apologetics class

8/4/2019 Apologetics Class

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Lifestyle Apologetics

I. Course ObjectivesA. To introduce you to Christian Apologetics

B. To give you the tools and guidance to better prepare you in defense of Biblical

truth.C. To challenge everyone in this class to give their very best to the Lord and his

church.

II. The Purpose of this Study is:

A. To prepare Christians to engage unbelievers intellectually with humility as westrive to defend and promote the cause of Christ.

B. To promote a greater understanding and deeper faith in the God we love.

C. To edify and challenge the local body of Christ to greater zeal and

commitment to the Lord.

III. The Purpose of This Class is NOT

A. To win argumentsB. To memorize apologetic techniques

C. To overwhelm others with our intellect

D. To be busy

IV. Class will begin:

A. With prayer, emphasizing:

1. Genuineness/Sincerity2. Opportunity

3. Expectancy4. Daily Spiritual Examination

V. Attendance

We will meet for 12 weeks. It is imperative that you be on time and completely preparedfor all classes. This means all reading assignments need to be completed before class time

along with all assignments, reviews and memory work.

VI. Grades/Tests

The purpose of this class is to challenge each person to do their very best. There will be

quizzes and tests thru out the classes to encourage everyone to evaluate their progress andunderstanding of the material. The final test will be a take home test consisting of 5

questions. You will be asked to answer 3 of the 5 questions without notes or aides.


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VII. Reading Assignments

You will be asked to read a variety of books, articles and debates covering a number of

Apologetic subjects. You will have the option of choosing a number of different topics tostudy. Every reading assignment must be carefully evaluated and reviewed by the

student. You will need to hand in a reading evaluation sheet for all readings. This is the

first step in carefully examining everything and holding fast to that which is good.

VIII. Structure of Course

Memory Verse for each classA. Discussion questions to begin each class

B. Report to field activity by class

C. Questions concerning field activityD. Study questions at the end of the chapter

E. Vocabulary list for each week memorizeF. Final report at end of class: overcoming and answering an objection or

problem related to ApologeticsG. Book report, on index card include:

1. Who is writer

2. Background3. Strengther

4. Weaknesses

5. Agree/Disagree6. What was learned

7. Recommend/Not Recommend

IX. The Personal Goals of this Class1. To make a difference in this world through our words, actions, thoughts and

prayers

2. To be a catalysist for change in this world3. Make 100% commitment to live victoriously every day

4. My goal is heaven, my power is the gospel of Christ, my purpose is to glorify

God we must never forget that!

The desire to make a difference in this world and to have a positive impact on the livesof others should motivate us to dream big dreams and our faith in God should give us the

courage to turn our dreams into realities for often our own fear is the only thingpreventing us from attaining greatness and success.

Practical Virtues, Floyd Flake, p.2


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Vocabulary List

1. Apologetics

2. Logic

3. Fallacy4. Theism

5. Atheist

6. Deist7. Pantheism

8. Naturalism

9. Miracle10. Prophecy

11. Evolution

12. Resurrection

13. Philosophy

14. Morality15. Rational//Irrational

16. Truth17. Real

18. Ontological Argument

19. Telelogical20. Cosmological

21. ???

22. Empirical

23. Intelligent Design24. Relativism

25. Religious Pluralism26. Postmodernism


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Objections to Christianity

1. Christians are hypocrites and judge everyone else.

2. You cant prove there is a God.

3. Christianity is too exclusive and other religions are also good.4. Why is there so much suffering and cruelty in the world if God is all loving and

powerful? Why doesnt he stop it?

5. The Bible is full of mistakes.6. Why would God reject people who are trying to do good?

7. I think all religions are going to Heaven.

8. Christianity is divided with many different denominations, so who is right?9. The Bible contradicts scientific evidence.

10. It is unfair to send people to Hell because they never hear some ?????

11. Modern man no longer feels a need for God to make sense of his life.12. If God works miracles, where is the evidence?

13. The Trinity is irrational and illogical.14. I have my own beliefs, you have yours.

15. You are a Christian because you were born into a Christian home/nation.16. What I think is important is to love others.

17. If everyone needs a first cause, where did God come from?

18. Faith is not rational, it is irrational.19. What I believe is true for me, what you believe is true for you.


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Lesson 1

I. Introduction to Apologetics

A. Definition of Apologetics1. Apologetics derives from the Greek word (noun) Apologia or

Apologeomai (verb).a. Greek root words: Apo = From; Logos = word, Logic

Reasoning.

1.) Noun Apologia usedActs 22:1 - My defense

Acts 25:16 - Make his defense

I Cor. 9:3 - My defensePhil 1:7 - Defense of the Gospel

Phil. 1:16

I Pet. 3:15

2.) Verb Apologeomai used

Acts 19:33 - Make a defenseActs 24:10 Make my defense

Lk. 12:11Rom. 2:15

Acts 25:8; 26:1-2, 24

2. Apologia was a Greek legal term meaning an answer, a defense, a replya. Ex: Platos apology is a record of Socrates defense after being

accused of rejecting the gods of Greece and corrupting the youth.

3. Apologetics is the presenting of evidence and logical arguments or

reasons why a person ought to believe in somethinga. For example: Gods existence, the resurrection of

Jesus Deity, miracles, prophecy, etc.b. The English term apologizing for is used differently than the

Greek term. It does not mean I am sorry.

c. A more comprehensive definition of Apologetics would include

not only the defending of Biblical truth claims against error andfalse teaching but would also include the propagatin and

justification of sound doctrine.

4. N.T. Does not use the words Apologia or Apologeomai in technicalSense of our modern word Apologetics or Apologeomai in offering a

reasoned defense of the faith is evident in Phil. 1:7,16 and in I Pet.

3:15. Not until 1794 was the word Apologetics used to designate a

specific Theological Discipline. Many Theologies have used the wordevidences to designate the study of defending the truth against

critics.

B. Importance of Apologetics

1. For everyone

a.) I Pet. 3:15-16, But sancify the Lord God in your hearts and

always be ready to give a defense to everyone who asks you a reason for


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the hope that is in you with meekness and fear; having a good conscience,that when they defame you as evildoers, those who revile your good

conduct in Christ may be ashamed.

1.) Note the following from these verses:

a.) Christ is Lord in the Christian heart

b.) You have a hope in youc.) You have a reason for this hope

d.) You need to be prepared to give a reason for this

hopee.) You must answer with gentleness and respect

f.) Need to maintain a clear conscience

2. For Elders

a. Titus 1:9-11, holding fast the faithful word as he has been

taught, that he may be able, by sound doctrine, both to exhort and convict

those who contradict. For there are many subordinate, both idle talkersand deceivers, especially those of circumcision, whose mouths must be

stopped, who subvert whole households, teaching things which they oughtnot, for the sake of dishonest gain.

1.) Note from this passage:a.) Enemies of Church teach false doctrines and cause

much harm

b.) Enemies of Christ must be silenced

c.) Elders must have knowledge to

Teach sound doctrine

Refute those who oppose sound

doctrine

C. Purpose of ApologeticsPrimarily in Three Areas:1. Proof: The setting forth of the case for Christianity. This I

involves philosophical, scientific and historical evidence

for the Faith?2. Defense: This seeks to clarify the Biblical position by

answering objections, criticisms, questions and

misunderstandings from unbelievers.

3. Persuasion: The goal is to convince others of the truth of the

Christian faith and bring them to the point of commitment.

D. Use of Apologetics by N.T. authors1. Apologetic General Revelation

a. Rom 1

1. Gods existence and divinity clearly revealed2. All humans knew God by suppress the truth, refuse to

know

3. See Hand Out2. Apologetic Argument of Jesus


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a. See Hand Out

3. Apologetic Argument of Paul at Athens

a. See Hand Out

E. Reasons For Apologetic Activity

1. The glory of God Mt. 22:37-40; I Cor. 10:31; Col. 3:172. The defense of the Christian faith in order to reach the lost

a. Give reason for our hope I Pet. 3:15-17

b. Contend for the faith Jude 3c. Refute false philosophies Col. 2:8; I John 4:1-4

3. Apologetic Example

a. Jesus

b. Paul Acts 17c. Peter Acts 2


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Apologetic Argument of Jesus

Jesus defense in John 5:19-47

My Father worketh even until now and I work, Jn. 5:17

The context: Jesus heals a lame man on the Sabbath-Jesus points out to the Jews that inhealing on the Sabbath he is acting in conformity with his fathers will.

Father One SonOriginates Sons Works (Works) Does the Fathers Works vs.19

Loves the Son vs. 20 (Love) Perfect Knowledge of Father vs. 20

Imparts Life (Life) Imparts LifeDoesnt Judge (Judgment) Will Judge vs. 22, 27

Honor (Honor) Shares Honor vs. 23

Source of Salvation (Salvation) Words of Salvation vs. 24

Will Raise the Dead vs. 26Possesses Life vs. 26 (Eternal Life) Possesses Life vs. 26

Jesus is clearly stating that he and the Father are one. His relationship to the Father is not

the same as the rest of the Jewish nation rather he is claiming equality with God.

So wheres the proof????

Evidence to Support Claim:5 Witnesses

Witness #1 The Greatest ProphetJohn the Baptist (Vs. 33-35)

John called Jesus the Lamb of God, the Son of God who

takes away the sins of the world (Jn. 1:19-28)

Witness #2 The Greatest Works miraclesJesus works vs. 36

Miracle of healing Jn. 5:1-9

Admitted by Nicodemus Jn. 3:2Witness #3 The Greatest Being

The Father - vs. 37, 38

The voice of the Father spoke at the baptism of

Jesus Mk. 17:5, Mk. 9:7Witness #4 The Greatest Book Torah

Jesus states in Mt. 5:17 that he came to fulfill the law

and the prophetsSee also Lk. 24:32, 44; Jn. 5:46; Acts 3:18, 24 andI Pet. 1:10


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Witness #5 The Greatest Law Giver

Moses vs. 45-47

Ex 20 Passover LambNum. 21:8 Serpent lifted up

Leviticus Looked forward to sacrifice

Lessons for Us1. Jesus gave reasons and evidence for his claims2. The evidence is firsthand, eyewitness and miraculous

3. Jesus provides multiple witnesses for his claims

4. The power of the argument rests in the integrity and credibility of thewitnesses


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Apologetic Argument of Paul

Acts 17 Paul among the Athenians

I. Text and Structure

A. Context of the Argument Act 17:16

While Paul was waiting for them in Athens he was deeply distressed tosee that the city was full of idols

1.Synagogue with the Jews vs.

2. Marketplace with populace vs.3. Philosophers vs.

B. Reaction of the Philosophers

1. Babbler vs.2. Proclaimer of Foreign Dieties vs.

II. Before the Areopagus vs. 20-21

A. The Argument1. Point of contact vs. 22-23

2. Solution of their curiositya. Nature of True God vs. 24-25

b. Nature of Mankind1. Universal Human Nature vs. 26

2. Limits set by God vs. 26

3. Purpose of Human Beings vs. 274. Greek Poets understood Mans nature -

vs. 28

c. Conclusion of Gods nature - vs. 29d. Gods desire for all vs. 30

e. Resurrection as evidence for belief in this one God

B. Response to Argument1. Some scoffed2. Some were willing to hear more

3. Some believed vs. 32

III. What We Can Learn from Pauls Speech

A. He dialogued with everyone Spoke ListenedB. He discussed statues

C. He spoke in a variety of different places to anyone who would listenD. He understood his audience background

E. Idolatry unnerved him


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General Revelation

A. Psalms1. Ps. 19

B. Rom. 1

1. Rom. 1:18-20a. Wrath revealed against ungodliness and wickedness

b. Suppress the truth

c. About God vs. 19C. Knowledge About God

1. Comes from nature self evident

2. Inate within nature3. See his power and Deity vs. 20

4. From his creation

D. Apprehension of the Divine

1. Starts from visible to invisible

2. Is limited3. Is universal

4. Is because of our imagea. We reason, think, see, hear feel

b. We are moral Rom. 1:32

E. Can Sinners Know About God?a. I Thes. 4:5 Gentiles..do not know God

b. II Thes. 1:8 You did not know God

c. Gal. 4:8 You did not know God

d. I Cor. Worlddid not come to know God1. Do Pagans know God?

2. Answer: Pagans can know about (cognitive) God yet not know(intimate/personal) God

a. Note: Rom 1:19 Know about God

Rom 1:20 Clearly seen, being understood

Rom 1:21 They knew GodRom 1:28 Not see fit to acknowledge God

Rom 1:32 Know the ordinance of God

Here Paul says clearly that the Pagans knew Godb. Intellectual blindness results from moral hardness.

1.) Exchange glory for idolatry

2.) Immorality/Depravity

3.) Worship created instead of Creator4.) Rejects truth for lies

c. Mankind 1.) Is morally responsible/has free will

2.) Is condemned


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The Case for the Historical Reality of the Resurrection

I. The Empty Tomb

A. The reliability of the burial story-

1. Disciples knew the tomb was empty

2. Other knew the tomb was empty3. Jews would have exposed body if a lie

B. Evidence for the burial story

1. Buried by Joseph of Arimathea a rich member ofSanhedrin (historical person)

2. I Cor. 15:3-5 Early evidence of truthfulness of Christ

buriala. Died for our sins

b. He was buried

c. He was raised empty tombd. On the third day time of empty tomb

C. Tomb discovered empty by women1. Women were not accepted as legal witnesses

2. Women were second class citizens3. Women first discovering the tomb empty-strange if

concocted material

D. Disciples could not have preached the resurrection inJerusalem had the tomb not been empty

II. The Resurrection Appearances I Cor. 15:3-8A. The fact of the resurrection appearances

1. Appearance to Peter Gal. 1:18; Lk. 24:34

2. Appearance to the Twelve see Lk., Jn.3. Appearance to 500 Brethren Most of whom remain

until now, but some have fallen asleep

4. Appearance to James Acts 1:14; 12:17; Gal. 1:19; 2:9;

Acts 21:18 Why did James become a follower?5. Appearance to all the Apostles Acts 1:21-22

6. Appearance to Apostle Paul Acts 9:1-9

Note Pauls past: What would bring about such aprofound change in his life?

III. The Origin of the Christian Faith

A. The Messiah of Judaism was not to die and be raised Jn. 12:34 ff1. Peter proclaims Jesus the Messiah Acts 2:23-26

B. Disciples did not believe in resurrection Mk., Thomas

C. Resurrection was to come at the end of world not within history Jn.11:23-24, Mk. 9:9-11


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10 Ways to Avoid Faulty Thinking/Reasoning1. Focus attention on backing an argument with solid support (evidence, facts, reasons)

and avoid irrelevant emotional appeals.A. 3 Common Fallacies to Watch Out For

1.) An appeal to force See handout

a. an appeal to pity2.) An appeal to the people

3.) Genetic fallacy

2. Be very careful not to presumeA. 3 Common Fallacies to Watch Out For

1.) Wishful thinking

2.) Begging the question

3.) Complex question3. Express caution in analyzing casual relationships and conceptualcomparisons

A. Some Common Fallacies to Watch Out For

1.) After this therefore because of this

2.) Not the cause for the cause3.) Oversimplified cause

4.) Faulty analogy4. Present Substative Evidence in Support of an Argument

A. Some Common Fallacies

1.) An appeal to an untrustworthy authority2.) An appeal to ignorance

3.) Hasty generalizations

5. Be Sure That the Arguments Reflect Clarity of Thought and Expression

A. 2 Common Fallacies1.) Equivocation

2.) Amphiboloy6. Identify the Right Kind of Evidence Necessary to Make a Good ArgumentA. Category mistake

7. Always Respond Directly to an Opponents Argument and AvoidCharacter RelatedIssues

A. Ad Hominem Fallacy- Attacks the Person- 3 Varieties

1.) Abusive name calling (communists, Nazis, Facists, inc)

2.) Circumstancial Poisoning the well

3.) To quoque (you too in Latin) To accuse one of hypocrisy to avoidthe argument

8. Take Time and Effort to Gain a Correct Understanding of an Opponents Position

A. Straw Man is an exaggerated or extreme version of anothersposition

9. Try to Stay on Topic When Offering a Rebuttal

A. Red Herring using diversionary tactics to lead away from the mainpoint

10. Render a Fair Assessment of All Evidence for Another Position

A. Suppressed Evidence occurs when an argueer emphasizes only theevidence that supports their position while suppressing any counter evidence.


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Lesson 3

I. Biblical View of Truth and KnowledgeA. Truth The Testaments

1. Old Testament

a. Defined emet = support, stability.The idea is faithfulness and comformity to facts.

1.) God is true Ps. 31:5; Isa. 45:19

2.) Speaking the truth Prov. 8:7; Jer. 9:53.) Truth conforms to fact Dan. 10:1

2. New Testament

a. Defined aletheia = genuine, opposite of false, untrue

1.) Thy word is truth Jn. 17:172.) Gospel is the truth II Cor. 11:10

3.) Holy Spirit is the Spirit of Truth Jn. 14:17

4.) Suppress the truth Rom. 1:18

B. The Nature of Truth1. Truth is not:

a. What works Pragmatism-1.) The end justifies the means

b. That which is coherent

1.) Coherence is a negative test for truth.2.) Statements are wrong if they are inconsistent, but not

necessarily true if they are.

c. That which is comprehensive

1.) Comprehensiveness is one test for truth but not thedefinition of truth.

d. That which feels good1.) Feelings have nothing to do with truth statements.2. Truth is:

a. Correspondence with reality

1.) Truth is telling it like it is.a.) Communication depends on informative statements

Thus correspondence to facts is what makes statements

informative

2.) Jesus is Trutha.) Jesus perfectly corresponds to the father Jn. 1:18

(exact image Heb. 1:3)

3.) God is True Rom. 3:4a.) Gods word corresponds to his thoughts thus his

word can be trusted

b.) Correspondence can be within and without.


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C. Characteristics of Biblical Truth

1. Truth is Revealed by Goda. Truth is not created or invented by people or societies

1.). Rom. 1:18-20 God has made known His existence thru

creation and conscience2.) God speaks truth thru the prophets in the Old Testament

and the New Testament

3.) Gods word is powerful Heb. 4:12 Language conveys truth4.) All scripture is inspired II Tim. 3:16

2. Objective Truth Exists and is Knowable

a. Objective truth is truth that is not dependent on any persons

subjective feelings, desires or beliefs (See Rom. 3:3-4 Let God be

True)

1.). This truth is intended to transform us Ps. 51:6, Gal. 4:19

2.) Hence truth is not personal, private or relative- I have my

beliefs, you have yours3. Gods Truth is Absolute in Nature

a. Biblical truth is without exception or exemption, it doe notchange

1.) Jn. 14:6 There is but one way, one truth, one life

2.) I Cor. 8:4-6 There is no God, but one

3.) Gods word stands firm Isa. 40:8, Mal. 3:6, Ps. 119:894. Truth is Universal

a. This means it applies everywhere, to everyone and excludes

nothing All truth is Gods truth1.) No other name given under Heaven Acts 4:12

2.) Scope of Christs authority is unlimited Eph. 1:21-22,

Phil. 2:6, 9-10, Cuts across cultures3.) Gods truth will set all people free Jn. 8:31

5. Truth is Exclusive, Specific, Precise and Exact

a. God will not tolerate departures from his truth1.) God will tolerate no other gods Ex. 20:3

2.) No man cometh unto the Father

b. Law of now contradiction states Nothing can both be and not

be in the same respect

1.) Mt. 6:24 Cannot serve two masters

6. Gods Truth is eternal

a. Isa. 40:8 The word of our God stands forever.C. Knowing the Truth

1. Epistemology (How we know what we know) always is determined by

the nature of reality.a. Consider these questions -

1.) What is knowledge?

2.) What or who is the source of knowledge?

3.) What are the limits of knowledge?


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4.) How can one know that God exists?

b. Consider some answers -

1.) Rationalism reason is the source of all knowledge2.) Empiricism experience is the only source for knowledge

3.) Mysticism direct knowledge of God may be obtained separate

from empirical experience and prepositional revelation.c. Man is the only true knowing subject of the natural order.

1.) Mans means of knowing are limited by his nature and the

universe he inhabits.a.) Man is created in Gods image

b.) The universe was created for man.

2. Exactly what is knowledge?

a. Knowledge is justified true belief.1.) If someone knows something, then what he knows must be true.

2.) If someone knows something, then what he knows he actually

believes

a.) But belief is not knowledgeEx. People believe many things

4.) One needs warrant of justification for it to be knowledge.a.) Ex. Man never landed on the moon.

3. Sources of Knowledge

a. Sense Experience (Empirical)1.) Revelatory events of the past were empirically knowable by

witnesses. I Jn. 1, Lk. 1:1-4

2.) Lord created our eyes and ears. Prov. 20:12

3.) Jesus told Johns disciples Tell John what you see and hearMt. 11:4-5

4.) Thomas John 20:275.) Objection: Mirage/Magicianb. Intuitive Knowledge

1.) This knowledge is apart from reasoning or experiences and

is immediate.a.) Intuitive moral knowledge is universal and real

Rom. 2:15

b.) Intuitive knowledge of the Divine Rom. 1:18-19

c. Logical Knowledge (Reason)1.) Is the capacity to know things without reliance on sense

experience.

a.) This would include truths of logic and mathematicsb.) Law of Non-Contradiction states No statement can be

both true and false at the same time in the same way.

2.) The speech in the book of Acts all employ logical reasoningto convince people of their lossness.

D. Conclusion1. The Christians knowledge of God is a matter of certainity

a. Certainity is the intellectual apprehension of an objective state of


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affairs.

2. We should be confident in speaking to others.

a. Paul said I know what I have believed, II Tim 1:12b. The Apostle John writes We know him who is true, I Jn. 5:20

c. I Jn. 2:3 We know that we have come to know Him.

d. I Jn. 4:13 We know that we abide in Him.e. I Jn. 5:13 That you may know that you have eternal life.


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Communication Points to Always Observe

1. Listen carefully to the other person, even if you think you know what he is saying-Make eye contact

-Use non verbals

-Listen for facts, evidence2. Clarify the issues

-Watch word usage

- Listen to argument structure3. Use illustration whenever possible

-Abstract concepts are best explained by illustrations or analogy

4. Take control of emotions-No yelling, expressing disgust, interrupting, name calling, etc.

-If emotions run high, put off leave

5. Avoid getting sidetracked

-Treat all questions as genuine

-Stay on topic-Answer, then move on

6. Dont lie or fake it-If you dont know the answer, say so

-Tell them you will get back with them

7. Put them on the defensive-Ask questions to clarify, to find origin, authority, reason for.

-Listen to their answer to ask next question

8. Resist the desire to win

-Goal is to win the person-not the argument-be sensitive-Dont go for the throat

-If the argument becomes uncomfortable or awkward, back off9. Recognize a closed mind Mt 7:6, Prov. 26:4-5

-Seek to clarify the honesty of their heart to determine if they are a

truth seeker

-Dont talk with 2-3 or more people-Use good judgment around others

10. Always remember-it is your job to sow the seed

-Not to give the increase-Not to draw people to you


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Lesson 4

God and Logic

Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your

mind and with all your strength Mark 12:30

I. God and the Mind of Man

A. God created man in his image - Gen. 1:261. Identifies man as unique from all of the created order (different)

2. Identifies man as sharing with God divine characteristics

(similar)a. Man is intelligent

1. Not like horse Ps 32:8-9

2. Like divine mind Rom 12:2

3. God says Come now and let us reason together

Isa. 1:183. Mankind has the ability to reason

a. This is demonstrated throughout the old and new testamentespecially in the life of Jesus and the Apostles

Mk. 12:29-31, Acts 26:26

II. Introduction to Logical Thinking

A. Logic

1. Defined: the study of the methods and principles used to

distinguish correct from incorrect reasoningIntro to Logic, Irving M. Cop:

1986 Macmillian, p. 3B. The 4 Primary Laws of Logic

1. These laws are fundamental to all understanding and

communication

a. The Law of Non ContradictionExplained: No statement can be both true and not true at the same

time and in the same sense

*This is a self evident truth for most all thinking peopleb. The Law of Excluded Middle

Explained: A proposition is either true or false-it must be

one or the other

c. The Law of IdentityExplained: If any statement is true then it is true A=A

d. The Law of Rational Inference

Example: If A=B and B=C, then A=CC. The Nature and Necessity of Logic

1. The laws of logic are universal-for all people and all time

a. There is no western-eastern thought2. The laws of logic were not created by man but rather discovered


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by him. They are objective in nature.

a. Logic, like math, is a real concept

3. The laws of logic have their origin in the mind of God- and weare a part of it because we are created in Gods image

4. The laws of logic, like mathmatics, inable us to know and

understand God.5. The laws of logic are undeniable- it is impossible to engage in any type

of intelligent dialogue and not use logic.

a. Without logic there would be no such thing or concept oftrue or false.

b. A statements meaningfulness depends on logic.

c. To deny the need for logic one must first utilize it hence it

is self defeating.d. One cannot use logic in the real world.

III. Jesus Use of Logic Reasoning

A. Jesus use of reason (argumentation)

Mt 12:24-301. Argument from analogy vs. 25-26

2. The Law of Rational Inference vs. 263. Reductio Ad Absurdum vs. 25-26

4. Argument from analogy vs. 27

5. The Law of Rational Inference vs. 28-29

6. Argument from analogy vs. 297. The Law of Contradiction vs. 30

8. The Law of Excluded Middle vs. 30

Throughout Jesus ministry he used logic to present and advance his

claims.

B. Jesus Use of Objective Evidence

1. Mark 2:1-12

2. John 2:18-223. John 20:24-29

IV. The Apostles Use of Logical Reasoning

A. The Apostles use of Rationality

1. Pauls missionary journeys He reasons with his audiencea. Acts 17:2-3, 11, 17, 22-31

b. Acts 18:4,19

c. Acts 19:8-91. Dialegomai

a. To think different things with oneself, to ponderthen dispute with others

An Expository Dictionary of New Testament

Words, p. 252, W.E. Vine

b. In classic and Hellenistic Greek is expressed

by our loan word dialogue


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The verb dialogizomai, calculate, consider,think through, is closely

linked with it and similarly the noun

dialogismos, weighing, consideration, thought,discussion

The New International Dictionary of NewTestament Theology Vol. 3, p.820 Editor Colin

Brown

B. The Use of Objective Evidence1. Peter Acts 2:14-39, 3:6-16

2. Paul Acts 26:26, I Cor. 15:1-8

3. The appeal to eyewitness testimonya. Lk 1:2-4

b. Jn. 1:14

c. II Pet. 1:16

d. I Jn. 1:1-3

IV. The Christian and LogicA. The Christian cannot comprehend, confirm, nor conform ones thoughts or life

to Gods Revelation without the use of logic.1. Comprehension of the Gospel is absolutely necessary before one can

believe it. Illogical and self-contradictory statements and beliefs

are incomprehensible and thus not worthy of our trustand confidence.

Therefore logic is necessary for understanding reasonable

statements and propositions which is a necessary preconditionfor the communication of truth to individuals.

2. Confirmation of the Gospel results from the evidence which we

see and experience thru Gods external world and our internalperceptions. We cannot believe or know anything unless wehave confidence in our ability to reason, which God has placed

within all of us. Remember salvation results from believing the

truth and only the truth.3. Conforming of our life to Gods revealed will cannot happen

without the use of logic. One cannot believe and not believe

or say Christ is both God and not God. By conforming ourlife to his will we learn to love God with all our minds

Mk. 12:30

B. Logic is unavoidable, undeniable and indeed invaluable to the

seeker of truth.


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Six Enemies of Apologetics

1. Indifference

- Dont care about what others say- Do little to speak up or out

- I Pet. 3:15

2. Irrationalism- Some people believe that faith and reason are incompatible

Faith = Absence of evidence

- Faith vs science3. Ignorance

- Bury head in the sand

- Too much trouble

4. Cowardice Col. 4:2-6

- Live and let live attitude- Need to be tolerant

- Afraid Cannot answer questions Mt. 5:11-125. Arrogance

- We have the truth and we are right!

- Fail to carefully examine other teachings- Build straw man

6. Superficial Techniques

- Memorize pat answers- Use clichs

- Employ stereotypes


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Lesson 7

God and Morality

I. Nature of Morality

A. Moral norms exist and are known

1. Rom. 12. Rom. 2

B. Moral norms are not physical1. They have no physical properties such as weight, height,

chemistry, particles or other parts that can be measuredby scientific instruments.

2. We do not discover morals thru empirical methods. Rather

they are known thru introspection and reflection.

3. Moral norms have a force or oughtness about them. Theyinfluence our will.

4. The breaking of moral norms usually results in feelings ofpain and guilt and a sense we have done something wrong.

5. Moral values are intelligent messages conveyed from one mind

to another.II. Source of Morality

A. Three Possibilities

1. They are an illusion

2. They are a product of chance3. They are a product of intelligence

B. Three Possibilities Answered1. Are moral norms an illusion?a. Is rape always wrong?

b. Is murder wrong?

c. Is lying, stealing wrong?d. Is anything wrong? Or is everything relative?

2. Are moral norms the product of chance?

a. Thus moral norms are not the result or an intelligent designer

but the result of accidental causes.1.) Illus: If my Alphbits cereal spells out sleep should I go

back to bed and not go to work?

2.) Illus: If my fortune cookie states you will inherit muchmoney soon should I quit my job?

b. But some evolutionists would argue that morality exists

because it is necessary for survival1.) So why do we help the weak, the disabled, retarded, elderly,

young and needy since these actions in no way promote the

survival of the species?


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2.) Evolution is only concerned with the sorts of behaviors that

are conducive to the preservation of the species but morality is

more than behavior. It also involves motive and intent.

a. Illus .: Planning to explode a car bomb but doesnt(intent)

3. Moral Rules are the Product of Intelligencea. A duty is something that is owed, but something can be

owed only to some person or persons. The concept of

moral obligation is unintelligible apart from the idea ofGod.

b. Moral Laws Suggest a Moral Law Maker - God

1.) His laws must be obeyed

2.) All men know this oughtness (Rom. 2) because theyshare the divine image of God

c. How can the effect of morality felt by all be explained

apart from an adequate cause God

1.) Why is justice important?2.) Why do we experience guilt?

3.) Will mass murders go unpunished?4.) Are all men endowed by their creator with certain inalienable

rights?

III. God is Foundation of Objective Moral ValuesA. The basis/foundation for objective moral values is the person of

God.

B. The alternative: Without God-

1. No right or wrong conduct/actions2. No intrinsic human dignity

3. No human rights4. No personal responsibility5. No moral obligation

6. No judgment/condemnation

IV. Defense of Divine Authorship or Moral ValuesA. Objective moral values do exist and we can recognize them

1. Because discerning of moral values may have gray areas, this in no

way argues against their realness.

a. Example: Dusk/Dawn2. But if morality is the product of naturalistic evolution,

cultural development or personal choices then rights do not truly exist.

a. Is the basis for moral values impersonal, nonconscious, unguided, valueless processes over time?

b. Or is the basis a personal, conscious, guided,

benevolent, loving, personal God?

B. The Moral Law is Not of Human Origin

1. Mankind did not start moral values-no can man set aside moralvalues. They are a given.


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2. Values, rights are impressed upon us from without.

3. Moral law is a moral prescription from a moral prescriberbeyond us.

C. The Scope of Moral Values are Universal and Timeless-all are

Subject.1. Act 17

2. Nuremberg Trials- for crimes against humanity

Cicero-Roman orator and legislator wrote:True law is world wide in scope, unchanging, everlasting

We may not oppose or alter that law, we cannot abolish it, we cannotbe freed from its obligations by any legislatureThis (natural) law

does not differ for Rome and for Athens, for the present and the

future It is and will be valid for all nations and all times

The Nuremberg Trials, Earle Rice Jr.

1997 Lucent Books

3. The concept of justice is predicated upon a moral standard. If there isno absolute moral standard of judgment then obviously no action of

humans is right or wrong. So to speak of evil, wickedness, sin, wrong,etc is meaningless, yet we all do.

D. Condemnation and Punishment of Evil is Just1. Evil is real. Sin left unchecked results in a world of ugliness.

2. Justice requires that evil be punished.

a. Think of all the Hitlers

b. Can abortionists escape?3. The moral imperative is an expression of belief in a moral

God who rules the universe in a moral fashion.4. Do we not sense an unfairness about the world that demandsa righteous judgment?

5. How we see, treat and think of others is directly related to

our view of man.


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Lesson 13

The Power of Prophecy

I. Introduction to Biblical ProphecyA. Prophecy

1. Not all prophecy is predictive in nature

a. Can look to past Creation week Moses

b. Present situation Amos 1:1

c. Future events1.) I Kgs 13:1-2 (Josiah)

2.) Isaiah 44:28, 45:1 (Cyrus)

3.) Dan. Ch. 2 - Nations

2. Propheta. Spokesman for God Ex 7:1-2

b. Also known as seer Isaiah 9:9B. Predictive Prophecy

1. Defined: A miracle of knowledge, a declaration of something

or someone yet future. Beyond the power of human know-ledge insight.

2. Criteria

a. Proper Timing - True prophecy must significantly

precede the person or event described.- Must be beyond a reasonable guess or calculation

It will rain tomorrowb. The prophecy must deal in specific details, not vaguegeneralities which could possibly fit future circumsta-

nces. To predict that something will happen to

someone at sometime is not impressive.c. Exact fulfillment must characterize the prophetic statement,

not merely a high probability of fulfillment.

1.) See Deut. 18:22, Isaiah 41:23 for Gods exacting

standards3. True prophecy must be beyond the power of man to foresee

C. Nature of Prophecy

1. Prophecy Conditional/Absolutea. Ex. Jonah 3:4 Nation shall be overthrown

1.) Jonah 3:10 God spared city

Fulfillment was not unconditional but was predicatedupon the response of the nation.

b. Ex. Born of a Virgin Isa 7:14

Messiahs coming was not predicated upon anyone or anythingother than Gods will. This prophecy is an


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absolute statement, it is not dependent upon any

conditions.

1. Prophecy Literal/Figurativea. Ex. Christ not to be left in grave Ps. 16:10

b. Ex. John Baptist to pave a highway in the

future Isa. 40:32. Prophecy Partial/Complete Fulfillment

a. Need to ascertain how a New Testament writer is

employing an Old Testament text1.) Is he borrowing language from Old Testament

text?

2.) Is an Old Testament text being used as an

Illustration?3.) Is the New Testament writer modifying an

Old Testament text under inspiration of the

Holy Spirit?

4.) Is the New Testament writer saying this is afulfillment of Old Testament prophecy?

b. Double Fulfillment Possible 1.) David speaks of enemies Ps 41:9

2.) Christ speaks of Judas John 13:18

See John 6:64

3.) Isa. 6:9-10 Fulfilled Matt. 13:14-15 Read

c. Multiple Applications Possible

1.) Ps. 2:7a.) Christ is superior to angels Heb. 1:5

b.) Christ resurrected from dead Act 13:33

c.) Christ declared son Rom. 1:4d.) Christ our high priest Heb. 5:54.) Prophecy Typology

a. Type is a figure of something future called an anti-

type.1.) Type is a pictorial prophecy

b. Ex. Melchizedek symbolized Son of God as King

Ps. 110:4, Heb. 5:5-10, 6:20, 7:1-17c. Ex. Jonah 3 days in great fish Matt. 12:40

II. Why Predictive Prophecy is Relevant for Apologetics

A. This is the chief evidence God offers in the Old Testament toverify his power and claims Isa. 41:21-23, 44:7-8, Deut. 18:20-22

a. God thus employs prophecy as an Apologetic tool.

B. Peter states: So we have the prophetic word made more sure, towhich you do well to pay attention as to a lamp shining in a darkplace II Pet. 1:19 Refering to his witnessing of the Christ Mt. 17:5

C. Fulfilled prophecy refutes religious sceptism1. If Isaiah did not write these prophecies who did? Another


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prophet an editor or redactor? But why?

2. If Daniels prophecy concerning future events is true

(Babylon, Medes-Persians, Greeks, Romans Dan. 2, 7-8, 70 weeksprophecy Dan. 9), then history confirms the events foretold many

years before. Thus the message of the prophet and the reliability of the

text are both confirmed.

III. Messianic Prophecy: The Suffering Servant ProphecyIsa. 2:13-53:1-12A. Background

1. The prophet Isaiah lived approximately 700 years before

the coming of Christ. 740 B.C. 680 B.C.2. The earliest text of the book of Isaiah was recovered

among the Dead Sea Scrolls (1947). It contains 66

chapters and is recorded on a leather scroll dating from

the 2nd century B.C.

3. Isaiah recorded four unique prophetic messages about hisServant

a. Isaiah 42:1-9, 49:1-13, 50:4-11 and 52:13-53:124.These messages historically date from the times of

-The Babylonian captivity when Jerusalem has been captured (587 B.C. )

-Isaiah 52 is located in the portion of scripture, dealing with Judah andJerusalems future and redemption

B. Who is the Suffering Servant?

Isaiah 52:13-53:1-121. Possible Old Testament Servants

a. Nebuchadnezzar Jer. 27:6

b. Cyrus Isa. 45:1c. Isreal Isa. 49:3d. Messiah Isa. 52-53

2. Two Servants Contrasted

a. Israel Messiah

1. Did not know Lord- 1. Gods arm (servant)Isa. 45:4 Isa. 52:13,

53:1, 59:162. Sinful- Isa. 44:21, 22 2. Righteous-Bears sins

Isa. 53:9, 11

3. Needs redemption 3. Justifies many- Isa. 53 8-

11 Isa. 44:22, 23

3. The Suffering Servant is a person not the nationa. Isa. 53:2, 3 The contrast is made between

He and Him vs. We. The term man is used

in verse 3.

b. Isa. 53:8 Note contrast between (Messiah) he


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is cut off, for transgression of my people (Israel)

c. Isa. 53:89 Messiah is killed and then buried

d. Isa. 52:15 He will sprinkle many nations(Gentiles). This thought would be unacceptable

to any suffering Jew at this time.

A. Summary of Isaiah 531. Isaiah 52:13-15

a. Servant would be highly exalted vs 13

b. Honored among the Gentiles vs 15c. Only after suffering vs 14

2. Isaiah 53:1-9

a. Israel rejects the servant vs 1-3

b. Israel kills the servant vs 7-9c. Israel misunderstands His death vs 4-6

3. Isaiah 53:10-12

a. Servant glorifies God vs 10

b. Believers would be justified vs 11c. Servant is honored vs 12

D. The Prophecies of Isaiah 53

1. Isa. 53:1 fulfilled John 12:37-38

2. Isa. 53:3 fulfilled I Peter 2:4

3. Isa. 53:4 fulfilled Matthew 8:16 / Galations 3:13

4. Isa. 53:5 fulfilled Romans 4:25 / I Peter 2:24

5. Isa. 53:7 fulfilled Matthew 26:62

6. Isa. 53:8 fulfilled I Corinthians 15:3 / 5:7

7. Isa. 53:9 fulfilled I Peter 2:22

8. Isa. 53:10 fulfilled John 1:29 / Acts 8:32

9. Isa. 53:11 fulfilled Acts 13:38-39 / Romans 5:18

10. Isa. 53:12 fulfilled Matthew 28:8 / Luke 23:34


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Homework

Read Isaiah 52-53/5 times before next class

1. Write down your thoughts after each reading.

2. What value do these chapters have to your life?

3. Are they of Apologetic value? How? Why?

4. Memorize the verses that mean the most to you. Be able to recite in class.5. Look up the fulfillment of each verse for the next class.

6. Is healing included in the atonement? See Isa. 53:4 Have a reasoned answer ready.

7. What does Isa. 52:15 mean, What had not been told them they will see, what they had

not heard they will understand?8. Why would others hide their face from Him? Isa. 53:3

9. Make a list of observable features and unobservable features of the servant.10. What should we pray more earnestly for after studying this chapter?

What You Need to Know

1. Isaiah 53 Mark in Bible2. Fulfillment in New Testament Mark in Bible3. This prophecy points to the miracle of the resurrection of Gods Son for our salvation.

4. Do we not sense an unfairness about the world that demands a righteous judgment?

5. How we see, treat and think of others is directly related to our view of man.


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The Importance of Evidence

How we approach (view) evidence greatly affects our conclusions.

We will never arrive at the truth if we are sloppy in examining the evidence,

regardless of the area of consideration scientific, historical, Biblical,

psychological, moral, etc.

A. Watch for vested interests in the presentation of evidence.

1. Documented evidence over undocumented evidence

a. Example Gay Genesb. Example Benefits of Prayer

c. Example Benefits of Eggs

B. Be sure the source of the evidence is reliable and free of bias.

1. Trustworthy witnesses over untrustworthy witnesses

a. Presuppositions of :1.) Athiests, Evolutionists

2.) Christians sun revolves around world

- Ex. Nasa finds missing day2. Watch for educated authority over uneducated authority

a. Well known author, leading expert has written extensively,

authored over 10 books, lectures nationwide, world traveler -Proves Nothing!!

b. Is the author or expert speaking out of his field? A medical

Doctor is not a biblical scholar, even though he holds a PHD(Carl Sagan Phy Anthropology)

3. Remember the majority of scholars are not always right. A large

consensus does not establish truth.

C. Carefully consider all the evidence, even that of an opposing view.1. We all tend to accept evidence:

a. From friends, teachers we like, newspapers, T.V., computer,Magazines, radio, etc

b. For beliefs we already hold

c. From certain ethnic backgrounds, religious organizations,colleges, etc

D. Consider the date of the evidence and how time may affect it 1. Our body of knowledge is constantly growing and changing as new


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discoveries are made. Ex. Shroud of Turin

2. Has science proven Evolution?

4. Is global warming a fact?

E. Trust sources which rely on careful logic and sound reasoning is.

1. Example of Intelligent Design: Do the facts support the conclusion?2. Is the author selective with the evidence?

3. Is there enough evidence?

a. Example: Second Hand Smoke4. How much research went into this project?

F. Act upon the implications and applications of the evidence

1. Evidence points us to the truth2. We grow when we open out eyes to the world around us

a. Requires us to engage our minds reason evaluate-

consider weigh - evidence


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Lesson 9

The Uniqueness of Jesus

Who do people say the son of man is? They replied, Some say John the Baptist,others say Elijah, and still others, Jeremiah or one of the prophets. But what about

you? He asked. Who do you say I am? Mt. 16:13-16

I. The New Testament Central Theme is about the Person of JesusA. Jesus the Uniquely Divine Person

1. Jesus equated himself with the Fathera. To know Jesus is to know God John 14:7

b. To see Jesus is to see God John 14:9c. To trust in Jesus is to trust in God John 14:1

d. To honor the Son is to honor the Father John 5:23

e. Access to the Father is through Christ John 14:62. Jesus made claims that appeared blasphemous to the Jewish religious

leaders

a. Claimed God as his father John 5:17-18 (unique relationship)b. Claimed to be the Great I Am John 8:58-59

c. Claimed oneness with the Father John 10:30-33

d. Mark 14:61-64b. Jesus claims to be Messiahc. Jesus claims to be Son of Man (Dan. 7:13-14)

d. Jesus sits at Gods right hand

e. Jesus will come on the clouds in Judgment3. Jesus exercised Divine Perogatives which attested indirectly to his identity

a. He claimed authority to forgive sins Mk. 2:5-7

b. He received worship Matt. 28:16-17c. He had authority over life & death John 5:21

d. He claimed power to judge John 5:22-27

4. Jesus use of Divine titles demonstrates his Diety

a. God John 1:1, 18; 20:28b. Lord Mark 12:35-37; John 20:28

c. Messiah Matt. 16:16; Mark 14:61

d. Son of God Matt. 16:28; 24:305. Divine qualities, actions or rules proclaimed or attributed to Jesus:

a. Creator John 1:3; Col. 1:16; Heb. 1:2

b. Image of God Col. 1:15; Heb 1:3c. Self Existence John 1:3; 5:26; Col. 1:16


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d. Omnipotence John 1:3; 2:19; Col. 1:16-17

e. Eternal John 1:1; 8:58; 17:5

B. Jesus was uniquely God in the flesh1. Jesus is the God-man

a. The Word became flesh John 1:1, 14

b. Who being in very nature God.being made in human likenessPhillippians 2:5-6

c. For in Christ all the fullness of Diety dwells in bodily formColosians 2:9

d. Jesus Christ has come in the flesh I John 4:2C. The miracles of Jesus were unique

1. Purpose of Jesus miracles-a. Glorify God and to provide evidence for belief Jn. 2:11, 6:2-20; 30-31

2. Extent of Jesus miracles

a. Over death1.) Widows son raised Lk. 7:11

2.) Lazarus raised Jn. 11:433.) Jesus appears to apostles Mk. 16:15-18

b. Over physical infirmity1.) Man born blind healed Jn. 9:1

2.) Mans ear is restored Lk. 22:49-51

3.) 10 lepers cleansed Lk. 17:11c. Over nature

1.) Water turned to wine Jn. 2:1-11

2.) Jesus walks on water Jn. 6:193.) Jesus feeds 5,000 Jn. 6:1

3. Note: All these miracles were public in nature and clearly observable

a. Again: the purpose of the miracles was to demonstrate hispower/authority over the seen and unseen real.

D. Unique Birth of Jesus Christ

1. Isa. 7:14-

a. Behold, a virgin shall conceive and bear a son and shall call his name

Immanuel (ASV)

b. Behold a virgin will be with child (NAS)

c. Behold a virgin will be with child (KSV)

e. Behold a young woman shall conceive (RSV)2. Virgin - Defined

a. Hebrew Alma (Isa. 7:14)

1.) One who has not yet borne a child John Walton, 1997New International Dictionary or Old Testament Theology

& Execesis (Grand Rapids MI: Zonoervan) 3:415-419

2.) H.D.M. Spence and Joseph Exell The Rendering VirginHas the Support of the Best Hebraists, as Lowth Gesinus,

Ewald, Delitzch, Kay. Pulpin Commentary (Grand Rapids

MI, Eerdmaius) 1962 p. 10:128b. Septuagint Parthenos (Isa. 7:14)


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- A female of marriageable age with focus on virginity Danker,Frederick William (2000) A Greek-English Lexicon of the New

Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL.University of Chicago Press) p. 777

3. Matthew 1:18-25

a. The apostle Matthew cites Isa. 7:14 as prophecy fulfilled by the virginbirth of Christ.

Now all this was done, that it might be fulfilled which was spokenof the Lord by the prophet Behold a virgin shall be with child.

Matt. 1:22-23

E. Jesus Uniquely Fulfilled Hundreds of Old Testament Prophecies

1. Many prophecies were not under human control.

a. Born in Bethlehem Mic. 5:2-Mt. 2:1-6b. Virgin Birth Isa. 7:14-Mt.

c. Coming of John Isa. 40:3-Mt. 3:3

2. Many prophecies were very precise

a. Sold 30 Pieces of Silver Zech. 11:12; Mt. 26:14-15b. Buried in Rich Mans Tomb Isa. 53:9; Mt. 27:57-60

c. Bones Not Broken Ps. 34:20; Jn. 19:33, 363. Some prophecies foretold the miraculus

a. Resurrection Ps 16:10-Acts 2:24-32

b. Sit on Davids Throne Ps. 2:6-Acts 13:334. Some prophecies were fulfilled by Christs enemies

a. Hands pierced Ps. 22:16, Lk 23:33, Jn. 20:25-27

b. Mocked Ps. 22:7-8; Mt. 27:41, 43

c. Garments parted Ps. 22:18-Jn. 19:24F. The Unique Character & Teaching of Jesus

1. Jesus Character-a. Estimate of the disciples1.) John the Baptist I need to be baptized by you Mt 3:4

2.) Peter He committed no sin; no guile was found on his lips I

Pet. 2:223.) Paul For our sake he made him to be sin who knew no sin

II Cor. 5:21

b. Jesus enemies

1.) Pilates wife Have nothing to do with that righteous manMt. 27:19

2.) Judas I have sinned in betraying innocent blood Mt 27:4

3.)Thief on the cross This man has done nothing wrongLk. 23:41

5.) Roman centurion The son of God Mt. 27:54

c. Jesus example1.) Washed disciples feet - humility

2.) Died for sins Mt. 26:28

3.) His love for sinners woman at the well4.) His compassion for lost and suffering


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2. Jesus teaching

a. Was recognized as unique

1.) The multitudes were amazed at his teaching.not as theirteachers of the law Mt. 27:28-29

2.) Hometown marveled at his teaching Where did this man get

this wisdom Mt. 13:543.) Guards No man ever spoke the way this man does Jn. 7:46

b. Had divine authority

1.) His teaching touches all areas of lifea.) Thoughts, choices, values, morals, body, money,

priorities, relationships, career, death, hope of eternity

2.) His teaching reveals who God is and who we are

a.) God is loveb.) We are made in Gods image

c.) We are hopelessly lost without God

3.) His teaching addresses the most important questions of life

a.) Origin -* I am created by a loving God.

* I share a unique bond - imageb.) Meaning -

* I exist to serve and glorify God

* My meaning is found in knowing and loving him

(relationship)c.) Morality -

* My choices are based upon his character

* His laws bring peace, harmony and joyd.) Destiny

* My destiny is to live in eternity with him

* This gives me hope/joye.) Note: How all 4 points are intimately tied together

forming the Christian worldview.


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The Character and Teaching of Jesus are Unique

1. He was the Son of God yet washed the disciples feet.

2. No one ever spoke the way this man does Jn. 7:463. As a child the synagogue was amazed at his understanding and his

answers Lk. 2:474. The multitudes were amazed at his teaching because he taught as one

whohas authority, and not as their teachers of the Law Mt. 7:28-29

5. His hometown marveled at his teaching. Where did this man get this

wisdom and these miraculous powers? Mt. 13:54

6. Even the guards state No one ever spoke the way this man does Jn. 7:46


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The Reliability of the Gospel Accounts

I. IntroductionA. The majority of information concerning Christs life is found in the four

Gospels Matthew, Mark, Luke and John.1. Manuscript Evidence Do we have sufficient copies to determine a

reliable text?

2. Time Frame of Events Did the writers live during the period that theseevents took place?

3. Internal Integrity Do the authors agree or disagree? Do they contradict

each other? Are they honest?

4. External Verification Are the Gospels accurate with secular facts? Dodates coinside with historical events and what does archeology have to say?


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Lesson 12

The Reliability of the Gospel Records

I. Intro

A. The majority of information concerning Christs life is found in the fourGospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John

B. 4 Tests to Determine History of Documents

1.) Manuscript Evidence Do we have sufficient copies to determine a

reliable text?

2.) Time Frame of Events Did the writers live during the period that theyclaimed these events took place?

3.) Internal Integrity Do the authors agree or disagree? Do they contradicteach other? Are they honest?

4.) External Verification - Are the Gospels accurate with secular facts? Do

dates coinside with historical events and what does archeology have tosay?

II. New Testament Manuscript Evidence

A. Over 5,000 New Testament ManuscriptsB. Date

1.) Earliest Chester Beatty and Bodmer Papyri (fragment Gospel of John)

Dates from 50-158 A.D.

We can already say emphatically that there is no longer any solid basis for

dating any book of the New Testament after about A.D. 80 William Albright

III. Time Frame of Recorded Events:

A. The Dating of Pauls Letters

1. Acts 18:2 Claudius commands all Jews to leave Romea. Suetonius records this event AD 49

b. Paul probably arrived at Corinth AD 50

1.) Confirmed by inscription dating Gallios appointment as proconsul

in Achaia at July 51 (See Acts 18:12)c. I Thess. Written from Corinth (See I Thess. 3:6 and Acts 18:5)

2. Paul is sent to Rome by Festus, Roman procurator of Judea (Acts 25:12)

AD 60a. From Rome Paul wrote Prison Epistles AD 60-62

b. Eusebius states that Paul was executed in Rome under Nero

c. Therefore Paul wrote his Epistles between AD 50-AD 62B. Dating of Lukes Gospel:


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1. Luke wrote his Gospel and the Book of Acts Lk. 1:1-4, Acts1:1-5

a. Acts ends with Paul in Rome Acts 28:30 (AD 60-62)

b. Luke was a companion with Paul on his journeys Acts 16:10-17,20:5, 21:18, 27:1-28:16

c. Luke was with Paul when Colossians and Philemon was written

(Col. 4:14, Phil 24) and during the Roman imprisonment (II Tim 4:11)d. Luke tells us his earlier work (Gospel of Luke) was written before

(Acts 1:1) thus sometime between AD 58-61

C. Dating of Johns Writings:1. Apostle John wrote much of the New Testament

a. Authored Gospel of John 1-11-111 John and the Revelation

1.) Most scholars date the either in Ad 68-69 of AD 95-96

2.) Irenaeus claimed that John lived until the time of Trajan AD 983.) Hence All of Johns writings would date no later then AD 96

IV. Early Witness of Christ

A. Defined Witness

One who has seen or heard somethingto be present at or have personalknowledge of The American Heritage Dictionary, Houghton Miffin Co. 1985

p. 13871. Apostle John and Peter Jn. 21:20, 24; 19:35; Acts 2:32, I Peter 5:1;

II Peter 1:16-18

2. An eyewitness onlooker Heb. 10:28

4. Charges against others must be sustained by two or threewitnesses

Mt. 18:16; I Tim. 5:19

3. Apostles were witnesses of Christ Acts 1:8, 20, 32B. Apostle John was a witness of events Jn. 19:35; 21:24 I Jn. 1:1-2;

Rev. 1:1-31. Details of Timea. John 2:1 Third Day

b. John 3:24 John not yet thrown into prison

c. John 4:6 Jacobs Well, Sixth Hourd. John 4:40 Stayed Two Days

e. John 12:1 Six Days Before the Passover

f. John 19:14 Sixth Hour

g. John 20:1 First Day of the Week2. Details of place

a. Mt. Gerizim Jn. 4:20

b. Pool of Silom Jn. 9:7c. Kidron Valley Jn. 18:1

d. Cann in Galilee Jn 2:1

e. The Pavement, Labbatha Jn. 19:13John was very familiar with the topography of Palestine in the

first century

3. Details of Peoplea. John the Baptist did no sign Jn. 10:41


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b. Nicodemus brings 100 pounds of myrrh and aloe to apply to the

body of Jesus Jn. 19:38,39

c. Nathanael was from ???? in Galilee Jn. 21:2d. Caiaphas was the son in law of Annas Jn. 18:13

4. Miscellanious Details

a. City of Samaria Synchar near a field Jacob gave his son, hasa well - Jn. 4:4, 11, 19

b. Capernaum is down hill from Cana of Galilee (mentioned 3

times) - Jn. 4:46, 49, 51c. By the sheep gate is a pool with 5 porticoes Jn. 5:2

d. Maceabean Feast of Dedication occurs in the winter Jn. 10:22,

23

5. He witnessed great miracles-a. Jn. 2:1-11 Saw 680 liters of water turn to wine

b. Jn. 4:46-54 Healing from a distance

Jn. 5:1-9 Man crippled for 38 years

c. Jn. 6:1-15 5,000 men fedd. Jn. 9:1-8 Man born blind is healed

e. Jn. 11:1-44 Lazarus dead for 4 daysf. Jn. 20:1-29 Jesus raised after 3 days

C. Luke A Reliable Historian?

a. Lk. 1:1-4

1. Many had written accounts of Jesusa.) possibly earlier works by Matthew of Mark

2. Lukes accounts are from competent sources

a.) eyewitnesses see Lk. 24:48; Acts 1:8 (who were there fromthe beginning)

b.) Servants of the Word-

c.) Luke had opportunity to converse with Apostles, eyewitnessespersonal friends relatives of Jesus

3. Luke had investigated everything carefully

a.) carefully accurately ( akribos) means going into minute detail1.) He traveled with Paul

2.) He was aquainted with the facts through first hand

knowledge or personal inquiry

3.) From the first birth of Jesus

4.) Luke writes accurately and orderly4. Goal of his work

a.) Produce certainty in Theophiles5. Luke a physician, educated

D. Gospel of Mark

1. Backgrounda. John Mark cousin of Barnabas Col 4:10

1. Traveled with Barnabas on missionary tour Ax. 15:39

2. Traveled with Paul Ax. 13:153. Later identified was a fellow worker (Philemon 23)


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4. Peter refers ro Mark as my son I Pet. 5:13

2.Historical Elements of Marks Gospela. Historical Context

1. *In Galilee when Herod Antipas was tetrarch (6:14)

2. * Jesus was tried by Roman Prefect of Judea, Pontus Pilate

3. *Herod??? Strongly opposed Jesus (Mark 3:6, 12:13)3. Eyewitness Account

a. Vivid Detail

1. *Jesus emotions 1:40-43, 3:1,2,52. * On cross Mk. 15:34

3. * Jesus looked around Mk 3:5, 34; 5:32; 10:23; 11:11

b. Details of Time

1. * Late 11:112. * Two days before Passover 14:1

3. *3rd hour 15:25

5. 6th hour 15:33

c. Details of Place1. *Jerusalem 11:1

2. * Out to Bethany 11:113. * Sat on the Mt. of Olives 13:3

4. *Praetorium 15:16

d. Details of People1. *Barnabas a murderer 16:6-15

2. *Simon of Cyrene 15:21

3. * Joseph of Arimathea 15:43

4. Papias Fragments (Bishop of Laodicea) AD 140 asserts that Matthewwrote one of the Gospels while Mark wrote another Gospel based on the

eyewitness testimony of the Apostle Pater. Two other fragments testifythat the Apostle John dictated his Gospel to Papias himself.

V. The Gospels Were Quickly Viewed as Inspired Works

A. New Testament writers1. I Tim. 5:18 Refers to Lk. 10:7

2. II Pet. 3:15-16 calls Pauls epistles scripture

B. Testimony of Apostolic Fathers

1.Clement of Rome (AD 95)- Quotes portions found in all three synopticGospels.

2. Ignatios & Polycarp (AD 115)- Refers to verses in the synoptic Gospels.

3. Barnabas (AD 135)- Refers to Matthew 22:14 as scripture4. Papias Fragments (AD 140)- Asset that Matthew and Mark wrote their

Gospels and this is based upon the eyewitness testimony of the Apostle

Peter.


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II. Time Frame of Recorded Events:

A. The Dating of Pauls Letters

1. Acts 18:2 Claudius commands all Jews to leave Romea. Suetonius records this event AD 49

6. Paul probably arrived at Corinth AD 50

1.) Confirmed by inscription dating Gallios appointment as proconsul

in Achaia at July 51 (See Acts 18:12)7. I Thess. Written from Corinth (See I Thess. 3:6 and Acts 18:5)

2. Paul is sent to Rome by Festus, Roman procurator of Judea (Acts 25:12)

AD 60

a. From Rome Paul wrote Prison Epistles AD 60-62b. Eusebius states that Paul was executed in Rome under Nero

c. Therefore Paul wrote his Epistles between AD 50-AD 62B. Dating of Lukes Gospel:

1. Luke wrote his Gospel and the Book of Acts Lk. 1:1-4, Acts 1:1-5

a. Acts ends with Paul in Rome Acts 28:30 (AD 60-62)

b. Luke was a companion with Paul on his journeys Acts 16:10-17,20:5, 21:18, 27:1-28:16

c. Luke was with Paul when Colossians and Philemon was written

(Col. 4:14, Phil. 24) and during the Roman imprisonment (II Tim 4:11)d. Luke tells us his earlier work (Gospel of Luke) was written before (Acts

1:1) thus sometime between AD 58-61.

2. Luke A Reliable Historian?a. Lk. 1:1-4

1. Many had written accounts of Jesus

a.) possibly earlier works by Matthew of Mark2. Lukes accounts are from competent sources

a.) eyewitnesses see Lk. 24:48; Acts 1:8 (who were there from

the beginning)

b.) Servants of the Word-c.) Luke had opportunity to converse with Apostles, eyewitnesses

personal friends relatives of Jesus

3. Luke had investigated everything carefullya.) carefully accurately ( akribos) means going into minute detail

5.) He traveled with Paul

6.) He was aquainted with the facts through first handknowledge or personal inquiry

7.) From the first birth of Jesus

8.) Luke writes accurately and orderly4. Goal of his work


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a.) Produce certainty in Theophiles

5. Luke a physician, educated

3. External Evidence that John the Son of Zebedee Authored 4th Gospela. Irenaeus AD 130-200, Identifies John the Apostle as author of the

Gospel of John

1. Source of Irenaeus knowledge of the origins of the Gospel ofJohn seems to be Polycarp AD 69-155 who knew the Apostles

b. Clement of Alexandria AD 150-215 states that John composed a Gospel

8. Muratorian Canon attributes the fourth Gospel to JohnC. Dating of Johns Writings:

1. Apostle John wrote much of the New Testament

1. Authored Gospel of John I-II-III John and the Revelation

1. Most scholars date the either in AD 68-69 of AD 95-962. Irenaeus claimed that John lived until the time of Trajan AD 98

3. Hence All of Johns writings would date no later than AD 96


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Lesson 2

The conflict between Christian theism and atheism is fundamentally a conflict between

faith and reason.

Atheism: The Case Against God, 1979, p. 5

Faith is believing in something when common sense tells you not to.

Movie: Miracle of 34th Street

I. Faith and ReasonA. Biblical Faith

1. Faith Greeka. Pisteuo verb- primarily has reference to the act of faith or

belief

b. Pistis- noun- a means of persuasion, an argument, proofLindelle Scott, A Greek English Lexicon, 1869, p. 1272-1273

The terms suggest a prior understanding (knowledge) of what is to be

believed.

2. Faith Uses ofa. Faith=Belief (John 12:42)

b. Faith=Trust (Rom. 4:17-20)c. Faith=Obedience (Heb. 10:39)d. Faith=Steadfast, Loyal (Gal. 3:9)

e. Faith=Content of the Faith i.e.gospel (Jude 3)

f. Faith=Strong Personal Conviction (Rom. 14:23)g. Faith=Spiritual Life (I Cor. 13:2)

3. Faith and Knowledge

a. Pistis (belief) and gnosis (knowledge) are closely related

1.) John 6:69, We have believed nad have known that you

are the Christ.

2.) John 17:8, The Apostles have known that surely I

came forthfrom you and they believed that you sentme.(See Jn 16:27-30)

3.) John 8:32, you shall know the truth and the truth shallmake you free. Jn. 14:6 I am the way, the truth and

the Life.

4.) John 20:31, But these signs are written that you maybelieve that Jesus is the Christ


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5.) I John 5:13, These things I have written to you whobelieve in the name of the Son of God that you may know

that you have

eternal life.

6.) Acts 2:14-40, Peter used a variety of types of evidence

on the Day of Pentecost:i. Eyewitness testimony vs. 27-32

ii. Miracles of Christ vs. 22

iii. Prophecy vs. 25-28* Faith often is portrayed biblically as knowledge based upon

testimony.

* Faith is not a blind leap.

b. Faith is based upon knowledge1.) Saving Knowledge (Gospel) comes only from special

revelation - scripture (Rom. 10:17)

2.) General knowledge comes through nature the created

realm (Ps. 19:1-6; Rom. 1:19-22)3.) Biblically speaking, one does not believe that God is:

a. Against the evidenceb. Without the evidence

c. Beyond the evidence

Rather one believes on the basis of evidence sufficient to

establish the conclusion. I Thess. 5:21

B. Faith vs Reason Misconceptions

1. Faith and reason are oppositesa. Faith deals with God-putting our trust in him/Reason

requires us to trust our own judgement

1.) Why should we consult/use human reason to know orunderstand the divine?

2.) Should human reason sit in judgement of God?

2. Faith is unreasonablea. God is 3 persons but 1 being?

b. Jesus is God incarnate?

c. Jesus is the God Man

C. Various Theories Concerning the Relationship Between Faith and Reason

1. Rationalism holds that everything we know by faith can also be

understood or discovered or proved by reason.2. Fideism contends that faith alone (without reason) is all that is needed

for salvation.

3. Dualism separates faith and reason.a. Reason functions in scientific, mathematical and empirical

realm.

b. Faith functions in the personal, subjective realm.

* Reason and faith correspond to the public and private sectors.


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4.Biblical Position

a. Truths known by faith and not by reason

1.) Trinityb. Truths known by both faith and reason

1.) Moral Law

c. Truths known by reason and not by faithD. Biblical Reason

1. Christians are created in Gods image with an intellectual capability

a. The use of our intellectual abilities determine how reasonable orrational our beliefs are

1.) Wishful thinking gas prices will soon hit an all time

low unreasonable

2.) Believing that stories in the National Enquirer are true would be due to the fascination with the sensational, not to

reason

2. God has given us cognitive faculties to help form our beliefs

a. Among these are perception, memory, testimony, reasoning,intuition, etc

b. The purpose of these faculties is to assist us in aquiringknowledge

1.) Seeing-learn truth about world

2.) Memory-learn from the past

3.) Testimony-learn from others4.) Reason logically-know what truths are implied by the

truths we already believe

E. The Basis for a Rational Faith

1. I Peter 3:15

a. Apolgia give an answer/defense used of formal and informaldialogue.

b. Christians are commanded to give a reason for the hope this

clearly involves the intellect/mind.2. I Thessalonians 5:21

a. Prove all things (literally, put all things to the test) in other

words, dont go beyond the evidence!

b. Note other occurances:1.) Rom.12:2, Renewing of your mind, that you may

prove

2.) I Tim. 3:10, But let these also first be tested3.) I John 4;1, Do not believe every spirit but test the

spirits whether they are of God

3. Romans 12:1a. The offering of our bodies to Gods service is called your

reasonable service.

1.) The rational/logical act of offering our bodies to God is

consistent with our purpose/goal of our life.


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4. John 1:1

a. The supreme biblical affirmation of the place of reason isapplied to the Son of God who enlightens all

b. The logos (word, reason) is the principle which unifies all of

reality and renders that reality intelligible to usF. Conclusion:

1. Gods gives us evidence to believe

a. miracles of Jesus -> Deityb. Prophecy -> -> -> ->Deity

c. Resurrection > -> ->Deity

2. This evidence is evaluated by the intellect/mind

a. Is he a fraud?b. Did Apostles lie?

c. Prophecy is made up?

3. The will/volition of man believes or rejects the message

a. Faith is a volitional commitment of an informed intellect touched by thelove of God

4. John 20:26-31a. Thomas saw/felt/believed

2. We did not see/feel/yet believe (Lk. 16:31)


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Lesson 5

World Views Seeing the Big Picture

I. What is a World View?

A. It is a grid through which human beings filter, interpret and then interact withthe world around us.

1. It is a set of presuppositions (or assumptions) which everyone holds

(consciously or subconsciously) about the basic makeup of our world.2. Whenever we come into meaningful contact with another person, we

are forced to deal with his or her world view. Ones world view is

capable of either revealing the world as it truly is or distorting and

tinting our perspective of the actual world.3. There is no such thing as a neutral worldview!!!

II. Some Basic Assumptions Which Most People Hold, Regardless of Ones World View:A. Something Exists Solipsism is a dead end street for most people

B. All People Have Absolutes for the Christian God sets the standard. For others

It is the state, love, power or for others it is themselves or man.C. No Statement Can Be Both True and False at the Same Time Communism

and Christianity make divergent claims concerning the nature of reality

therefore they cannot both be true. Either man is in control or God is!

D. All People Exercise Faith All of us presuppose certain things to betrue

without absolute proof. For example: God exists; is good; the universe is a

closed system, free choice is an illusion.

E. All People Desire the Truth No one wants to believe lies, halftruths,

opinions, and rumors. We all deeply desire to find the truth, for our life, ourfamily, our peace of mind.

III. Core World View Beliefs1. Theology - God

Does he exist? What is his nature? Is he personal?

2. Metaphysics (Ultimate Reality)Is the universe eternal? Did an external God create the world? Is there


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purpose for the universe? What is the nature of the universe? Is cosmos

material? Is the universe closed? Are miracles real?

3. Epistemology (Knowledge)Can we trust our senses? Role of reason and sense? Is truth relative?

Relationship of faith and reason? Is knowledge about God possible? How?

4. Ethics (Focus -> Why certain actions are wrong)Are there moral laws that govern human conduct? Is morality subjective

Or objective? Is morality relative?

5. AnthropologyAre we free? Determined? Are we just bodies/minds? Do we have a soul

or spirit? Does death end our existence?

IV. 8 Questions That Can Help Us Understand Anothers World ViewA. Why is there something rather than nothing? (Cosmology/Ontology)

1. Everything that now is came from nothing.

2. Everything that now is had an impersonal beginning.

3. Matter is eternal.4. Everything that now is had a personal beginning.

B. How do you know that you know? (Epistemology)1. Rationalism The mind is the center of our source of knowledge.

2. Empiricism The source of our knowledge is found in the senses. We

know only what is perceived.

3. Revelation We know something only because we are told.C. How do you explain human nature? (Anthropology)

1. Tabula Rasa We are born blank slates

2. Inherent Goodness born good but society causes us to behaveotherwise

3. Evolved Social Animal We have instinctive traits that cause internal

conflict.4. Created Image Bearer Man created good but sinned.

D. Is there a God or Gods? (Theology)

1. Atheism There is no supernatural being who exists. Whatever powersexist in the universe are purely natural and not supernatural.

2. Agnosticism There is not sufficient evidence to conclude that a

supernatural being exists.3. Theist I know that God exists.

E. How do you determine what is right and wrong? (Ethics)

1. Ethical Relativism Ethics are cultural or situational.

2. Ethical Determinism There is no free choice.3. Utilitarianism The greatest God for the greatest number of people.4. Conventionalism might makes right, a totalitarian society sets the

standard of conduct.

3. Revealed Absolutes conduct is revealed from a loving God.F. What is real? (Metaphysics)

1. What is the nature of the universe?2. Is anything supernatural?


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3. Is the universe eternal?

G. Is there a purpose/meaning to life? (Teleology)

1. Nihilism Life is meaningless/absurd.2. Optimistic Humanism We create our own meaning. (subjective)

3. Theism God is the author and director of life, thru him we find

meaning and purpose.H. What happens to a person at death? (Immortality)

1. Death beings extinction of personality and individuality.

2. Death brings reincarnation or realization of oneness with the cosmos.3. Death is the gate to life with God or to seperation from him.

V. Criteria for Evaluating World ViewsA. A high degree of coherence or internal consistency.

1. Example: You are pre-determined and have free will violates the Law

of Non-Contradiction.

2. All ideas are logically interconnected (Law of Gravity).B. A strong foundation in correspondence, it will have factual support.

1. It will consider and explain facts from all areas of reality.Example: Morality, Science, Experience, Archeology.

Example: Death is an illusion

C. Not one line of evidence but rather a cumulative case by converging lines from

several sources of data.1. This works in courts of law.

2. Like strands of a rope.

D. A true world view must be non-contradictory and it must fit the facts ofexperience, Both internal and external.

1. Must explain all the relevant data.

2. Has explanatory power (big picture)

*World views cannot be decided on the basis of instinct, custom, tradition, feelings, sense

perception, intuition or pragmatism.

IV. World Views and Apologetics

A. A skillful Christian who understands the various world views can ask probing

questions which will enable you to ask the right questions and detectinconsistences within particular world views.

B. In order to reach others for Christ we need to be aware of the following:

1. Have a coherent and intelligible world view.2. Have a consistant, biblically influenced world view.

3. Be able to defend or refute argument against the Christian world view.

4. Strive to do the above at the right time, place and circumstance.D. We need to believe that anyone can change.

1. Paul of Tarsus


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Lesson 6

The Existence of God

I believe in Christianity as I believe that the sun has risen, not only because I see it, but

by it I see everything else. - C. S. Lewis

I. Can we rationally establish the existence of God?A. Objections to natural Theology

1. The Bible gives no such argument; therefore we should not.

a. Bible does not rule out these kinds of arguments2. Finite beings cannot prove an infinite God.

a. Confuses metaphysics and epistemology

3. Theistic arguments cannot compel belief in God so pointless?

a. No rational argument will compel belief.b. Additional factors/evidence can strengthen case.

4. Because God in invisible, there is no good reason to believe in God.a. There are other ways to perceive realities than by senses.5. God is just a projection of religious imagination.

a. C. S. Lewis argued that our need for God may be evidence that

God exists.b. Turning the Tables Atheists deny God because they have a

Father complex.

6. If God exists why is there no evidence?

a. If God worked signs, miracles and wonders -1.) Witnesses would be accused of hallucinating

2.) Demonstration was an optional illusion

3.) Demonstration would be declared a natural phenomena4.) Demonstration was not caused by God

b. God desires our trust

1.) Faith requires a deeper trust in himII. Some Problems With an Atheistic World View

A. If there is no God:

1. There is no ground for reason2. There is no objective truth


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a. All truth is subjective

3. There are no absolute morals

a. All morality is createdb. No ultimate right or wrong

4. Life has no ultimate meaning

a. We create purpose for our livesb. But our purpose is self defined

5. There is no eternal hope

a. Because we are finite mortal beings6. There is no future justice

a. All atrocities, sins and evils will never be punished

7. Free will is just an illusion

8. Seems to be contrary to human natureB. The rejection of God results in the belief -

1. That matter is eternal

2. Matter created life

3. Universe is uncaused4. Matter created mind/intelligence

5. Matter created morals6. Matter became conscious

III. The Value of Theistic Arguments

A. Makes us more aware of the strengths of the Christian case

1. Goes beyond special revelationB. Helps build a cumulative case for the Christian worldview

1. Experience

2. Rational3. Intuition

C. Enables us to give a better explanation of the nature and meaning of the

universe.1. Christians dismissed as anti-intellectual

D. Provides an incentive for the seeker to consider the truth claims of

Christianity.1. Provides an opportunity to break soil and prepare hearts.

E. Strengthens our faith in God and gives us greater confidence in speaking to

others about him

IV. History of Theistic ArgumentsA. Arguments for the existence of God

1. Originated in ancient Greek philosophy

2. Further developed by Jewish, Islamic and Christian thinkers3. David Hume (1711-1776) and Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) subjected

theistic arguments to rigorous criticism

4. Nineteenth century developments in science, especially with the rise ofevolution, promoted serious doubts about the existence of the Biblical

God.

B. Traditional Arguments of Thomas Aquinas 5 Ways

1. From motion to an Unmoved Mover


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2. From effects to a First Cause

3. From Contingent being to a Necessary Being

4. From degrees of perfection to a Most Perfect Being5.) From design in nature to a Designer of Nature

C. Today there are many arguments for the existence of God

1. Moral arguments2. Telelogical arguments (design)

3. Ontological arguments (idea of God)

4. Cosmological arguments (cause)5. Historical arguments (miracles)

6. Experential arguments

7. Practical arguments (Pascals Wager)

V. The Cumulative Case for Gods ExistenceA. Which arguments presents the strongest case for Theism?

1. The ones which best explain the important realities and phenomena

we encounter every day.

2. The ones which we understand the clearest and are able to communicateto others easily.

3. The ones we are absolutely conviced of.B. Argument #1 God uniquely accounts for the physical universes beginning

1. Current scientific theory poses the universe began 14 billion years ago

2. The Law of Entropy (2nd Law of Thermodynamics) states that energy

is being dissipated gradually and equally. Thus the universe has been inexistence only a finite period of time.

3. Cosmological arguments states: Whatever begins to exist has a cause

for its coming into being. The universe began to exist, therefore theuniverse has a cause for its coming into being.

4. This explanation is in harmony with Gen. 1:1

C. Argument #2 God uniquely accounts for the order, complexity and designevident in the universe

1. Anthropic Principle (The fine tuning of the universe) From the fine

tuning of the fundamentals of physics, to the just right nature of thesolar system, to DNA code.

2. Conclusion: All knowledge, truth, and information comes from an

accidental, random source. All design, intelligence and complexity

arose by chance and coincidence3. The effect is far greater than the cause

D. Argument #3 God uniquely accounts for the reality of abstract nonphysical

realities1. The most important and wonderful realities of life cannot be detected

by human senses

a. The objective nature of Numbersb. The fundamental laws of logic

2. Col. 1:16-17 - All things were created that are in Heaven and thatare on earthvisible and invisible

E. Argument #4 God uniquely accounts for the reality of objective ethical


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values

1. Moral values are a fundamental part of human life, every bit as real as

gravity (also unseen but felt)2. Moral values were recognized at Nuremberg by the world court. How

can there be a crime against humanity if there is no such thing as right

and wrong?3. Romans 2:15 God has written a moral code (conscience) within the

heart. If there is no law giver then there is no law

F. Argument #5 God uniquely accounts for the meaning, purpose andsignificance that human beings sense and yearn for

1. Most people sense that their lives have real objective meaning

a. We grieve for the child who dies too soon

2. Most people yearn for a purpose that extends beyond the grave3. If this world is meaningless, then all life is meaningless. Yet most look -

yearn for something more.

G. Argument #6 God uniquely accounts for mans sense of the divine1. Ps. 19:1-4

2. Rom . 2:14-153. If man is made in Gods image then:

a. This explains our religious nature, our sense of the divine

b. This explains our guilt feelings and conscience

c. This explains our need and desire for justiceH. Argument #7 God uniquely accounts for the aesthetic nature of man

1. All men have a sense of beauty

2. If all beauty is artificial and not real then why are we the only animalsto have this ability?

3. Why is there a consenus among all people that waterfalls inspire awe?


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Lesson 8

Moral Relativism

Morality is always dreadfully complicated to a man who has lost all his principlesG.