appendicular skeleton bones to know 2 review. a—scaphoid b—lunate c—triquetral d—pisiform
TRANSCRIPT
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APPENDICULAR SKELETON
BONES TO KNOW 2
REVIEW
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a—scaphoidb—lunatec—triquetrald—pisiform
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a—hamate b—capitatec—trapeziumd—trapezoid
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a—calcaneusb—talusc—naviculard—cuboide—intermediate cuneiformf—lateral cuneiformg—medial cuneiform
f
g
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Pectoral Girdles (Shoulder Girdles)
Figure 7.22a
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Clavicles (Collarbones)
Figure 7.22b, c
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Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)
Figure 7.22d, e
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Humerus of the Arm
Figure 7.23
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Bones of the Forearm
Figure 7.24
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Hand
Figure 7.26a
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Pelvic Girdle• Formed by 2 hip bones (ossa coxae). • These are large and heavy bones attached
securely to the axial skeleton.• The sockets (Acetabulums) that connect the
thigh bones are deep and heavily reinforced by ligaments.
• Most important function is: bearing the total weight of the upper body.
• Reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and parts of the large intestine lie within.
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Hip Bones• Each hip bone is formed by the fusion of 3
bones: ilium, ischium, and the pubis.
• Ilium- forms most of hip bone. When you rest your hands on your hips they are on your alae (wing like projection) – Iliac crest important for intramuscular
injection sites.
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Hip Bones• Ischium- sit down bone
– Greater sciatic notch: allows blood and the large sciatic nerve to pass from pelvis to thigh. Buttocks Injections should be far away from here.
• Pubis- pubic bone– Obturator foramen: opening that allows blood
vessels and nerves to pass into anterior thigh.– Pubic Symphysis: Pubic bones of each hip
fuse to form cartilaginous joint
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Pelvic Girdle (Hip)
Figure 7.27a
obturator foramen
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Pelvis: Lateral View
Figure 7.27b
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Ilium: Medial View
Figure 7.27c
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Comparison of Male and Female Pelvic Structure
Characteristic Female Male
Bone thickness Lighter, thinner, and smootherHeavier, thicker, and more prominent markings
Pubic arch/angle 80˚–90˚ 50˚–60˚
Acetabula Small; farther apart Large; closer together
SacrumWider, shorter; sacral curvature is accentuated
Narrow, longer; sacral promontory more ventral
Coccyx More movable; straighterLess movable; curves ventrally
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Image from Table 7.4
Comparison of Male and Female Pelvic Structure
Female Male
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Thigh
• Femur- heaviest and strongest bone
• Neck of femur is a common fracture site, especially in old age.
• Head of femur articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone
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Femur
Figure 7.28b
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Leg bones
• Two bones: Tibia and Fibia• Connected by interosseous membrane• Tibia= shinbone, larger and more medial
– Medial and lateral condyles articulate with femur.
– Kneecap ligaments attach to tibial tuberosity
• Fibula– Takes no part in forming the knee joint.– Lateral malleous forms outer part of ankle
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Figure 7.29
Tibia and Fibula
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Foot
• Composed of: tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
• 2 important functions:– Support our weight– Propel our bodies forward when we walk or
run.
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Bones of feet
• Tarsals- ankle bones– 7 bones total
• Metatarsals- soles of the foot– 5 total
• Phalanges- bones of the toes– 14 total (3 per toe except for the greater toe
which only has 2)
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Tarsals
• Body weight is carried mostly by the two largest: Calcaneus (heel bone) and talus (ankle bone)
• Last 5 are: Navicular, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, and cuboid.
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Metatarsus and Phalanges
Figure 7.31a
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Tarsus
Figure 7.31b, c
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Arches of Foot
• 3 strong arches: 2 longitudinal and 1 transverse.
• Ligaments which connect foot bones and tendons of foot muscles help hold foot bones firmly in arched position.
• Weak arches= fallen arches or flat feet
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