app e5 assignments chap 16 18 ppe & societies

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Canadian Professional Engineering & Geoscience: Practice & Ethics (Fifth Edition)

Appendix E5 – PART 5: PPE & PRFE!!"#A$"!% – Chapters 16 to 18 – of 12

APPENDIX E5

PART 5 – OBTAINING PROFESSIONAL STATUS

ADDITIONAL ASSIGNMENTS – CHAPTERS 16, 17 & 18

CHAPTER 16 – WRITING THE PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE EXAM

AC#'$EGE%E#T: The author would like to express his appreciation to provincial Associations in Alberta, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, andOntario for their assistance in obtaining sample questions from previous rofessionalractice !xams" The questions have been significantl# adapted from the originals" Thesources are not specificall# identified b# province, because all questions are good

preparation for exams in all provinces" $our answers should be substantiated, where possible, b# references to the provincial or territorial Act, %egulations, or &ode of !thics"

Essay-Type Exa!"a#!$" %&es#!$"s

16.1 – Deviation from Construction PlansA building contractor engages a rofessional !ngineer to design and prepare drawings for the formwork and scaffolding for a reinforced concrete building to meet building coderequirements" The engineer does this and affixes his seal and signature to the originaltracings, which he turns over to the contractor" 's this acceptable professional practice()ater the engineer is asked to inspect the scaffolding as built and finds that in man#

significant parts of his design has been altered and the contractor*s superintendent has built it the wa# he thought it should be built" 'n particular, some important features of hisdrawings that affect building safet# have been altered"

*estion: +hat should the engineer do( +hat are the engineer*s responsibilities to the building owner, the contractor and to the profession( iscuss this situation, and theengineer*s professional responsibilit# for the safet# of the future tenants"

16.2 – Hiring of Employees!ngineer A was emplo#ed b# &onsulting !ngineer B for five #ears before resigning from

her work with B and starting her own consulting practice" -hortl# thereafter, &onsulting!ngineer B learns that some of his sub.professional emplo#ees /designers, technologists,etc"0 are working for A in their spare time /evenings and weekends0" Both consultingfirms compete for the same work, so !ngineer B believes that his compan# information is being applied to benefit !ngineer A" Also, he believes that the outside work b# his sub. professional emplo#ees is too extensive, and diminishes their productivit# in hiscompan#" 1e notes that recent profits have been sharpl# reduced"





*estion: id A act unethicall# b# emplo#ing &onsulting !ngineer B*s sub.professionalemplo#ees without his knowledge, in their spare time /evenings and weekends0(

16.3 – Obection to a !uality "tan#ar# 2ohn oe, an engineer emplo#ed b# a testing laborator#, represents his firm on astandards committee for automobile products" All but two of the members of this ten. person committee are engineers" After much deliberation on one standard, the committeearrives at a consensus, but oe is violentl# opposed to the result and registers hisob3ection" After carefull# considering this ob3ection, the committee passes the standardfor formal publication" -ubsequentl#, the laborator# receives a contract to test automobile products to this standard, and oe is assigned the 3ob of supervising the tests, compilingthe final report, which indicates that the samples meet the requirements of the standard,and signing the report on behalf of the firm" 1e ob3ects because he considers that hissignature on a report attesting to the conformance of a product with a standard indicatesthat he endorses the standard"

*estion: 's he correct in his assumption( +hat action should he take(

16.$ – Possible Conflict of %nterest in Purc&asing'An engineer works for a large consulting engineering firm, designing and specif#ingelectrical equipment" -he owns shares in a large, well.known electrical manufacturingcompan#" 1er shareholdings amount to onl# a ver# small fraction of one percent of allshares issued"

*estion: 's it a violation of the &ode of !thics for this engineer to select and specif#equipment made b# a compan# in which she holds stock( 'n #our answer, explain what

she should do about it"

16.( – )it&&ol#ing of "tructural CertificationAn owner retains an architect to prepare plans and specifications for a building, using astandard contract form" The architect, in turn, retains a structural engineer for thestructural portion of the plans and specifications" The building is erected" Both professionals complete their respective portions of the contract except for the executionof the required certificate of compliance"

uring the progress of the work, the owner makes progress pa#ments to the architect, andthe architect pa#s the appropriate amount from her pa#ments to the structural engineer"

1owever, when the building is completed and read# for occupanc#, the owner still owesand refuses to pa# the architect a substantial sum due under the contract, and the architectaccordingl# owes the structural engineer a proportionate amount" The owner alleges thatthere have been several deficiencies in the work of the architect and refuses to pa# her the balance due"

The owner asks cit# officials to issue him an occupanc# permit, and the# contact thearchitect who, in turn, requests the structural engineer to certif# that the structural s#stem





has been completed in compliance with the applicable building code and regulations"-uch certification is required before the cit# ma# issue an occupanc# permit to the owner"The structural engineer refuses to provide the certification until he has been paid for hisservices"

*estion: 's it ethical or unethical for the engineer to refuse to provide the certificationthat would enable the owner to secure the occupanc# permit, on the grounds that he hasnot been paid for his services(

16.6 – *e#uction of Design +eesA client retains an engineer in private practice to design and supervise the construction of a warehouse" -ometime later, the engineer is asked b# another client to provide professional engineering services for a warehouse almost identical to that previousl#designed b# him, except for those minor changes necessar# to adapt the building to thesite" This client suggests that the fee should be lower than that charged for the originaldesign services, because the engineer could use his same design with onl# minor changes"

*estion: 4or the re.use of his design /b# a different client0, would it be ethical for theengineer to charge a fee substantiall# less than that recommended b# the Association(

16., – Eart&-uae Design "tan#ar#s'$our consulting firm is hired b# the &it# of Townsville to assess the risk and possibleeffects of a tidal wave" Townsville is located at the end of a long, narrow inlet, in anearthquake 5one, although the last one occurred in 6789 when the cit# was reall# onl# afishing port"

To make sure the# have an adequate picture of the disaster that could result, thecit# asks #our firm to examine the effects of the :99.#ear earthquake" $our findings areso horrendous that the cit# authorities are appalled, and the# feel that if the public were toreali5e the extent of impending damage, mass h#steria would result" As well, becauseman# of the authorities are elected officials and have been in their positions for man##ears, people could ask wh# such a stud# was not carried out #ears ago and wh# adequate planning b#.laws were never formulated" The Ma#or asks #ou to keep the findings of the:99.#ear quake confidential and to undertake another stud# of the effects of the 699.#earquake" $ou do so, but the results are still frightening, and the cit# now asks #ou to stud#the 89.#ear quake"

*estion: iscuss this situation from an ethical point of view" +hat action will #ou takeas a rofessional !ngineer( +hat advice will #ou give to the cit# council(

16./ – Construction "afety at a +oreign "iteA &anadian rofessional !ngineer is working in a foreign countr# for a client building a power station" -he is acting as technical adviser to the client" The client is directl#supervising all construction labour" The client does not have an# apparent safet# procedures for his workers; no hard hats, no safet# shoes, in some cases, no shoes at all"





Missing stairwa#s and holes in floors do not have safet# barricades" The conditionswould be unacceptable in &anada" Although the poor safet# conditions ma# not affect thetechnical aspects of the power station, the# clearl# affect the safet# of the workers"

*estion: +ould it be ethical for the &anadian engineer to ignore the safet# problem,

and take no action( +hat kind of action could<should she take( The client asserts that the poor safet# practices ma# affect the workers but have no influence on the technicalaspects of the power station"

16.0 – Difficulties in Construction pproval' &onsultant A is preparing preliminar# engineering and environmental impact studies fora developer , who is proposing to construct an urban development pro3ect" Themunicipalit# has a municipal planner on staff, but has also engaged consultant B to helpthe planner review the urban development pro3ect"

&onsultant A has submitted several plans for approval b# the municipal planner, but eachtime some aspects are not satisfactor# and the requirements are redefined" 4inall#,consultant B offers, in the presence of the municipal planner, to complete the assignmentfor A, since B knows what is required" 'n addition to pa#ing the fees of the originalconsultant A, the developer must also pa# the costs of the municipalit#*s review,including its consultant from B"

*estion: 's it ethical for consultant B to offer to complete the assignment for A( 'f #ouwere consultant A, what would be #our reaction to this situation from an ethics point ofview(

16.1 – pproving Engineering Plans for a Civic Proect An industrial corporation emplo#s engineer A, who has 3ust completed her =.#earexperience requirement and is now full# licensed as a mechanical engineer, in 1>A&/heating, ventilating and A<&0" 1er immediate supervisor is !ngineer B, who has about68 #ears of experience in structural design" !ngineer B is also chair of a volunteer civiccommittee responsible for retaining an architect to design a civic sports facilit#" Thefacilit# is being designed and built mainl# with donations and volunteer labour, as a public service to the cit#"

+hen !ngineer B receives the completed plans and specifications from thearchitect, he directs !ngineer A to review them in order to gain knowledge, to suggest

improvements, and to assure their compliance with the specified 1>A& requirements"+hen the review is complete, !ngineer B asks engineer A to sign and approve the plans,as satisf#ing the 1>A& specifications"

*estion: +hat potential professional dangers arise in this arrangement( +hat questionsshould !ngineer A clarif#, before agreeing to this assignment( Are !ngineer B*sinstructions to !ngineer A consistent with the &ode of !thics( lease explain #ouranswer"





16.11 – Possible Conflict of %nterest in a City Proect'!ngineer ! is a member of a cit# council, and he is also chair of its finance committee,which provides advice to cit# council regarding appropriations for cit# pro3ects" Thefinance committee is asked to approve a pollution abatement pro3ect, prepared b#consulting engineering firm, !?" !ngineer ! is one of the principals in the !? firm,which has established a good reputation in the pollution control field" !ngineer !*s nameappears on the contract proposal that !? submitted to the council, offering to providethe engineering services"

*estion: @nder these circumstances, is it ethical for !ngineer ! to offer to undertakethis engineering work( +hat actions must !ngineer ! take to avoid charges of conflict ofinterest( lease explain #our answer"

16. 12 – onus for ttracting 4e5 Professional Employees'

Because of a tight competitive market for professional emplo#ees, a large manufacturingcompan# has adopted a polic# of pa#ing a bonus to an# member of its professional staffwho is successful in persuading a professional engineer or geoscientist working foranother organi5ation to 3oin the compan#" The theor# is that professional emplo#ees ma#know other professionals who would consider emplo#ment with the compan#, if the#were approached b# one of its professional emplo#ees" The bonus offered is 899 foreach newl#.recruited professional engineer or geoscientist" *estion: 's it ethical for a compan# to adopt this polic#( +ould it be ethical for the professional emplo#ees of the compan# to participate in this recruitment program( leaseexplain #our answer"

S'$(#-A"s)e( Exa!"a#!$" %&es#!$"s

+, $ou are a practising rofessional !ngineer or ?eoscientist emplo#ed b# acompan# in Manitoba" $our division of the compan# has been transferred to Ontario fromManitoba" +hat must #ou do to work professionall# in Ontario( Ans-er: text, -ection:"66, Mobilit#C

., $our code of ethics imposes several ethical responsibilities on the professional" 'n#our own words, state what duties #ou owe to societ#, to emplo#ers, to clients, tocolleagues, to subordinates, to the profession, and to #ourself" Ans-er: text, -ection 7"D,

&odes"C

/" +hat is the difference between a provisional licence, limited licence and atemporar# licence in professional practice( Ans-er: text, Table :"6"C

0, The most common ethical problem for professionals is a Econflict of interestEefine and discuss a Econflict of interestE" Ans-er: text, -ection 69"F"C





5, 't is wise to avoid all conflicts of interest, but some conflicts are unavoidable"+hat action must the professional take when faced with an unavoidable conflict ofinterest( Ans-er: text, -ection 69"F"C

T(&e*Fa+se Exa!"a#!$" %&es#!$"sThe Associations no longer use the trueGfalse format for the rofessional ractice !xam, but the questions below, taken from an older exam, are a good review for the !" Theauthor urges readers to answer them" Answers are inserted for the first five questionsH inthe remaining questions, insert the reference from the provincial < territorial licensing Act,the %egulations, the &ode of !thics or the textbook, to support #our answer"

6" A person ma# assume the title Irofessional !ngineerJ or the title Irofessional?eoscientistJ before being registered with the Association, if the person is working under the direct supervision of a registered professional"

False, Although an unlicensed person ma# practise engineering<geoscience while

under direction of a professional, the person ma# not adopt the title" !ver#engineering<geoscience Act prohibits an# unlicensed person from using the title"

:" 'f an emplo#er knowingl# engages a person for work that requires the services ofa rofessional !ngineer or ?eoscientist, and that person is not registered or licensed withthe Association, both the emplo#er and the emplo#ee are in violation of the licensingAct"

Tr*e, This is stated explicitl# in most Acts or &odes of !thics"

K" A person convicted of a criminal offence under an act other than the rofessional!ngineering < rofessional ?eoscientist Act ma# be suspended from membership in the

Association"Tr*e, 1owever, most Acts contain the provision that the criminal offence must be

serious and must affect the member*s suitabilit# to practise the profession"

=" Members of the armed forces stationed in #our province are sub3ect to the provisions of the provincial < territorial professional engineering Act, even if the# practiseengineering onl# on federal propert#"

False, Members of the armed forces who are practising engineering<geoscienceon federal propert# are exempt from the provincial engineering<geoscience Act" 1owever,if the# should work either full.time or part.time outside of federal propert#, then the#would be sub3ect to the full provisions of the Act"

8" A rofessional !ngineer must be aware of all the related facts before publicl#expressing an opinion on an engineering sub3ect"

Tr*e, Almost ever# &ode of !thics states this explicitl#"

F" A rofessional !ngineer < ?eoscientist must ensure that clients understand the fullextent of his or her responsibilities" True; LLLL 4alse; LLLL %eference; LLLL





D" 't is voluntar#, and not mandator#, for a rofessional !ngineer < ?eoscientist tostrive to keep informed about new techniques in his or her field of endeavour"

True; LLLL 4alse; LLLL %eference; LLLL

" A rofessional !ngineer < ?eoscientist ma# critici5e the work of a fellow engineer publicl# if he or she first advises the fellow professional of the intent to do so"


7" 'f a person is working under the direct supervision of a rofessional !ngineer <?eoscientist who assumes all responsibilit#, the subordinate is still required to beregistered"


69" @nless a person is registered or licensed b# the Association of rofessional!ngineers < ?eoscientists of the specified province or territor#, that person ma# not impl#

that he or she is entitled to engage in professional engineering < geoscience" True; LLLL 4alse; LLLL %eference; LLLL

66" According to the &ode of !thics, first responsibilit# of a rofessional !ngineer orrofessional ?eoscientist is to the emplo#er"


6:" A rofessional !ngineer < rofessional ?eoscientist ma# not seal /approve0 plansor documents, unless the# have been prepared b# the professional, or b# staff membersunder his or her personal direction"


6K" A rofessional !ngineer < ?eoscientist ma# be compensated b# more than oneinterested part# for the same service, without the consent of all interested parties, providing that the transaction is kept secret"


6=" All specifications, drawings, documents and reports must be sealed, but onl# b#the rofessional !ngineer < rofessional ?eoscientist who did the work involved"


68" The Association &ouncil ma# ask witnesses to attend an inquir# on a professional

discipline matter and has the power to ensure attendance" True; LLLL 4alse; LLLL %eference; LLLL

6F" 'f a member is found guilt# of unprofessional conduct, the most severe penalt#The Association &ouncil ma# mete out is a reprimand"






6D" The Association &ouncil ma# initiate an inquir# where professional misconduct issuspected, even though no written complaint has been received"


6" A rofessional !ngineer or ?eoscientist, after first advising his or her fellow

rofessional of the intent to do so, ma# accept a commission to review the work of thefellow rofessional"


67" 't is not mandator# for a rofessional !ngineer < ?eoscientist to report a colleaguethat he or she feels is engaged in unethical practice"


:9" A rofessional !ngineer < ?eoscientist has no responsibilit# for the professionaldevelopment of professionals in his or her emplo#"


:6" 'f a rofessional !ngineer < ?eoscientist in charge of an assignment is overruled b# his or her superior or client, the professional should present clearl# the consequencesto be expected from the proposed deviations and then complete the assignment, providedthat the ruling of the superior or client does not 3eopardi5e public propert#, life, or theenvironment"


::" The ob3ects of the Association are primaril# to

/a0 ensure that the rights and interests of all rofessional !ngineers and

?eoscientist in the province are protected" True; LLLL 4alse; LLLL %eference; LLLL

/b0 ensure that the public interest is served and protected through the competentand ethical practice of engineering and geoscience within the province"


:K" %egistration as a full member of the Association ma# be granted if the applicanthas an accredited degree and has experience that is satisfactor# to &ouncil, regardless ofexperience, age or nationalit#"


:=" The practice of engineering and geoscience as defined b# the Act, covers a broadrange of activities" 1owever, the following persons are considered exempt from the provisions of the Act"

/a0 those who were doing similar work before the Act became law" True; LLLL 4alse; LLLL %eference; LLLL





/b0 technicians working under the direct and personal supervision of professionalengineers or geoscientists"


/c0 land surve#ors, architects, electricians, and enginemen, provided the# do notengage in the practise of engineering or geoscience"


/d0 those who have ten or more #ears of good engineering < geoscience experienceand feel the# are competent, have a basic right to work in these professions"


:8" Mr" , a registered engineering member of another provincial Association, istransferred to Manitoba b# his compan# and has taken up permanent residence in+innipeg" 1is new title is &hief esign !ngineer for +estern &anada" 4or the past two

months he has been the sole designer of a commercial building in Manitoba" 1e uses histitle and "!ng" after his name on his business card" 1e has not become a member of theManitoba Association" Answer each of the following statements, and explain wh# each istrue or false;

/a0 Membership in the other provincial Association allows Mr" to practiseengineering in ManitobaH therefore, he does not have to become a member of theA!M"


/b0 Mr" should have applied for registration with A!M on arrival in Manitoba"


/c0 Mr" should immediatel# appl# for a temporar# licence to practise inManitoba"


/d0 Mr" is in contravention of the Act since he is practising engineering andhence is liable for the penalt# under the Act"


/e0 Mr" is in contravention of the Act for using "!ng" after his name"






CHAPTER 1, – MAINTAINING OUR PROFESSIONALCOMPETENCE

Additional Assignments1,.1 – auging 7our Continue# CompetenceAlmost all Associations now require members to engage in &ontinuing rofessionalevelopment /&0 activities" As explained in &hapter K, professional engineers andgeoscientists must participate in learning experiences /of an# relevant t#pe0, record theseexperiences, and report them to the Association, annuall#" These activities ma# include professional practice, formal education, informal or self.directed education, writing publications, societ# participation, and even some non.technical activities" A!?A/Alberta0 suggests :=9 rofessional evelopment 1ours /10 over three #ears, withactivities in three of the various categories above, per #ear" This implies that 9 1<#ear are recommended" A!?A has more detailed rules for special cases, which are on their

web site"

*estions:

lease pause to make the following computation even if #ou are not licensed in a province or territor# with mandator# &ontinued rofessional evelopment; +hat are#our & achievements for the past #ear, and what are #ou proposing for next #ear( +ill#ou satisf# the requirements of approximatel# 9 1 per #ear, as required b# theAlberta & rules( 'f #ou are not meeting this requirement /regardless of #our area oflicensing0 what keeps #ou competent(

1,.2 – Deci#ing on Post8gra#uate "tu#y This two.part exercise should help focus #our thoughts on postgraduate stud#;

/a0 Make a cost<benefit anal#sis of postgraduate stud# for #our personal situation" &onsider either full.time or part.time stud#" repare #our summar# on a single page, with benefits /oradvantages0 on one side of the page and costs /or disadvantages0 on the other" Assign roughestimates for lost earnings /now0 and higher earnings /later0H qualit# of life /now and later0H career satisfaction and opportunitiesH effects on #our famil# lifeH income tax implicationsH and an# otherrelevant factors" T#pical salar# levels for BA-c, MA-c and h are usuall# on the 'nternet, inAssociation salar# surve#s" &osts and benefits ma# be hard to quantif#, but where #ou cannotassign a numerical value, estimate the probabilit# /high, neutral, low0 of good or bad results"oes the summar# confirm #our decision /for or against0 postgraduate studies(

/b0 @sing the 'nternet, examine the catalogues for universities that appeal to #ou" 'f #ou are presentl# working, consider part.time programs /some offered over the 'nternet at the Master*slevel0" o #ou have the required academic record( 'f #ou qualif# for admission, follow the stepsin this chapter under I&hoosing a universit#J; define #our research interests, check out theresearchers in that area, contact them, and decide for whom #ou would like to work" Ask aboutresearch grants and assistantships" Appl#" 'f #ou do not qualif# for admission, read theuniversit#*s rules for makeup courses and mature or probationar# students" +hat do #ou need foradmission, and how would #ou get it(





1,.3 –9&e : ;:anagement< OptionMan# engineering and geoscience graduates are interested in the MBA degree" Note thatobtaining the MBA means #ou will likel# become a manager, and not an engineering orgeoscience specialist" &onsult a universit# catalogue for the MBA program of #our choice anddetermine whether #ou are admissible to the program" 'f so, make a summar# of the costs and

benefits /similar to the previous question0, and compare three outcomes; no postgraduate degree,the MBA, and a postgraduate degree in #our present discipline" +rite #our chart on a single sheet"oes the summar# confirm #our decision /for or against0 the MBA(

CHAPTER 1. –

PROFITING FROM TECHNICAL SOCIETIES1/.1 – "earc&ing 9ec&nical =iteratureAlthough the 'nternet has made technical information far more accessible toda#, someengineers and geoscientists still fail to use all of the resources at their disposal" Thisoversight often results in wrong decisions and wasted effort"

4or example, design engineers in a well.known manufacturing compan#consulted the author of this text several #ears ago, when their protot#pe machine failed tooperate adequatel#" Months of ad3ustments had failed to find the problem" +hen asked,the engineers conceded that the# designed the machine from basic principles, and had notconsulted an# previous studies, patents, research papers or similar literature" The ke#

design data that the# needed was in a research report in their own compan# librar# and, infact, the report*s author was an emplo#ee of their compan#, working in an ad3acent building" +hen the machine was re.designed using criteria and test data from theresearch report, the machine exceeded the desired performance"

Other engineers tell similar stories of design errors, duplicated research, patentinfringements and ignorance of recent products, all resulting from a failure to search for,and read, relevant literature"

*estions:

As an exercise, list #our Itop tenJ sources of information, in order of importance for #our

professional activities" 'nternet sources will undoubtedl# be near the top of the list" 'naddition, answer the following questions;

/a0 +hat periodicals, standards and research papers do #ou consult regularl# /eitheronline or in hard cop#0 from the engineering and<or geoscience societies of which #ou area member(





/b0 o #ou have a compan# librar#( 's it well stocked with internal research publications,design manuals, reference books, periodicals, standards and textbooks( 's it convenientl#located( &an #ou search the holdings easil# b# computer(

/c0 1ow would #ou search the holdings of #our closest universit# librar# or public

librar#( !xplain how to trace citations using the &itation 'ndex"

/d0 1ow would #ou search the patents, industrial designs and trademarks in the &anadian'ntellectual ropert# Office /&'O0( 1ow would #ou obtain a publication from &'O(1ow would #ou search the @"-", British or other foreign patent offices(

app e5 assignments chap 16 18 ppe & societies

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