Monastic Library of Waltham Holy Cross (Royal
Historical Society, 1877), 39–40.
115 . See chapter 4 : romanticized lore about Joan developed in the country-
side around Goodrich.
116 . Mrs. A. Murray Smith (E. T. Bradley), The Roll-Call of Westminster
Abbey (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1902), 223.
117 . J. D. Tanner, “Tombs of Royal Babies in Westminster Abbey,” Journal
of the British Archaeological Association , Third Series 16 (1953): 31. Tanner
cites BL Harley 544 and Add MS 38133.
118 . This refers to W. R. Lethaby, who had been Surveyor of the Fabric of
the Abbey and who wrote Westminster Abbey & The King’s Craftsmen:
A Study of Mediaeval Building (London: Duckworth & Co, 1906). His
discussion of the tomb slabs appears on 317–319. The information is
repeated in his later work, Westminster Abbey Re-Examined (London:
Duckworth & Co, 1925; reprint 1972).
119 . Actually, according to Lethaby, no portion of the brass remains, merely
the indentation in the stone where the brass would have sat.
120 . Tanner, “Tombs of Royal Babies,” 31–32.
121 . Flores Hist. , 3: 49 n5.
122 . Lethaby, Westminster Abbey , 318. This refers to Richard Sporley, who
was a monk at Westminster in the fifteenth century and whose “History
of the Abbots of Westminster” is in manuscript only: BL, Cotton MS
Claudius A VIII, ff 19–71, 73.
N O T E S 189
123 . “William and Aymer De Valence,” Westminster Abbey website, http://
www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/william-and-aymer-
de-valence , accessed September 4, 2014.
124 . See chapter 4 . Descriptions of Chelles do not mention a chapel dedi-
cated to St. Margaret, but the abbey buildings are ruins and chapels
changed attribution over time.
125 . The identif ication of the eff igy with William de Valence the Younger
was made by Philip J. Lankester, “A Military Effigy in Dorchester
Abbey, Oxon,” Oxoniensia 52 (1987): 145–172; see esp. 155–156. It
has been discussed in brief by Warwick Rodwell, Dorchester Abbey
Oxfordshire: The Archaeology and Architecture of a Cathedral, Monastery and
Parish Church (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2009), 89, 153, 154 (e-book
pagination: 261, 495, 496, 500). According to Lankester, one of the
now missing glass shields put in place around 1300 included the Valence
arms.
126 . This is also discussed brief ly in Woolgar.
127 . Rachel Dressler has made a study of the significance of cross-legged
depictions on tomb sculpture. See Dressler, Of Armor and Men in
Medieval England: The Chivalric Rhetoric of Three English Knights’ Effigies
(Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2004), 16–17, 102–103.
128 . His effigy suggests this.
129 . The error was corrected in Joan’s own IPM , but it persists in almost all
historical accounts of the Valences.
130 . Comparatively little has been written about Goodrich in schol-
arly works. Indeed, the most current research has been conducted
by English Heritage and is contained in their guide to the castle.
See Jeremy Ashbee, Goodrich Castle (English Heritage Guidebooks),
rev. ed. (London: English Heritage, 2005, 2009). See also R. Allen
Brown, English Castles , reprinted as Allen Brown’s English Castles
(Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2004); and C. M. Woolgar, The Great
Household in Late Medieval England (New Haven: Yale University
Press, 1999).
131 . See Ashbee, Goodrich Castle .
132 . Brown, for example.
133 . CCR, Edward I, 1272–1279, 398; CCR, Edward I, 1279–1288, 26, 171.
William also received gifts of timber in the 1260s.
134 . The famous “Garderobe Tower” is now considered to have been a
ref it of the Talbots in the f ifteenth century, although there seems
to have been a substantial garderobe (albeit a single, not a triple)
in that portion of the curtain wall leading to the so-called “Prison
Tower” (which probably housed guests, not prisoners, as it was quite
luxurious).
135 . The use of a greenish granite in the barbican could have also been an
aesthetic choice, to enhance the rose color and make visual connections
to the earlier Keep, built of the same stone.
N O T E S190
136 . In the Victoria and Albert Museum, possibly in the possession of Aymer
de Valence. “The Valence Casket,” http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/
O126749/the-valence-casket-casket-unknown/ . The jeweled cross was
bequeathed to Westminster Abbey by Marie de St Pol, Aymer’s second
wife. In the grant she identifies it as having been given to Aymer by
“Sir William de Valence” after his return from crusade. The descrip-
tion of her late (indeed, posthumous) father-in-law as “Sir” rather than
“Earl”—a title she used freely following Aymer’s adoption of it—leads
me to wonder whether little Aymer received the cross instead from his
older brother. See http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/
people/william-and-aymer-de-valence and Ridgeway , “Valence,
William de,” ODNB .
137 . Although spectacular, Pembroke was—and is—too isolated for the
kinds of court roles assumed by the Valences. It was far more suited to
the previous generations’ involvement in Ireland as well as West Wales,
as it provided the easiest route to Wexford.
138 . She usually summoned her Pembroke tenants to meet her at Goodrich,
according to her account rolls. See chapter 5 .
139 . CPR, Edward I, 1272–1281, 50, 75.
140 . Ibid., 211 and n. 54.
141 . Ibid., 315; CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 82.
142 . Although there are no garderobes or fireplaces for the rectangular solar
block beside the tower, the spectacular design of the range, with its
graceful and distinctive arches bisecting the rooms on all levels, could
easily have been designed for human activity even on the ground
f loor.
143 . This is substantially the topic of Spencer, Nobility and Kingship in Medieval
England .
144 . This episode is mentioned in numerous chronicles and texts. See, for
example, Michael T. Clanchy, From Memory to Written Record: England
1066–1307 , 3rd ed. (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013), 41–45;
Spencer, Nobility and Kingship in Medieval England , passim.
3 Success, Conf lict, Death, and Bereavement (1285–96)
1 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 233, 251, 252, 253, 277, 311, 312; CCR,
Edward I, 1279–1288, 426, 470, 471, 535, 550; CCR , Edward I, 1288–
1296, 29.
2 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 299.
3 . This was a busy time for other Marshal heirs, because of the death of
George de Cantelou, leaving his two sisters as his heirs. Their attempt to
secure seisin of their inheritance ran afoul of Gilbert de Clare and their
litigation appears beginning in 1287. See, for example, KB27/107 mm.
12d, 14d, 36d.
N O T E S 191
4 . John and Maud de Tynhide vs the custodes . Hilary Term, 1285. CP 40/57
m. 56. The case must have been problematized by the apparent death
of Master Geoffrey Haspal in 1287, although this Geoffrey might have
been his son, even though the Inquisition Post Mortem identifies his
brother, Richard, “age fifty or more” as his heir. CIPM , Edward I, 2:
384–385; see also CCR , Edward I, 1279–1288, 460. The Bluets, lords of
Raglan Castle, were close friends and associates of Joan de Valence in her
widowhood.
5 . CP 40/61 m. 58, CP 40/67 m. 37; CP 40/69 m. 42d. The manor had
been purchased from the bishop of Chalons by William Marshal and
William de Longespee, earl of Salisbury, during the minority of Henry
III. William Page and P. H. Ditchfield, eds., “Parishes: Shrivenham,” A
History of the County of Berkshire: Volume 4, British History Online (1924),
531–543, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=62763 ,
accessed March 9, 2014.
6 . Such as in 1286, when Peter de Coudray vouched them to warrant
him for his right to control the view of frankpledge in Moleshowe,
Buckinghamshire. Placita de Quo Warranto , 86.
7 . Placita de Quo Warranto , 241, 253, 255, 272, 273. The other Marshal heirs
were similarly sued and often for far more extensive properties and liber-
ties than the Valences.
8 . See Parsons, Eleanor of Castile , 109, 187.
9 . Roch is now a beautiful—and expensive—hotel-style residence that can
be rented as a short-term let. Only the D-tower barbican has survived,
with substantial rebuilding of even that ( http://www.rochcastle.com ).
10 . As usual, the calendars of the patent and close rolls are not always accu-
rate when identifying women engaged as the silent partners of such
negotiations.
11 . The ancient petitions included the king as one of the negotiators between
the two. SC 8/68/3396 and SC 8/68/3397.
12 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 398; CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 49,
describes a continuation of the original commission, which was still try-
ing to unravel the complexities of the issues at Haverford. A second com-
mission was sent in 1294: CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 114.
13 . KB 27/123 m. 30d; CCR, Edward I, 1288–1296, 74.
14 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 465. The actual inquisition seems to have
disappeared.
15 . CCR , Edward I, 1288–1296, 188.
16 . Parliament Rolls , 1: 84.
17 . JUST 1/740 mm. 47, 49. Replevin abstracted in CCR, Edward I, 1288–
1296, 241. The actual writ of replevin is C 49/2/18, in which ownership
of Goodrich Castle is explicitly stated as belonging to both William and
Joan, unlike the calendars, which consistently refer only to William.
18 . CCR, Edward I, 1288–1296, 244, 286.
19 . Placita de Quo Warranto , 686–687.
N O T E S192
20 . KB 27/130 m. 19d. The modern village of Trefenty has been identified
as the caput of the manor and it apparently contained a wooden motte and
bailey castle. The Welsh lords of Dyfyd seem to have held it at times of
the earls of Pembroke. Oysterlow figures in Joan’s litigation as a widow.
21 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 510.
22 . C 49/2/18.
23 . This petition was enrolled in 1290. Chris Given-Wilson et al.,
Parliament Rolls of Medieval England , British History Online,
http://www.british-history.ac.uk.proxy.l ibrary.umkc.edu/source.
aspx?pubid=1241&page=1&sort=1 , accessed October 21, 2014; and Rotuli
Parliamentorum , 1: 16–18. All references that follow to the parliamentary
petition refer to this text.
24 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 292.
25 . Ibid., 334.
26 . SC 1/45/61.
27 . Marriage disputes could be initiated in conjunction with civil cases heard
by the bench; the determination of a valid marriage was then transferred
to the relevant bishop’s court.
28 . This is likely a misinterpretation of the 1279 Statute of Mortmain, but
will form a core argument in the 1353 Statute of Praemunire of King
Edward III and Richard II’s expansion of it in 1392.
29 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 362.
30 . Ibid., 376.
31 . Ridgeway, “Valence, William de,” 49. This is a substantial enhancement
of a similar, if more neutral, statement in the original ODNB : C. L. K.,
“Munchensi, William de,” ODNB (1909), 39: 290.
32 . Episcopal Register, Diocese of Worcester, Register of Bishop Godfrey Giffard , ed.
J. W. Willis Bund (Worcester Historical Society, 1899), pt 2: 314.
33 . The Register of the Grey Friars of London describes her tomb, “to the right
under a large slab with a half-image of lady [lies . . . ] Canisio, wife of lord
William de Monte Canisio, who was the mother of Lady Idonea, [ sic ]
wife of Hugh de Veer,” Charles Lethbridge Kingsford, The Grey Friars of
London: Their History with the Register of their Convent and an Appendix of
Documents (Aberdeen: University Press, 1915), 110. Ironically, the Grey
Friars was a very popular burial site for the Marshal heirs, especially in
the fourteenth century.
34 . Reg. Bishop Godfrey Giffard , pt 2: 358–360, 364.
35 . For a discussion of this, see Mitchell, “Agnes and Her Sisters: Squabbling
and Cooperation in the Extended Medieval Family,” Portraits of Medieval
Women , 11–28. Agnes de Valence’s problems with John fitzThomas are
mentioned brief ly below and in Ò Cl è ireigh, “The Absentee Landlady
and the Sturdy Robbers: Agnes de Valence.”
36 . See chapter 2 . Suit introduced in the Court of Common Pleas in Hilary
1277: CP 40/18 m. 17 as William de Fenles, and Robert and Isabel
de Bethune vs Joan and William Valence concerning the manors of
Kemesing and Brabourne as their right. The suit more or less disappeared
N O T E S 193
until it reappeared in JUST 1/375 m. 45d with only William de Fenles as
plaintiff, suing for one-third of the manors and Joan and William refus-
ing to answer without the coparceners.
37 . Placita de Quo Warranto , 359.
38 . CP 40/87 m. 2d.
39 . CP 40/89 m. 58.
40 . JUST 1/375 m. 45d.
41 . See chapter 4 . Sibilla was the daughter of John Tregoz and there is no
apparent relationship between them and the Fenles (or Fiennes) family,
other than the royal connections of the Fiennes and the Grandissons,
who were distantly related to the monarch in the maternal line.
42 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 375, states that William “has always had
license to hunt in the royal forests” despite Ridgeway’s assertion that his
activities were identified as illegal.
43 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 457, 512, 513.
44 . Ibid., 472, 480.
45 . William and Joan de Valence vs Peter Bonde; William, Robert, and
Walter le Kyng; Philip Dopping; Maurice Attestrete; Hugh le Welbe;
Walter le Bercher; and Richard le Caretter: CP 40/101 m. 79; CP 40/102
m. 139; William and Joan de Valence and Maud de Mortimer vs same,
plus William le Pestur: CP 40/93 mm. 81, 96d; CP 40/98 m. 77
46 . CP 40/106 m. 86d; CP 40/107 m. 99d.
47 . SC 8/68/3396. The National Archive’s catalogue notes suggest a date of
1293–96, but indeed it is possible to date the petition to any time after
1288 and before 1295.
48 . SC 8/68/3397.
49 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 330–331.
50 . Parliament Rolls , Roll 10 and notes, http://www.british-history.ac.uk.
proxy.library.umkc.edu/report.aspx?compid=116352&strquery=Roch
e , accessed October 14, 2014. The case adjourned to the Bench on the
quindene of Michaelmas 1295: see KB 27/146 m. 57 (the editors of the
Parliament Rolls state mm. 57–57d but this is incorrect).
51 . The suit seems to have been initiated in the Easter session of the King’s
Bench in 1290. Gilbert de Clare was also sued by Roger Bigod about
Gilbert’s attempt to insert himself in Roger’s holding in Caerleon. Both
suits appear on KB 27/123 m. 1. The dispute with Roger Bigod, how-
ever, quickly seems to have taken on all the characteristics of a private
war, necessitating royal intervention. The inquisition was copied into
the roll for the Hilary term 1292, embedded into multiple membranes
detailing the conf lict. KB 27/130 mm. 14, 14d, 15d, 16d, 17, 18, 19. The
letter patent commanding William de Valence, W. bishop of Ely, John de
Metingham, and Robert de Hertford to hold the inquisition regardless
of what the antagonists do is dated January 18, 1291. CPR, Edward I,
1281–1292, 452.
52 . Reg. Bishop Godfrey Giffard , 2: 277.
53 . Ibid., 2: 305.
N O T E S194
54 . Original Papal Documents in England and Wales from the accession of Pope
Innocent III to the death of Pope Benedict XI (1198–1304) , ed. Jane E. Sayers
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999), 439.
55 . CCR, Edward I, 1288–1296, 152.
56 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 448–449.
57 . The use of the title as early as 1290 also reinforces my suggestion that the
gold cross that Marie de St. Pol willed to Westminster Abbey was given
to Aymer by his brother and not his father. If Aymer used the title earl
without being formally invested with the earl’s regalia, then it would
have been odd for his widow to refer to her father-in-law simply as “Sir
William de Valence” rather than as “Earl William.”
58 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 449. This might have also been a political
move on her part to stave off royal interference, because the king sued
Agnes quo warranto in 1293 for liberties she claimed in dower in York
and Northumberland from the Balliol estates. Placita de Quo Warranto ,
215–216, 604.
59 . CCR, Edward I, 1288–1296, 352. She and Henry also made a fine for
warranty of charter in 1297: Feet of Fines for Essex , 86.
60 . SC 1/36/82. Agnes’s sons both predeceased her.
61 . CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 125, 128; CCR, Edward I, 1288–1296, 439.
62 . Valence House, which is now a museum in Dagenham. The only verifi-
able reference to this property is in Agnes’s inquisition post mortem . See also
“Dagenham: Introduction and Manors,” A History of the County of Essex:
Volume 5 (1966), 267–281, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?
compid=42731&strquery=Valence , accessed March 13, 2014, and the site
maintained by the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham: “History
of the Valence House,” http://www.lbbd.gov.uk/MuseumsAndHeritage/
ValenceHouseMuseum/Pages/ValenceHouseHistory.aspx , accessed
March 13, 2014,.
63 . CCR, Edward I, 1279–1288, 188; see also Elizabeth Gemmill, The Nobility
and Ecclesiastical Patronage in Thirteenth-Century England (Woodbridge:
The Boydell Press, 2013), 68.
64 . Woolgar, The Great Household , 97, cites only the Phillips biography. See
chapter 4 .
65 . CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 126.
66 . Ibid., 135, 143.
67 . Ibid., 163. Commission renewed in January 1296: Ibid., 216. Joan would
eventually hold at least one-third—and possibly all of—Moreton in
dower, but it was a property held of the Bohun earls of Hereford, not in
chief of the king. See Appendix 2.
68 . Ibid., 167. The Burnel family became intimately associated with Joan
in her widowhood. Edward Burnel was a member of her household for
several years.
69 . Ibid., 179. William de Leyburn was one of the Valences’ affines, through
Joan’s Marshal associations. He purchased Geoffrey’s marriage for his
own daughter, Idonea.
N O T E S 195
70 . Mertes, The English Noble Household, 1250–1600 , 82.
71 . Unlike the later rolls, which contain incredibly detailed information,
as can be evidenced by the most recent edition of Elizabeth de Burgh’s
accounts: Elizabeth de Burgh, Lady of Clare (1295–1360): Household and
Other Records , ed. Jennifer Ward (Suffolk Records Society), 57.
72 . The first extant roll is E 101/505/25. Membranes 1 to 9 contain accounts
from Michaelmas 1295 to June 1296 and William’s death. There is one
break in the roll, between October 19 and December 8, 1295. This might
be because William was actually back home during that period and Joan’s
record-keepers might have been preoccupied with his business, as the gap
occurs in membrane 2 without any clear evidence of a missing membrane.
73 . This is likely the manor in Kent that is now part of East Farleigh. It lies
midway between Sutton Valence and Kemsing, both Joan’s properties.
74 . Eventually, Aymer received permission to encastellate the manor house
after William’s death. This might have been one of Joan’s dower proper-
ties; she certainly used it as a frequent way-station between Herefordshire
and Kent..
75 . E 101/505/25 m. 1.
76 . E 101/505/25 m. 2.
77 . This seems to be a long digression for a journey ultimately intended to
end in London and Kent, but Inkford was a medieval town now sub-
sumed by Birmingham.
78 . E 101/505/25 m. 3.
79 . CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301,128; also CCR, Edward I, 1288–1296, 439.
80 . CCR, Edward I, 1288–1296, 460, 503. William’s actions were because
of an order the king sent to all the Marcher lords to “take into the king’s
hand all lands and goods of all alien religious of the power of the king of
France.” CFR , Edward I, 1272–1307 (London, 1911), 1: 366.
81 . Cal. Chancery Warrants, 1244–1326 , 63.
82 . CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 177, 178, 179.
83 . Ibid., 188.
84 . Ibid.
85 . E 101/505/25 m. 4.
86 . Ibid. This might have been an annual celebration for Joan; see
chapter 4 .
87 . Ibid.
88 . Ibid., mm. 5 and 6. Roger and his brother Ralph seem both to have been
employed in various ways in Joan’s household.
89 . Edward Burnel was probably the son of Philip Burnel and Maud fitzAlan
and was probably being raised in Joan’s household, as he was around
14 years old in 1296, if the information in GEC is accurate. See “The
Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the
Royal Families of Europe,” Person Page 19098, compiled by Darryl
Lundy, http://www.thepeerage.com/p19098.htm#i190980 , accessed
April 5, 2014,. References to shoes are found in membranes 4 and 5—and
indeed throughout the accounts.
N O T E S196
90 . E 101/505/25 m. 5.
91 . Ibid., m. 6. The recorders frequently failed to include guests and noble
visitors who stayed for longer than a day in the daily tally of diners:
Beatrice is never mentioned except when the oil lamps in her chambers
were refilled, she sent letters by messenger, Joan was buying her shoes
and stockings, or her hawks were being trained.
92 . Ibid.
93 . Ibid., m. 7.
94 . Ibid.
95 . Ibid.
96 . CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 232–233.
97 . It is likely that there is at least one membrane—and probably two—
missing from the roll, as membrane 7 ends on Friday, 16 March, and
membrane 8 picks up on Thursday, 19 April.
98 . E 101/505/25 m. 8.
99 . Ibid., m. 6.
100 . An article from 1862 discusses Joan’s dining habits in comparison to
three contemporaries: the notorious pluralist Bogo de Clare, Elizabeth
countess of Holland, and Eleanor de Montfort. Rev. C. H. Hartshorne,
“Illustrations of Domestic Manners during the Reign of Edward I,” 4
parts, The Journal of the British Archaeological Association 18 (1862): 66–75,
145–152, 213–220, 318–332. In addition, Woolgar makes frequent and
heavy use of Joan’s account rolls in his description of noble domesticity
in The Great Household . I will not refer to the many incidental mentions
of Joan in his work but do reference it about particular issues.
101 . See Francis A. Underhill, For Her Good Estate: The Life of Elizabeth de
Burgh (New York: St. Martin’s, 1999), 69–74; also mentioned by Mark
Bailey, Medieval Suffolk: An Economic and Social History 1200–1500
(Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2007), 18–19.
102 . Mentioned by Ridgeway, “Valence, William de,” ODNB , 56: 48
103 . E 101/505/25 m. 9.
104 . The problem among genealogists seems to have stemmed from T. F.
Tout’s ODNB entry, which is notable both for his hostility to his sub-
ject and the degree of inaccuracy found there. Thomas Frederick Tout,
“William de Valence,” ODNB (London, 1900), 61: 373–377.
105 . E 101/505/25 m. 13.
106 . CIPM 3: 220–223.
107 . Luard, ed. Annales Monastici , 3: 400.
108 . Flores Hist., trans. Yonge, 2: 520.
109 . Ridgeway, “Valence, William de,” 48. In fact, the only reference to his
being at Bayonne—although the source claims he was killed there—is
in The Itinerary of John Leland in or about the Years 1535–1543 , ed. Lucy
Toulmin Smith (London: George Bell, 1909), 4: 126.
110 . Woolgar, Great Household , 107. He does not supply his source.
111 . William de Valence’s will is not extant. It was undoubtedly nuncupative
and likely not written down after the fact.
N O T E S 197
112 . CCR, Edward I, 1288–1296, 512.
113 . Ibid., 490.
114 . The inquisitions as listed in the calendars are also incomplete because
the properties in Kent are not listed at all, and even if they were identi-
fied as part of Joan’s inheritance, they would have been. The confusion
over what Joan held in chief and what she gained as dower appears in
every historical text written about William or her—including, unfor-
tunately, my earlier work, as I relied on other historians for some of this
information, mistrusting the conclusions I had drawn. See CIPM 3:
220–223; Cal. Docs Ireland, pt 4: 143–144.
115 . This will be discussed in chapter 4 .
116 . The complete list appears in litigation beginning in 1297: CP 40/116 m.
83d.
117 . E 40/5930. The debtors were likely William’s cousin, Henry of Lancaster
(and future earl of Lancaster following the death of his brother Thomas)
and his new wife, Maud (aka Mahaut) de Chaworth.
118 . SC 1/48/109.
119 . RC/7/3 p. 332; RC/7/4, pp. 41, 165–166.
120 . She performed homage sometime before December 29, 1296: CCR,
Edward I, 1296–1302, 9.
121 . Ibid., 2.
122 . CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 225, 308. See also Cal. Docs Ireland , pt 4:
85, 130.
123 . It is in this entry in the close rolls that the description of properties
William had acquired independently of Joan’s inheritance are listed,
although here, too, there are problems with the list as some of the estates
are ones Joan seems to control more permanently than just as dower:
the manors of Moreton and Watdon, Gloucestershire; Sopworth,
Collingbourn, and Swindon, Wiltshire; Cherdeste and Policote,
Buckinghamshire; Compton, Dorset; two advowsons—one of the
church of Compton, Dorset, and that of Wridlington, Suffolk; and “all
lands and rents acquired in the manors of Brabourne, Kent; Sutton,
Kent; Inteberg and Bereford, Wiltshire; and Goodrich Castle,” as well
as £ 14 5s 8d per annum of land and rent in Pembrokeshire. It is likely
that William purchased these additions to Joan’s inheritance from the
other heirs or bought out tenants and feofees. CCR, Edward I, 1296–
1302, 3. Other lands, which Aymer inherited outright, formed the bulk
of the original promise made by Henry III to William of lands worth
£ 500 per year; see CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 289. In addition, the
king commanded the escheators to determine, as early as 10 September,
whether Joan had “been contented for her dower” in William’s lands.
CCR, Edward I, 1288–1296, 490.
124 . E 101/505/25 m. 9.
125 . Ibid., m. 10.
126 . Mentioned by Woolgar, The Great Household , 107–108.
127 . E 101/505/25 m. 10.
N O T E S198
128 . See also Woolgar, The Great Household , 107.
129 . E 101/505/25 m. 10
130 . Ibid., m.11.
131 . And this was because of the death of her son John.
132 . Although all genealogy sources identify only three children of John and
Joan Comyn, a deed from 1300 identifies a fourth, Robert. Therefore,
the Comyn children comprised the following: Joan (b. c. 1290), John IV
(b. c. 1292), Robert (b. c. 1294–96), and Elizabeth (b. 1299). Descriptive
Catalogue of Ancient Deeds 5: 164. Deed A.11556.
133 . Cal. Docs Scotland , 2: 224.
134 . The recorders consistently refer to members of Joan’s household by their
positions: Walter Baker, Robert Wardrobe, etc.
135 . E 101/505/25 m.11.
136 . Ibid., m. 12.
137 . Ibid., m. 13.
138 . Ibid. See also Woolgar, The Great Household , 108. He is incorrect, how-
ever, in stating there were no further commemorations, as the donation
to Chelles implies this.
139 . Ibid., m. 14.
140 . Ibid.
141 . SC 1/11/21a.
142 . E 101/505/25 m. 14.
143 . Ibid. Chelles was near Paris, in the Val-de-Marne. It was noted particu-
larly as a foundation dedicated to royal women, having been founded by
the Anglo-Saxon Queen Balthilde, wife of the Merovingian Clovis II.
There was a long tradition of associations between English royal women
and Chelles thereafter, with one of Hild of Whitby’s sisters becoming a
nun there.
144 . Ibid., m. 15.
145 . Ibid.
146 . Ibid., mm. 15–16.
147 . SC 1/48/183. The letter is undated but could have been written only
between 30 July and 5 August because that was the only week when
Beatrice and Aymer were not together with Joan. It is a charmingly
newsy letter.
148 . Ibid., m. 16.
149 . Ibid., m. 17.
150 . An entry in membrane 17 suggests this: Joan sends letters to the
escheators of the king at the chancery of Norton Riding on 13 August
because of lands of Joan that are still under dispute.
151 . Ibid., m. 18.
152 . Ibid., mm. 17–18.
153 . Ibid., m. 18. According to a 2007 article in the Daily Telegraph ,
Inkberrow and its ancient public house, “The Old Bull,” are the inspira-
tion for Ambridge and “The Bull” in the long-running Radio 4 serial,
“The Archers.” See Chris Hastings and Beth Jones, “The Archers now
N O T E S 199
Priced out of Ambridge,” The Telegraph, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/
uknews/1561911/The-Archers-now-priced-out-of-Ambridge.html .
154 . E 101/505/25 m. 18.
155 . Ibid., mm. 19 and 20.
156 . Ibid., m. 20. The meaning of this statement is unclear.
157 . Ibid.
158 . Ibid., m. 21.
159 . Ibid., mm. 21–22.
160 . Ibid., m. 22.
161 . Typical of this assertion is Arthur Penrhyn Stanley (Dean of Westminster),
Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey (London: John Murray, 1869),
140.
162 . This will be discussed in greater detail in the next chapter.
163 . Now separated into two rolls, E 101/505/26 and E 101/505/27.
164 . E 101/505/26 m. 1.
165 . Cecily was the daughter of Maud Ferrers and William de Vivonia (aka
William le Forz), a Poitevan nobleman who was heir to the Malet fam-
ily of Somerset on his maternal side. She was definitely active in 1296,
being embroiled in a suit with the abbot of Athelney. See Two Cartularies
of the Benedictine Abbeys of Muchelney and Athelney in the County of Somerset ,
ed. Rev. E. H. Bates, Somerset Record Society 14 (1899): 192.
166 . This is probably the Giles de Barenton identified in Palgrave, The
Parliamentary Writs and Writs of Military Summons , to be a clerk holding a
lay fee worth £ 20 per annum in Northamptonshire and, therefore, sum-
moned for military service in 1297. Francis Palgrave, ed., Parliamentary
Writs and Writs of Military Summons (London: 1834), 1: 445.
167 . E 101/505/26 m. 2.
168 . Ibid., mm. 2–3.
169 . Probably: it is midway between Buckingham and Arleseye, and
although the stop is not mentioned, she did have a day between the
stop at Buckingham and the one at Arleseye on 27 October, the Vigil
of the Apostles Simon and Jude. Other stops at abbeys, unless they were
digressions from her usual route, are not mentioned in the roll, but there
are references to carts borrowed from abbeys that needed to be returned
to them.
170 . Ibid., mm. 3–4.
171 . Ibid., m. 4.
172 . William de Munchensy of Edwardstone was convicted of conspiracy
to commit murder, and his sojourn to the Holy Land was the pen-
ance imposed on him, which suggests that he—although a widower—
might have been in minor orders. See Douglas Richardson, Plantagenet
Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families , 2nd ed (Salt Lake
City: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2011), 1: 335–336.
173 . Both aptly named, as Cissor means tailor, and Master G. Capelionis
might have been a maker of caps. E 101/505/26 m. 4.
174 . Ibid., m. 5.
N O T E S200
175 . This place cannot be identified. The only reference available is to a
“Hervi de Denkesword/Donkesworde” in the Red Book of the Exchequer .
He apparently held one-third of a knight’s fee in 1194–97. Red Book of
the Exchequer , ed. Hubert Hall (London, 1896), 1: 94, 107. However,
halfway between Exning and Hitchin lies Fowlmere, where Joan had
stayed on her journey to Suffolk. It could be that Donkesworde was part
of that manor.
176 . E 101/505/26 mm. 5–6.
177 . Ibid., m. 7.
178 . Ibid., mm. 7–8.
179 . Ibid., m. 8. The only Thomas de Braybeuf identified from the thirteenth
century was the lord of Claxby and Normanby-le-Wold, Lincolnshire.
His tomb still exists in the Claxby parish church, which he also founded
and patronized. See The Roll and Register of Bishop Oliver Sutton , Lincoln
Record Society, 39 (1948), 1: 64, 190.
180 . E 101/505/26 mm. 8, 9, 10, 11 and following.
181 . Ibid., m. 8. Ambresbury is in Essex, the putative site of the last stand of
Queen Boudicca of the Iceni; Compton is in Berkshire. The peacock
might have been procured for one of the holiday meals to come.
182 . Possibly one of Joan’s tenants, as he was a landholder in Somerset and
also the heir to the Walerand estates elsewhere. See CIPM , Edward II
(London, 1908), 5: 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 359.
183 . E 101/505/26 mm. 9 and 10.
184 . In the middle of the membrane, a marginal note states “Here begins
Richard Clerk.”
185 . Although considerably more elaborate than Joan’s daily fare, this still
could not compete with Elizabeth de Burgh’s Christmas feast.
186 . Ibid., m. 11.
187 . In the margin of membrane 12: “ incipit R. Bluet .”
4 Widow, Lord, and Countess (1297–1307)
1 . SC 8/77/3817. This is the petition in which he also asks for Marlborough
Castle as a residence for his wife, Beatrice.
2 . Paul Binski, Westminster Abbey and the Plantagenets: Kingship and the
Representation of Power, 1200–1400 (New Haven: Yale University Press,
1995), 113.
3 . George Gilbert Scott, Gleanings from Westminster Abbey (Oxford and
London: John Henry and James Parker, 1863), 62. The description that
follows is drawn from this.
4 . The resemblance is commented on by Binski, but he does not suggest a par-
ticular reason for this. Binski, Westminster Abbey and the Plantagenets , 113.
5 . Ibid., and Scott, Gleanings , 61–62.
6 . Most of the decoration was pilfered centuries ago. By 1812, William
Combe, in The History of the Abbey Church of St. Peter’s Westminster
(London: R. Ackermann, 1812), 116–117, mentions it as being lost.
N O T E S 201
7 . For example, John Preston Neale, The History and Antiquities of Westminster
Abbey and Henry the Seventh’s Chapel (London: Willis and Sotheran, 1856),
56.
8 . The Roll and Register of Bishop Oliver Sutton , 5: 212.
9 . Ibid., 5: 15–16, 18; as mentioned in Elizabeth Gemmill, The Nobility and
Ecclesiastical Patronage in Thirteenth-Century England (Woodbridge: The
Boydell Press, 2013), 18.
10 . William Camden, Reges, regin æ , nobiles, & alij in ecclesia collegiata B. Petri
Westmonasterij sepulti, vsque ad annum reparat æ salutis (London, 1600),
http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/william-and-
aymer-de-valence .
11 . Binski, Westminster Abbey and the Plantagenets , 113.
12 . The Victoria and Albert Museum, “The Valence Casket,” http://collec-
tions.vam.ac.uk/item/O126749/the-valence-casket-casket-unknown/ .
13 . CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 225; Cal. Docs Ireland , 4: 85, 130.
14 . E 101/505/26 m. 12.
15 . Ibid.
16 . CCR, Edward I, 1296–1302, 126.
17 . E 101/505/26 mm. 13–14.
18 . Alexander Bykenore (aka Bicknor) is mentioned numerous times in the
documents of the Corporation of Gloucester. See Calendar of the Records
of the Corporation of Gloucester , ed. W. H. Stevenson (Gloucester: John
Bellows, 1893). The lady of Raglan is likely Ralph Bluet’s mother or
sister-in-law. Sir John Bluet, who had been a ward of the Marshal heirs
following his father’s death, was the lord of Raglan in 1297, but his wife’s
(or, perhaps, mother’s) name is unclear. This could be the “Werella Bluet”
who sued the Marshal coheirs for dower in 1287. See chapter 3 .
19 . Laura Valentine, Picturesque England: Its Landmarks and Historic Haunts
as Described in Lay and Legend, Song and Story (London and New York:
Fredric Warne and Co, 1891), 440–442. I discuss this as well in my arti-
cle, “Joan de Valence: A Lady of Substance.”
20 . E 101/505/26 m. 15: “incipit Roger’ Coti.”
21 . Ibid., m. 16.
22 . Ibid., m. 17.
23 . Ibid., mm. 17–18.
24 . Ibid., m. 18. It is possible that Gilbert was intermittently resident at
Goodrich at this time, perhaps making the rounds of all the nearby
cousins while his mother and new stepfather made their peace with the
king.
25 . Ibid., m. 19.
26 . Ibid.
27 . These were candles made of tallow, for everyday use. Mentioned by
Heather Swanson, Medieval Artisans: An Urban Class in Late Medieval
England (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989), 16.
28 . E 101/505/26 m. 20.
29 . Ibid.
N O T E S202
30 . Ibid., m. 21. His father died in September 1296.
31 . There are some tangential Marshal connections: Robert and Hugh’s
grandmother was Hawise de Quency; Robert married Margaret, daugh-
ter of Roger and Maud de Mortimer of Wigmore, and so might have
been offering his homage to Joan because of a marriage settlement on
Margaret. The only formal litigation enrolled between Joan and the de
Veres appears in 1306: a plea of morte d’ancestor. JUST 1/1331 m. 29.
32 . CP 40/116 m. 83d; CP 40/118 m. 8d; CP 40/119 m. 26.
33 . An earthwork and timber castle about midway between Haverfordwest
and Dale, and the caput of Guy de Bryan (Brienne). See John Northall,
“Walwyn’s Castle aka Castell Gwalchmai and Castle Gawayn,” Castles of
Wales Website, 2009, http://www.castlewales.com/walwyns.html .
34 . SC 1/47/92 transcribed in Documents Illustrating the Crisis of 1297–98 in
England and discussed in the “Introduction,” ed. Michael Prestwich,
Camden Fourth Series 24 (London, 1980), 10, 14, 66–67. Also calen-
dared in Anc. Corr. Re: Wales , 212–213. The jurisdiction of Walweyn’s
Castle is also discussed in Phillips, Aymer de Valence , 251–252.
35 . E 101/505/26 m. 20.
36 . SC 8/77/3816; CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 290.
37 . The fact that he never initiated divorce proceedings against Beatrice,
who must have been quite close to him in age and, therefore, more or
less beyond childbearing years at her death in 1320, suggests that they
were not incompatible. Aymer was also to prove himself a considerate
widower, albeit one of short duration: he decorated his late wife’s tomb
and celebrated mass there. Aymer’s more famous second wife, Marie de St
Pol, was about 17 at the time of their marriage in 1321; Aymer was about
50. That union was also childless, although the couple was married for
about three years before Aymer died, probably of a heart attack, in 1324.
His son Henry also preceded him in death, losing his life around 1320.
38 . E 101/505/26 mm. 21 and 22.
39 . Ibid., m. 21.
40 . Ibid.
41 . Ibid., m. 22.
42 . The de Barrys were lords of Manorbier, Pembrokeshire, as well as affines
of the Valences in Wales. Indeed, Joan’s late son-in-law, Maurice fitzGer-
ald, was a de Barry and the family had been associated with the earls of
Pembroke since the time of Strongbow and before and Manorbier was
held as a fief of the earldom.
43 . Ibid. John de Tany became an important member of the household.
44 . See discussion in chapter 3 .
45 . Ibid., m. 23.
46 . Ibid.
47 . Ibid. Anselm Gobyon seems to have been one of Joan’s most impor-
tant servants. He is listed as incurring expenses for travels to London
in a deed dated in 1300. E 40/11552. See Descriptive Catalogue of Ancient
Deeds , 5: 163.
N O T E S 203
48 . E 101/505/26 m. 24.
49 . Ibid.
50 . Ibid.
51 . Spelled Fleyle in the roll: a Cistercian house in Gloucestershire from
which Joan received a great deal of wood from the forest called “Abbot’s
Wood.”
52 . Ibid., m. 25.
53 . William Munchensy sent to bishop of Durham; Joan’s attendant Busser to
Henry Percy; Thomas de Bampton to the king.
54 . Ibid.
55 . Ibid.
56 . Ibid.
57 . Ibid.
58 . There are several women who could be referred to as Lady de Longespee
(aka Lungespeye) for various reasons in 1297, but the two most likely
candidates in this circumstance are Margaret, countess of Salisbury in her
own right and, by marriage to Henry de Lacy, countess of Lincoln (d. c.
1310), or Emmeline de Longespee, the widow of Maurice fitzGerald, the
uncle of Agnes de Valence’s first husband (d. post-1305). The “Countess
of Lincoln” is mentioned specifically in a later entry, so it is perhaps Lady
Emmeline who returned to England after the death of her husband in
1286. Emmeline, in 1305, engaged in a complicated series of financial
transactions with John de Wogan, a Valence intimate. See CCR, Edward
I, 1301–1307, 331–332.
59 . He was a feofee of Joan’s in County Wicklow in Ireland.
60 . This is a unique entry, as Joan had a battalion of able young men around
her almost all the time. It could be that the recorder was commenting on
some aspect of John de Tany’s preparation for knighthood, which would
occur only a few weeks later. Or perhaps it was a comment on young
John de Tany’s proclivities to food and drink: he might have been up all
night carousing.
61 . E 101/505/26 m. 26.
62 . E 40/12131. See also Descriptive Cal Anc Deeds , 5: 247.
63 . E 101/505/26 m. 27. Unusually for Joan’s larder, the meal was very meat-
heavy.
64 . CPR , Edward I, 1292–1301, 289.
65 . Cal. Docs Scotland , 2: 242.
66 . E 101/505/26 m. 29.
67 . Ibid., m. 30.
68 . Ibid., m. 31. William de Valence, in 1278, had released his rights to
any lands the abbey of Cirencester held in his manor of Shrivenham,
Berkshire, after releasing them from the need to attend suit of court when
they acquired certain properties from one of his tenants a decade before.
Joan’s relationship with the abbot might subsequently have developed
because of the ongoing interactions between the abbey and the Valences
in that manor. See chapter 3 .
N O T E S204
69 . It lies near the modern-day M5, which parallels the main medieval route
to the important port city of Bristol. Joan also kept her cart horses stabled
there.
70 . E 101/505/27 m. 1.
71 . Ibid.
72 . Ibid.
73 . Ibid., mm. 2 and 3.
74 . CPR , Edward I, 1292–1301, 308. The morte d’ancestor case is Philip son
of William le Brun vs Joan de Valence concerning one messuage, one
acre of wood, and two acres of pasture in Castel Odo. RC/7/5, pp. 281,
327, 370.
75 . E 101/505/27 m. 2.
76 . Ibid., mm. 2–3.
77 . Ibid., m. 4.
78 . Ibid.
79 . Ibid.
80 . The journey from Moreton to Goodrich requires traveling through
Gloucester because of the difficulty of fording the Severn estuary.
81 . Ibid.
82 . Ibid.
83 . Ibid., m. 5. The writs cost a total of 3s.
84 . Ibid. This was Elizabeth (aka Isabelle) Hastings, who would marry Roger
Grey of Ruthin. Mentioned by Woolgar, The Great Household , 100. I
mistakenly identified the baby as the second Hastings boy in my article in
Goldy and Livingstone, Writing Medieval Women’s Lives , but in a rereading
of the roll confirmed the baby as a girl: filia sua .
85 . As discussed earlier in text.
86 . Although Alice’s dual inheritance of the earldom of Lincoln after the
death of her father, Henry de Lacy, would outstrip even Joan’s estates.
87 . CCR , Edward I, 1288–1296, 490.
88 . SC 1/48/36. The NA dates the letter to 1279, but this cannot be correct,
as Imbert Guy the Elder died in 1269. He had been a royalist and seneschal
of the Limousin, associated with William de Valence, who was probably
his liege lord for Brillac, and received lands forfeited from the Montfortian
David de Esseby after Evesham. CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 529. A
younger Imbert Guy, identified as the son of the previous Imbert, was a
member of King Edward I’s household and a royal official in France. As
Joan would not have held land of her own inheritance in France, Imbert
Guy must have been discussing a dispute concerning her dower lands.
89 . Such as her aunt, Maud Bigod de Warenne, did when she was near
death.
90 . The recovery of “distrainted” property required pursuing a writ of “det-
inue” or of “replevin.” In detinue a plaintiff claimed that her/his plough
animals or other chattels had been unfairly distrainted; in replevin, a
plaintiff petitioned for the return of the confiscated goods without chal-
lenging the distraint.
N O T E S 205
91 . As mentioned earlier in text concerning the collection of wool and
hides.
92 . Undated petition SC 8/152 no. 7553; Cal. Anc. Pet. Re: Wales :
251–252.
93 . Cal. Anc. Pet. Re: Wales : 393.
94 . Such as occurred in 1304. RC/7/10 p. 86.
95 . RC/8/1 pp. 339–340. See also Calendar of Justiciary Rolls or Proceedings in
the Court of the Justiciar of Ireland, vol. 2, 1914 (Dublin, 1905), 352. Roger
had nephews who would have inherited everything had he not made an
agreement with the king upon his marriage to Alice de Brienne to place
his estates in fee tail with reversion to the crown should he die without
heirs.
96 . See chapter 3 ; CP 40/119 m. 26.
97 . CP 40/125 mm. 65d, 83; CP 40/126 m. 151d; CP 40/133 m. 113d.
98 . RC/7/6 pp. 45–46, 234–235, 303, 436–437; RC/7/7 pp. 108,
316–317.
99 . RC/7/9 pp. 422, 467–468.
100 . Cal. Justiciary Rolls , 2: 67–68.
101 . John de Beauchamp was the grandson and a coheir of Maud de Ferrers,
a coheir of Sibyl Marshal’s share.
102 . CP 40/130 mm. 330, 337; CP 40/133 m. 168; CP 40/131 m. 140d; CP
40/135 m. 351d.
103 . Indeed, John de Beauchamp of Hatch became an associate of John fitz-
Thomas in the reign of Edward II in order to preserve his hold on the
scraps of Kildare he had inherited.
104 . See brief references to the Beauchamps and Birminghams in Daniel
Lysons, Magna Britannia, Being a Concise Topographical Account of Several
Counties of Great Britain (London: Cadell and Davies, 1813), 1: 283.
105 . CP 40/142 m. 203; CP 40/146 mm. 174d, 185d; CP 40/148 m. 179d;
CP 40/145 m. 336.
106 . SC 1/48/51. Robert de Immer was the attendant sent by William
de Valence to Joan to deliver his letter and assume castle guard over
Winchester Castle. See chapter 2 .
107 . SC 1/63/104. It is a shame that the letter is in such fragmentary condi-
tion because it is one of the more interesting pieces of correspondence
in the collection.
108 . 1300: E 40/11552, /11553, /11554, /11555, /11556, /11557, /11558;
found also in the Descriptive Calendar of Ancient Deeds , 5: 163–164. 1302:
Harley Ch. 57 B.42, 57 B.43, 57 B.44, 57 B.45, 57 B.46, 57 B.47.
109 . E 101/505/29; transcribed in Richardson and Sayles, Administration of
Ireland , 233–236. This includes his complaint that Joan’s provision for
him of £ 40 had gone unpaid.
110 . The unit of weight is a “pepper-quern,” a millstone for grinding spices.
As this might easily be the origin of the English “stone-weight” of 14
pounds, I have estimated based on this assumption.
111 . Identified as “Friars Preaching” and “Friars Minor.”
N O T E S206
112 . The chapel also seems to have been completed at this time, as there is a
specific reference made about it in the letter patent dated September 20,
1302. Harley Ch. 57 B.45.
113 . E 101/505/29 in Richardson and Sayles, Administration of Ireland ,
233–236.
114 . This will be discussed in greater depth later.
115 . For the 1300 gifts: E 40/11556 and Descriptive Catalogue Ancient Deeds , 5:
164. For the 1302 gifts: Harley Ch. 57 B.46; this might be either Robert
or John Comyn IV.
116 . See above, note 109.
117 . RC/7/5, 281, 327, 370.
118 . Orpen, Ireland Under the Normans, 1169–1333 , 322–325.
119 . The suit initiated in 1298–99: Laurence Jacob vs William Seyne of
Ross; RC/7/6 pp. 73, 254.
120 . Nicholas Maunsel vs Simon de Bedeford, RC/7/6 pp. 336–339.
121 . RC/7/7 pp. 283–284.
122 . RC/7/9 p. 507. See also Cal. Justiciary Rolls, 2: 385.
123 . RC/7/10 p. 86.
124 . Maud de Clare, Joan’s cousin by marriage and the aunt of Earl Henry
de Lacy, founded Canonsleigh Abbey and, of course, Joan’s slightly later
contemporaries and relations Elizabeth de Burgh (her cousin through
the Clares) and Marie de St Pol (her posthumous daughter-in-law) were
notable for their donations and foundations.
125 . C 143/37/2. See also Parliament Rolls of Medieval England , “Original
Documents: Edward I Parliaments: Roll 25,” http://www.british-his-
tory.ac.uk/report.aspx? .
126 . This is known as “Monkton Priory,” a Benedictine house founded
as a priory of the Abbey of S é es in Normandy, with St. Albans as its
mother-house, in 1098. See Thomas Tanner, Notitia Monastica (London:
William Bowyer, 1744), 719.
127 . CPR, Edward III, 1330–1334, 67–68. Thanks to David Crouch, who
informed me of this document.
128 . SC 9/11 in Parliament Rolls of Medieval England , http://www.british-
history.ac.uk.proxy.library.umkc.edu/report.aspx?compid=116353&str
query=Braose , accessed November 12, 2014; see also CPR, Edward I,
1301–1307, 90–91, 407.
129 . CPR, Edward I, 1301–1307, 413.
130 . RC/7/7, pp. 283–284, 305–306; RC/7/10, p. 86; RC/8/2, p. 604;
RC/8/1, pp. 339–340; Cal. Justiciary Rolls , 2: 352; CCR, Edward I,
1296–1302, 516–517; Cal. Docs Ireland , 5: 16–17.
131 . For example, Cal. Justiciary Rolls , 2: 385.
132 . CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 308, 404, 448; CPR, Edward I, 1301–
1307, 242, 382; Cal. Docs Ireland , 4: 274, 276; Cal. Docs Ireland , 5: 14.
Beth Hartland suggests that Joan was not very interested in her Irish
properties, but this is not shown by her litigation there. Hartland, “De
Valence,” Medieval Ireland, An Encyclopedia , ed. Se á n Duffy (New York:
Routledge, 2005), 501.
N O T E S 207
133 . CCR , Edward I, 1302–1307, 368, 381.
134 . See chapter 3 .
135 . Harley Ch. 57 B.47.
136 . Cal. Chancery Warrants 1244–1326 : 156–157.
137 . JUST 1/1331 m. 29.
138 . CP 40/158 m. 61; CP 40/160 m. 33 bis .
139 . CP 40/130 mm. 330, 337.
140 . CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 301.
141 . Cal. Docs Scotland , 2: 249. See also CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 337, in
which the language is couched a little differently.
142 . Cal. Docs Scotland, 2: 280; CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 395.
143 . Cal. Docs Scotland , 2: 281.
144 . Alan Young, in Robert the Bruce’s Rivals: The Comyns, 1212–1314 (East
Linton: Tuckwell Press Ltd, 1997), mistakenly claims that Joan Valence
Comyn was still alive in 1306, and Alexander Grant mistakenly uses this
information as a given in his article, “The Death of John Comyn: What
Was Going On?” The Scottish History Review 86, no. 22 (2007): 176–224.
This is impossible, because if Joan were still alive, there would have been
ample information to that effect in the aftermath of John’s murder; for
example, both patent and close roll entries would have appeared to secure
Joan’s dower and the inheritance of the heirs, especially since she was related
to the king. Instead, only the wardship of the heir is mentioned. Moreover,
all of the records relating to Joan de Valence after 1300 suggest that her
daughter had died, as do the records of Aymer de Valence, in which only his
potential coheirs, the children of his two sisters Joan Comyn and Isabelle de
Hastings, are mentioned. One problem is that there are a large number of
women named Joan Comyn in the records, and the most active was Joan le
Latimer, wife and widow of Alexander Comyn earl of Buchan.
145 . Descriptive Catalogue of Ancient Deeds , 3: 103. E 40/4766. One of the wit-
nesses, Patrick de Graham, died in 1296. The dating in the catalogue is
quite inaccurate, except when the deed has an actual date inscribed.
146 . Patrick de Graham was a supporter of John Balliol and one of the Scots
barons who had sworn fealty to Edward I. He died, however, fighting
against Edward and in support of Balliol in the Battle of Dunbar in
April 1296.
147 . The absence of William de Valence’s witnessing is easily explained
because of his frequent absences in the 1280s and 1290s overseas.
The inclusion of Earl John de Warenne indeed probably constituted a
replacement of William with his best friend and ally, John, to represent
the Valence family.
148 . Ironically, Robert Bruce was also related to Joan de Valence and her
children, because his grandmother was Isabella de Clare, sister of Earl
Richard de Clare, and one of Joan’s first cousins.
149 . Cal. Docs Scotland , 2: 470.
150 . Ibid., 2: 473. See also CPR , Edward I, 1301–1307, 417 and 426. The
Bohuns were, of course, also close cousins to the Valences.
151 . Cal. Docs Scotland , 2: 478.
N O T E S208
152 . Ibid., 2: 479.
153 . SC 1/21/34.
154 . SC 1/47/93. Transcription in PRO 31/7: Record Commission
Transcripts, Series I: Sir Francis Palgrave’s Transcripts, vol. 63 (1837), f.
56. Calendared in Cal. Docs Scotland , 2: 482.
155 . The royal children still in the nursery were Thomas of Brotherton and
Edmund of Woodstock; Eleanor was born in 1306.
156 . British Library, Cotton Vesp. DXVII, f. 76v. In GEC, 6: 348 n.2.
157 . As discussed above. Valence vs de Vere: JUST 1/1331 m. 29. Dispute
about Wexford liberties: RC/8/1, pp. 339–340; Cal. Justiciary Rolls , 2:
283, 310, 708–709.
158 . CIPM , 5: 21.
159 . Aymer’s duties at court were extensive, especially in the early years of
Edward II’s reign. Agnes was struggling with the incursions of John
fitzThomas, future earl of Kildare into her lands in Ireland and was also
in relative retirement at her estate in Dagenham, and died in 1310.
160 . CPR, Edward II, 1307–1313, 178. The calendar misidentifies Joan as
“John de Valence,” which is a clear error, since Richard appoints the
same attorneys as Aymer, on the same date, and for the same period, in
what is clearly a joint appointment. It is very likely that Aymer was also
an executor of his mother’s estate.
161 . Ibid., 188.
162 . Registrum Henrici Woodlock , Diocese Wintoniensis 1305–1316 , ed. A. W.
Goodman, Canterbury and York Society 44 (1941), 708–709.
163 . Flanesford Priory, a house of Augustinian Canons. It is now a private
estate that houses elegant cottages for short-term rentals ( http://www.
f lanesfordpriory.co.uk ).
164 . A History of the County of Gloucester , Volume 5: Bledisloe Hundred, St.
Briavels Hundred, The Forest of Dean, eds. C. R. J Currie and N.
M. Herbert (1996), 138–150. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.
aspx?compid=23256 , accessed June 8, 2014. See also The Cartulary and
Historical Notes of the Cistercian Abbey of Flaxley, Otherwise Called Dene
Abbey in the County of Gloucester , ed. A. W. Crawley-Boevey (Exeter:
William Pollard and Co, 1887). The cartulary, in the form of a roll, was
in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps, who edited an early edition of
the cartulary (1825). Its current whereabouts are unknown.
165 . Cartulary of Flaxley , Introduction, 48.
166 . Ibid., 131.
Conclusion: The Legacies of Joan de Valence
1 . GEC 11: 714. This was the third iteration of the Herberts as earls of
Pembroke, with a lacuna in between the last fifteenth-century Herbert,
William (d. 1491) and the first Tudor-era Herbert, William’s grandson
(illeg).
N O T E S 209
2 . I discuss this in my article, “Maud Marshal and Margaret Marshal: Two
Viragos Extraordinaire,” in The Ties That Bind: Essays in Medieval British
History in Honor of Barbara Hanawalt , ed. Linda E. Mitchell, Katherine
L. French, and Douglas L. Biggs (Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, 2011),
121–142.
3 . It is perhaps ironic that Joan de Valence’s friends and colleagues, the Bluets
of Raglan, would ultimately lend their connections to the creation of the
new earldom.
4 . This marriage failed when Elizabeth eloped to Spain with John de
Holand.
5 . The careers of Spanish and Portuguese royal women have been studied
by a number of authors, especially Theresa Earenfight, Elena Woodacre,
and Miriam Shadis. See, for example, Elena Woodacre, The Queens
Regnant of Navarre: Succession, Politics, and Partnership, 1274–1512 (New
York: Palgrave, 2013); Miriam Shadis, Berenguela of Castile and Her Family
(New York: Palgrave, 2009); Shadis, “The First Queens of Portugal
and the Building of the Realm,” Women as Makers of Art and Architecture ,
ed. Therese Martin (Leiden: Brill, 2012); and Theresa Earenfight, The
Queen’s Other Body: Maria of Castile and the Crown of Aragon (Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009). I discuss the career of Isabella
Beaumont de Vescy in “Isabella de Vescy and the Lords Ordainer: Marital
Politics and the Crown, 1272–1327,” Portraits of Medieval Women .
Appendix 2
1 . According to the Inquisition Post Mortem , CIPM , 5: 21.
2 . This place name is impossible to determine: clearly the official sent to
make the inquisition could not make head or tail of the Welsh name.
Ibid.
3 . Spelling modernized as per Orpen, Ireland under the Normans . See Cal Docs
Ireland , 2: 160–161.
4 . This is clarified nicely by Vera Power, The Medieval Archaeology of Taghmon
(Amazon Digital Services, 2011).
5 . These three properties, taken from litigation records, cannot be located in
modern-day Berkshire.
6 . “Moreton Valence: Manor and other estates,” A History of the County of
Gloucester: Volume 10: Westbury and Whitstone Hundreds (1972), 208–213,
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15839 , accessed
November 11, 2014.
7 . All outline maps are reproduced with the kind permission of d-maps.
com.
8 . Outline map adapted from http://d-maps.com/carte.php?num_car
=5595&lang=en .
9 . Outline map adapted from http://d-maps.com/carte.php?num_car
=5179&lang=en .
N O T E S210
10 . Outline map adapted from http://d-maps.com/carte.php?num_car
=5595&lang=en .
11 . Outline map adapted from http://d-maps.com/carte.php?num_car
=5595&lang=en .
12 . Outline map adapted from http://d-maps.com/carte.php?num_car
=5595&lang=en .
13 . Outline map adapted from http://d-maps.com/carte.php?num_car
=5595&lang=en .
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INDEX
account rolls. See household accounts
Aconbury, Priory of, 55, 110, 111, 113,
117, 124, 144, 149
Acre, Joan of, 56, 80, 82, 88, 111–12,
137, 169
see also Plantagenet
advowson, 48, 53, 88, 114, 128, 135
Aguillon, Robert, 24, 47, 157
see also Marshal
Anesty, Nicholas de, 13
daughter: Denise de, widow of
Walter de Langdon, (second)
wife of Warin de Munchensy,
9, 13
see also Munchensy
Angoulême, Isabelle of, queen of
England and wife of Hugh X
Lusignan, 16, 49
see also Lusignan, Plantagenet
Avesnes, John de, lord of Beaumont,
51, 84
Agnes de Valence, wife of (see
Valence)
children: Baldwin, 51, 115, 158;
Felicite, 158; John, 158
Awre (aka Aure), Gloucestershire, 53,
78, 79, 80, 91, 104, 113, 160
Balliol, 28, 50, 51
Hugh, 28, 50, 83, 135, 158
Agnes de Valence, wife of
(see Valence)
John, king of Scotland, 28, 83, 95
Roger, 28
Barons War, 17, 33, 36–43, 45, 46, 50,
53, 59, 64, 66, 69, 145, 152
Bartholomew, parson of Sutton, 92, 114
Barynton, Giles de (aka Master
Egidius), 101, 119, 120, 123
Beatrix of Burgundy, 92, 127
Beauchamp, John, lord of Hatch,
Somerset, 100
Cecily, wife of, daughter of Maud
Ferrers, 100, 160
son: John, 129, 160
see also Marshal
Beaumont, Isabella de, wife of John de
Vescy, 149, 152
see also Vescy
Bek, Anthony, bishop of Durham, 92,
114
Bellac, France, 24, 49
Benham Valence, Berkshire, 22, 55, 108,
119, 161
Bergavenny, lordship of. See Hastings
Berkeley, Lord Thomas de, 89, 97, 98,
100, 101, 102, 104, 112, 113,
119, 120, 122
Bethune
Alice de, (fi rst) wife of William II
Marshal, 20
Robert and Isabel de, 54
Bigod Family, earls of Norfolk, 13, 18,
19, 33, 146, 147, 157
Hugh, earl, 18, 156, 157
Maud Marshal, countess of Norfolk
and Surrey, wife of, 16, 18, 21,
152, 156, 157 (see also Warenne)
I N D E X220
Bigod Family—Continued
Hugh [II], son of Hugh and Maud,
38, 157
Roger, earl, son of Hugh and Maud,
16, 18, 22, 157
Roger, earl, son of Hugh [II], 53, 54,
66, 71, 77, 78, 84, 128, 134, 146
see also Marshal
Bluet, lords of Raglan, 111, 112, 113,
144
Ralph, 101, 105, 110, 112, 122
Roger, 87, 88, 101, 105, 119, 122,
123
William, 71
Werella, wife of, 71
son: John, 71
Bohun, John de, lord of Midhurst,
Sussex, 77, 157
see also Marshal
Bohun Family, earls of Hereford, 19,
25, 32, 43, 45, 64, 71, 79, 156,
157, 161
Humphrey, earl, 22, 32, 37, 50
Eleanor de Braose, wife of, 25,
32, 43
Humphrey, earl, son of Humphrey
and Eleanor, 43, 54, 70, 77, 78,
80, 140, 146
see also Marshal
Brabourne, Kent, 54, 77, 78, 80, 86, 87,
88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 160
Braose, 16, 19, 21, 148, 156, 157
Eva Marshal, wife of William de, 16,
18 (see also Marshal)
daughters: Eleanor wife of
Humphrey de Bohun, 25, 43
(see also Bohun); Eve wife of
William de Cantilupe, 47 (see
also Cantilupe); Maud wife of
Roger de Mortimer, 43, 77, 78,
79, 157 (see also Mortimer of
Wigmore)
William de, lord of Gower, 136
Bruce, lords of Annandale and kings of
Scotland, 83, 157
Robert, king of Scotland, 139, 140,
141
Edward, brother of Robert, 133
Brun. See Lusignan
Burnel
Philip, nephew of Robert, bishop of
Bath and Wells, 85, 87
son: Edward, 87, 100, 103, 104,
113, 117, 123
Robert, bishop of Bath and Wells,
Chancellor of England, 87
Cantilupe, lords of Monmouth, 19, 48,
64, 148, 156, 157
George de, son of William and Eve,
47
William de, 28, 54
Eve de Braose, wife of, 28
Millicent la Zouche, daughter of,
47, 77, 78 (see also Zouche)
see also Marshal
Carreu, 110, 120, 134
Castle Gaweyn (aka Walwyn’s Castle),
Wales, 115
Champagnac, France, 24
Chearsley, Buckinghamshire, 98, 99, 102
Chelebridge, Essex, 59, 160
Chelles, Abbey of, 61, 62, 81, 97
Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, 86, 95
Churcham, Gloucestershire, 102, 123
Clare, Richard fi tzGilbert de, earl of
Pembroke and Striguil, 10, 64, 93
Eofe, daughter of Diarmid Mac
Murchada, wife of, 10, 20
Isabella, wife of William Marshal,
daughter of Richard and Eofe,
2, 9, 10, 11, 19
see also Marshal
Clare Family, earls of Gloucester and
Hertford, 18, 64, 82, 83, 147,
156, 157. See also Marshal
Avelina de, mother of Warin de
Munchensy, 11
Isabella Marshal, wife of Gilbert,
earl, 16
I N D E X 221
Joan of Acre (Plantagenet), wife of
Gilbert “the Red,” earl, 82,
88 (see also Monthermery,
Plantagenet)
son: Gilbert, 111, 112, 113
Maud de Lacy, wife of Richard,
earl (see Lacy Family, earls of
Lincoln)
Richard de, earl, son of Gilbert and
Isabella Marshal, 2, 14, 16, 18,
21, 22, 29, 41
sons of Richard and Maud: Bogo,
90, 100; Gilbert “the Red”, earl,
8, 29, 36, 42, 49, 50, 53, 64, 69,
71, 77, 78, 80, 82, 88, 90, 146;
Thomas, lord of Thomond, 50,
51, 69
Collingbourne, Wiltshire, 42, 92, 97,
130, 162
Comyn, lords of Badenoch, 28, 83, 108,
118, 119, 121, 138, 139, 147,
158
Joan de Valence, wife of John III (the
Red), 69, 83, 93, 95, 105, 116,
117, 118, 121, 122, 123, 125,
132, 135, 138, 139, 141 (see also
Valence)
John II (the Black), 83, 121
John III (the Red), 28, 69, 83, 95,
105, 116, 121, 138, 139, 146
children of John III and Joan de
Valence (Elizabeth, Joan, John
IV, Robert), 124, 132, 138, 139,
140–1
Comyn, lords of Buchan, 139, 149, 150
Cornwall, Richard, earl of, 26, 27, 44,
156. See also Plantagenet
Isabelle Marshal, (fi rst) wife of (see
Marshal)
sons: Edmund, 74; Henry of
Almain, 40–1
Sansha of Provence, (second) wife
of, 26, 27
Council of Oxford, 35, 36, 37, 40
Crouchback, Edmund. See Plantagenet
Crusade of 1270, 28, 31, 35, 46, 48, 51,
52, 56, 58, 63, 65, 81
Dictum of Kenilworth, 46, 76
Dorchester-on-Thames, Oxfordshire,
49, 62–3, 98, 117
dower, 20, 21, 23, 25–6, 27, 28, 29, 30,
35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 45, 46, 50, 51,
53, 54, 63, 65, 70, 71, 72, 82, 91,
92, 107, 114, 121, 126–8, 128,
130, 139, 159, 160, 161
England, kings of
Edward I (1272–1307), 13, 15, 30,
31, 35, 36, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49,
50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61,
64, 66, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75,
80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 88, 90, 91,
95, 105, 107, 110, 114–15, 115,
116, 121, 122, 125, 128, 135,
136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 140–1,
142, 146, 152
children of Edward I and Eleanor
of Castile (see Plantagenet)
Edward II (1307–1327), 59, 133, 135,
142, 147, 149
Eleanor of Castile, wife of Edward
I, 36, 42, 45, 56, 70, 71, 72, 79,
109, 146, 149, 151, 152
Eleanor of Provence, wife of Henry
III, 13, 14, 26, 31, 56, 74, 146
Henry III (1216–1272), 1, 2, 9, 10, 12,
14, 16, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 44,
45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 54, 55, 59, 60, 69,
71, 81, 82, 109, 127, 146
children of Henry III and Eleanor
of Provence (see Plantagenet)
Isabelle of Angoulême, wife of John
(see Angoulême, Lusignan,
Plantagenet)
John (1199–1216)
children of John and Isabelle
of Angouléme (see Marshal,
Montfort, Plantagenet)
I N D E X222
Evesham, Battle of, 32, 41, 43, 44, 45,
46, 48, 50, 52, 56, 57, 58, 63, 76,
147, 149
Exning, Suff olk, 86, 101, 102, 104
Fernham (aka Farnham), Berkshire, 32,
42, 45, 117, 120, 147, 161
Ferns, Ireland, 22, 28, 161
Ferrers, William earl of Derby, 18
Sibyl Marshal, wife of, 16, 18, 40,
156
daughters (Agnes, Maud, Isabel,
Sibyl, Eleanor, Joan, Agatha), 13,
16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29,
40, 45, 53, 76, 100, 129
see also Bohun of Midhurst, Kyme,
Marshal, Mohun, Mortimer
of Chelmarsh, Rochechouard,
Vescy
Ferrycarrig Castle, Wexford, Ireland, 64,
Fig. 7, 161
fi tzGerald, Maurice, Lord of Off aly, 48,
49, 50, 55, 158
Agnes de Valence, wife of (see
Valence)
fi tzThomas, John, earl of Kildare, 76
Flaxley Abbey (aka Dene Abbey), 119,
143, 144
Fowlmere, Cambridgeshire, 101
Galloway, House of, 83, 139
Geneville, Geoff rey de and Maud de
Lacy, lords of Trim, Ireland
children: Katherine de, Prioress of
Aconbury, 55, 110, 149 (see also
Aconbury); Peter, 51
Giff ard, Godfrey, bishop of Worcester,
75, 80
Giff ard, Lady S., 24
Gloucester, earls of. See Clare
Goodrich Castle, Herefordshire, 20, 22,
29, 30, 33, 35, 41, 63–6, 69, 71,
72, 73, 81, 91, 92, 98, 99, 100,
102, 103, 104, 105, 110, 111,
112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118,
120, 123, 124, 125, 131, 132,
136, 141, 142, 143, 144, 147,
152, 159, 160; Fig. 3, 4, 5
Grandville, Eleanor de, 132
Guy, Imbert, lord of Brillac, 127
Hanford (aka Hantford), Dorsetshire,
86, 89, 99, 117
Hastings, lords of Bergavenny, future
earls of Pembroke, 46–7, 116,
146, 147, 148, 149, 150
Henry de, 46
John de, son of, 47, 48, 50, 77, 78,
83, 110, 113, 117, 118, 124, 146
Isabelle de Valence, wife of John, 47,
48, 50, 83, 86, 94, 96, 123, 124,
133, 141 (see also Valence)
see also Marshal
Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire, 19, 25,
32, 43, 44, 46, 53, 54, 70, 71, 72,
79, 80, 169
Hereford, earls of. See Bohun
Hertford, earls of. See Clare
Hertfordingbury, Hertfordshire, 82, 95,
96, 97, 98, 112, 113, 119
household accounts, 2, 3, 4, 15, 25,
56, 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 81, 85–91,
92, 94–105, 108, 110–11,
112–14, 115, 116–25, 127, 130,
131, 133, 134, 136, 137, 139,
143, 159
Hugh IX, count of La Marche.
See Lusignan
Hugh X, count of La March.
See Lusignan
inheritance, 12, 15, 16, 17–20, 22, 23,
33, 35, 36, 38, 42, 43, 45, 53, 55,
56, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 87, 91,
93, 96, 107, 114, 126–7, 128,
146, 147, 159
Inkberrow (aka Inteberg),
Worcestershire, 23, 30, 72, 80,
81, 99, 100, 101, 104, 129, 136,
160
I N D E X 223
Inkepenne, Roger de, 86, 92, 94, 95, 96,
97, 98, 99, 101, 104, 113, 114,
119, 120, 123, 136, 144
Kemsing, Kent, 53–4, 77, 78, 160
Kentwell, Suff olk, 22, 108
Kildare, Ireland, 21, 23, 27, 40, 50, 53,
55, 76, 161
Kyme, Maud de, wife of [1] Simon de
Kyme, [2] William le Forz, [3]
Amery de Rochechouard, 77,
78, 100, 157. See also Ferrers,
Marshal, Rochechouard
Lacy Family, earls of Lincoln, 13, 120
Edmund de, earl, and Alice of
Saluzzo, wife, 13
Henry de, earl, son of Edmund and
Alice of Saluzzo, 55, 120
Margaret de Longespee, countess of
Salisbury, wife of Henry, earl,
55, 120, 127
Margaret de Quency, suo jure
countess, wife of [1] John de
Lacy and [2] Walter Marshal,
13, 14, 21, 23, 27, 29, 35, 40, 53,
127, 157, 160 (see also Marshal)
Lacy Family, lords of Ewyas and Meath,
20, 50, 55
Lancaster, Mahaut de. See Plantagenet
Leicester, earls of. See Montfort
Leinster, Ireland, lordship of, 10, 20, 23,
31, 132, 133, 149
Leyburn
Roger de, 24, 157
William de, 85
Lincoln, earls of. See Lacy
Llanthony of Gloucester (Secundo)
Priory, 73, 123–4, 143
Llewelyn ab Iorwerth, prince of
Gwynedd, 19, 32
Llewelyn ap Gruff udd, prince of
Gwynedd, 30, 32, 33
Longespee, Margaret de, countess of
Salisbury. See Lacy
Lusignan Family, counts of La Marche,
16, 28, 32, 37, 41, 149
Hugh X “le Brun,” count, 16, 90
Hugh XI, count, 49
Isabelle of Angoulême, widow of
King John and wife of, 16
children of Hugh XI and Isabelle:
Alice, 17, 29, 157 (see also
Warenne); Aymer de Valence,
bishop-elect of Winchester, 16,
29; Geoff rey, 31, 46; William de
Valence (see Valence)
Mac Murchada, Diarmid, lord (king) of
Leinster, 10, 28
daughter: Eofe, wife of Richard
fi tzGilbert de Clare, countess of
Pembroke, 10, 20 (see also Clare)
Magna Carta, 17, 127, 135
Manorbier, Pembrokeshire, 135
maritagium, 15, 18, 20, 159, 160
marriage, elite customs, 10, 11–12, 13,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 28, 29, 31,
35, 44, 47, 49, 50, 51, 75, 83, 84,
145, 146, 147–9, 151, 155
Marshal Family, earls of Pembroke and
lords of Leinster, 2, 9, 11, 32, 33,
127, 142, 156, 157
children of William, earl, and Isabella
de Clare, suo jure countess:
Anselm, 15, 17; Eva (see Braose);
Gilbert, 12, 73; Isabella (see
Clare, Plantagenet); Joan, 9, 11,
12, 15 (see also Munchensy);
Maud, 14, 84 (see also Bigod,
Warenne); Richard, 12; Sibyl
(see Ferrers); Walter, 13, 14, 15,
21, 31 (see also Lacy, Quency,
Margaret de); William II, 4 (see
also Montfort, Plantagenet)
heirs of William and Isabella, 12,
15–21, 47, 66, 71, 142, 146, 154
division of inheritance and estates,
15–21, 22, 23, 36, 64, 91, 129,
160–1
I N D E X224
Marshal Family—Continued
litigation, 23, 25–6, 27–8, 40,
52–5, 70, 71–2, 73, 77, 80, 93,
159
non-litigation interactions, 31, 45,
59, 147, 147–9, 149
Isabella de Clare, suo jure countess
of Pembroke, wife of William,
earl, 9, 10
William, earl, 9, 10, 73
see also Bigod, Bohun, Braose,
Clare, Ferrers, Kyme, Mohun,
Mortimer, Munchensy,
Rochechouard, Valence, Vescy
Mohun, lords of Dunster, Somerset,
27–8, 157
John, son of Reginald (by fi rst wife)
and Joan Ferrers, wife of (see
Ferrers)
sons: John, 78; William, 77, 78
Reginald and Isabel Ferrers, (second)
wife of, 29 (see also Ferrers)
Montfort, Simon de, earl of Leicester, 2,
12, 13, 23, 25, 27, 28, 33, 35, 36,
37, 43, 45, 47, 58, 84
Eleanor Plantagenet Marshal, wife
of, 4, 12, 13, 20, 23, 25–6, 27,
28, 32, 35, 46, 53, 54, 70, 85,
107, 150, 156, 160 (see also
Plantagenet)
Monthermery, Ralph de, earl of
Hertford and Gloucester (suo
jure uxoris) and Joan of Acre,
wife of, 111, 137. See also Clare,
Plantagenet
Montignac, France, 24, 49, 83
Moreton Valence, Gloucestershire, 42,
85, 88, 92, 99, 103, 104, 110,
113, 121, 122, 123, 142, 161
Mortimer, Hugh de, lord of Chelmarsh,
157
Agatha Ferrers, wife of, 53, 77, 78
(see also Ferrers, Marshal)
Mortimer, lords of Wigmore, 19, 33,
147, 148, 157
Roger de, 43, 50, 77
Maud de Braose, wife of, 43, 77,
78, 79 (see also Braose, Marshal)
Munchensy, lords of Swanscombe, 11,
57, 58
Joan de, daughter of Warin and Joan
Marshal (see Valence)
Joan Marshal, (fi rst) wife of Warin,
9, 11, 12, 19, 20, 156 (see also
Marshal)
John de, son of Warin and Joan
Marshal, 9, 12, 14, 15, 157,
159
Warin de, 9, 11, 12, 20, 30, 156
Denise de Anesty, (second) wife
of, 13, 30, 46 (see also Anesty)
William de, son of Warin and Denise
de Anesty, 13, 30, 46, 74–6
daughter: Dionysia, wife of Hugh
de Vere, 74–6, 137 (see also Vere)
Munchensy, William de, of
Edwardstone, Suff olk, 101, 102,
103, 104
Nesle-Clermont, Beatrice de, wife of
Aymer de Valence, 69, 84, 87,
89, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 101, 102,
104, 109, 110, 112, 113, 115,
116, 118, 120, 128, 141, 158. See
also Valence
Newton Valence, Hampshire, 23, 92, 97,
161, 162
Norfolk, earls of. See Bigod
Odagh, Ireland, 28, 161
Off aly, Ireland, lords and lordship of,
48, 50
Old Ross, Ireland, 128, 134, 161
Oysterlow, Wales, commote of, 73, 80,
160, 169
Painswick, manor of, 114, 137,
169
Paris, Matthew, 12, 17, 24, 37, 38, 39,
41, 44, 152
I N D E X 225
Pembroke, county, earldom, lordship of,
9, 10, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 32, 33,
37, 54, 55, 71, 73, 79, 99, 103,
114, 117, 124, 129, 141, 146,
147, 148, 160
Pembroke, earls of. See Clare, Hastings,
Marshal, Valence
Pembroke Castle, 29, 30, 33, 42, 43, 63,
65, 69, 113, Fig. 6
Petition of the Barons, 37
Plantagenet Family
King Edward I and Eleanor of
Castile, children: Edward of
Caernarvon, king (see England,
kings of); Elizabeth, 146; Joan of
Acre, 56, 80, 88, 111, 112, 137
(see also Clare, Monthermery)
King Edward I and Margaret of
France, children of, 146
King Henry III and Eleanor of
Provence, children: Edward [I],
king (see England, kings of);
Edmund Crouchback,
47; Margaret, queen of
Scotland, 31
King John and Isabelle of
Angoulême, children of, 16
children: Eleanor, countess of
Pembroke and Leicester, 20, 25,
53 (see also Marshal, Montfort);
Henry [III], king (see England,
kings of); Richard, earl of
Cornwall (see Cornwall)
Provisions of Oxford, 36
Raglan, Wales, lordship, honor, and
castle, 87, 101, 111, 112, 113,
122, 144. See also Bluet
Rancon, France, 24
Richard of Cornwall. See Cornwall,
Plantagenet
Roch Castle, Wales, 71, 79, 100
Roche
Adam de la (aka Adam de Rupe),
129, 131, 132, 133
Thomas de la, 71, 79, 100, 103, 104,
117
Rochechouard, Emery de, and Maud
Ferrers Kyme, wife of, 77, 78,
157. See also Ferrers, Kyme,
Marshal
Rossclare, Ireland, 22, 161
Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire, 19, 64
Sackville, Clarice de, 132
St Albans, Abbey of, 86, 96, 97
St Pol, Marie de, (second) wife of
Aymer de Valence, 4, 158
Saluzzo
Agnes of, wife of John de Vescy, 13,
17, 36
Alice of, wife of Edmund de Lacy,
earl of Lincoln, 13
see also Lacy, Marshal, Vescy
Sanford [aka Saundford], 32
Aymery de, 142
Cecilia de, 12, 24
Robert de, 31
Thomas de, 31
Say, 87, 94
Geoff rey de, 85
William de, 85, 114
Elizabeth de, widow of, 114, 128
Scotland, kingdom of, 11
Great Cause, 65, 135
Guardians of, 138, 140
Scotland, kings of
Alexander III, 31, 135
Balliol, John, 28, 83, 95, 135 (see also
Balliol)
Bruce, Robert (see Bruce)
Shrivenham, Berkshire [now
Oxfordshire], 20, 42, 57, 59, 71,
97, 99, 120, 160, 161
Stakepool, Clarice de, 121
Striguil, lordship of, 10, 18, 19, 53, 103,
117, 128, 148
Strongbow. See Clare
Sturminster Marshal, Somersetshire,
86, 101
I N D E X226
Sturminster Newton, Dorsetshire, 86
Surrey, earls of. See Warenne
Sutton, Oliver, bishop of Lincoln, 108
Sutton, Ralph de, 131, 142
Sutton Valence, Kent, 20, 31, 46, 54, 77,
87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 98,
104, 113, 160
Swanscombe, lordship of. See
Munchensy
Swindon, Wiltshire, 24, 62, 92, 97, 99,
119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125,
131, 136, 162
Symeon, Gonnor, 132
Taghmon, Ireland, 53, 161
Talbot, Richard, 143, 147, 148, 158
Tany, John de, 117, 120, 121, 122, 123,
124, 144
Tenby Castle, Pembrokeshire, 40, 160
Valence Casket, 65, 109
Valence Family, earls of Pembroke, lords
of Wexford
Agnes de, wife of [1] Maurice
fi tzGerald, [2] Hugh Balliol, and
[3] John d’Avesnes, daughter of
William and Joan, 29, 48–51,
55, 61, 76, 82–3, 84, 86, 93, 95,
97, 102, 109, 115, 119, 135,
141, 149, 158 (see also Avesnes,
Balliol, fi tzGerald)
Aymer de, earl, son of William and
Joan, 1, 3, 45, 48, 51, 63, 64, 65,
69, 76, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 88, 89,
91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99,
100, 101, 104, 105, 108, 110,
113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119,
120, 121, 122, 124–5, 126, 127,
128, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140,
141, 142, 146, 147, 149, 158
(see also Nesle-Clermont and
St Pol)
children of William and Joan de
Munchensy, 24, 27, 35, 37, 43,
44, 45, 48, 51, 56, 57, 59, 60–2,
67, 81, 82, 83, 107, 109, 125,
131, 141, 142, 146, 149, 152,
153
Isabelle de, wife of John de Hastings,
daughter of William and Joan,
47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 83, 86, 94, 96,
116, 124, 135, 141, 158 (see also
Hastings)
Joan de, wife of John III Comyn,
daughter of William and Joan, 28,
48, 49, 69, 83, 93, 95, 105, 107,
116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 123,
125, 132, 135, 138, 139, 140–1,
155, 158 (see also Comyn);
Joan de Munchensy, wife of William,
suo jure lady (countess) of
Pembroke and Wexford, passim
(see also Marshal, Munchensy)
birth, 9, 12
childbirths, 24, 27, 29–30, 35, 42,
48, 51, 57
coheirs (see Marshal)
death and burial, 142–4
dower, jointure, and maritagium,
15, 20, 126–8, 159–63
education, 12–15
estates, lordship, and management,
42, 52, 56–8, 63–6, 92–3, 94–7,
110–26, 131–4
family and children, 48, 50–1,
59–63, 82–4, 115–16, 138–9
household and household
accounts of, 15, 22, 24–5, 28,
29, 37, 38, 42, 45, 47, 52, 56–7,
70, 81, 85–106, 110–26, 130–4
inheritance, land, and land
maintenance, 15, 17–23 (see also
Marshal)
litigation as widow, 114–15,
128–31 (see also Marshal)
marriage, 16–17, 21–4, 33, 35, 37,
44, 58, 94, 146
patronage, 24, 31–2, 55–6, 142–3
political and courtly activity;
relations with royal family, 24,
36, 37–40, 45, 46–7, 52, 55–6,
135–41
I N D E X 227
relations with natal family and
coheirs, 13, 27, 30–1, 44–5,
74–8, 137 (see also Marshal)
religion and the church, 59, 80–1,
134–5
widowhood, 90–144
John de, son of William and Joan,
48–9, 59–62, 109, 110, 115, 141,
146, 158
Margaret, daughter of William and
Joan, 48, 59–62, 81, 96, 97, 109,
110, 115, 141, 158
William de, lord (earl) of Pembroke
and Wexford, 1, 2, 3, 20, et
passim. See also Lusignan
arrival in England, 16
Crusades activity, 26, 28, 52
death and burial, 90–2, 107–10
family background, 16
inheritance, land, and benefi ces,
22, 24, 28, 29
litigation with wife, 25–6, 27–8,
40, 52–5, 71–80
marriage, 16–17, et passim
patronage, 59
personality, 24, 44
political and military activity, 23,
27, 29–30, 32–3, 36–7, 41–2, 43,
46, 70, 80, 84–5, 86–7, 88
William the Younger, son of William
and Joan, 48–9, 62–3, 65, 98,
117, 141, 146, 158
Verdon, John de, lord of, and Margery
de Lacy, suo jure lady of, Meath,
50
Vere
Hugh de, 75, 137, 138, 141
Dionysia de Munchensy, wife
of, 137, 138, 141 (see also
Munchensy)
Robert de, earl of Oxford, 114, 120,
137
Vescy, 157. See also Ferrers, Marshal
Agnes Ferrers, wife of William de,
13, 36, 76, 77
John de, son of William and Agnes,
13, 17, 36, 46, 49, 66, 69,
146, 149 (see also Beaumont,
Saluzzo)
William de, son of William and
Agnes, 76
son: William de Kildare (illeg),
76, 78
wardship, 10, 22, 28, 30, 31, 41, 43, 46,
47, 50, 51, 75, 76, 78
Warenne, earls of Surrey, 13
John de, earl, son of William and
Maud Marshal, 17, 23, 37, 42,
43, 44, 50, 58–9, 67, 69, 87, 92,
114, 149, 157
Alice de Lusignan, wife of (see
Lusignan)
William de, earl, 18, 156, 157
Maud Marshal Bigod, countess of
Norfolk and Surrey, wife of, 16,
18, 149, 152, 156, 157 (see also
Bigod, Marshal)
Westminster Abbey, 49, 51, 59, 60, 61,
62, 63, 65, 91, 95, 100, 108, 109,
118
Wexford, Ireland, 1, 21, 22, 28, 31, 48,
53, 64, 81, 93, 128, 133, 134,
136, 141, 147, 148, 161
widowhood and widows, 4, 5, 9, 10,
12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23,
25, 26, 28, 30, 36, 39, 45, 47, 49,
50, 51, 52, 56, 57, 58, 59, 64, 65,
71, 75, 76, 78, 82, 84, 85, 88, 91,
92, 94, 100, 105, 107, 111, 112,
114, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130,
131, 135, 145, 146, 149, 150,
159, 169
Woodeaton, Oxfordshire, 98
Woodlock, Henry, bishop of
Winchester, 142
Zouche, 47
Alan la, 58–9
Eudo la and Millicent de Cantilupe,
wife of, 47, 77, 78 (see also
Cantilupe, Marshal)