apm graph eng v.9.2 · research and software development center apm ltd, oktyabrsky boulevard 14,...

APM Graph User's Guide

APM Graph 2D graphics editor with parametrical drawing functionality Version 9.2

User's Guide

Research and Software Development Center APM Ltd,

Oktyabrsky boulevard 14, office №6, Korolev, Moscow Region, 141070, RUSSIA

Tel./fax: +7 (498) 600-25-10, +7 (495) 514-84-19.

http://www.apmwm.com, e-mail: [email protected] Copyright 1992 – 2007 by Research and Software Development Center APM Ltd. All rights

reserved. All APM products are trademarks and registered trademarks of APM Ltd. Other brand and product names are trademarks and registered trademarks of their respective holders.

Printed in Russia.

http://www.apmwm.com

mailto:[email protected]

APM Graph. User's Guide

3

Contents

Introduction............................................................................................................... 6 Preliminaries................................................................................................................................. 6 Hardware and software requirements.......................................................................................... 6 Brief guidebook ............................................................................................................................ 6 Fonts used in this book................................................................................................................ 7 How to contact APM ..................................................................................................................... 7

Chapter 1. АРМ Graph Interface .............................................................................. 8 Status bar...................................................................................................................................... 8 Ruler bars...................................................................................................................................... 8 Main menu..................................................................................................................................... 9 Toolbars .......................................................................................................................................10 Parameter Input dialog box .........................................................................................................11 Mouse scroll.................................................................................................................................12 Pan / Zoom view...........................................................................................................................12

Chapter 2. Command Reference............................................................................ 13 File menu......................................................................................................................................13

New ...........................................................................................................................................13 New Model .................................................................................................................................13 Open..........................................................................................................................................13 Close .........................................................................................................................................13 Save ..........................................................................................................................................13 Save As .....................................................................................................................................13 Import ........................................................................................................................................13 Export ........................................................................................................................................13 Save Blocks ...............................................................................................................................13 Print ...........................................................................................................................................13 Printer Setup..............................................................................................................................14 Recent Files ...............................................................................................................................14 Exit.............................................................................................................................................14

Edit menu .....................................................................................................................................14 Undo ..........................................................................................................................................14 Redo ..........................................................................................................................................14 Cut.............................................................................................................................................15 Copy ..........................................................................................................................................15 Paste .........................................................................................................................................15

View Menu....................................................................................................................................15 Toolbars.....................................................................................................................................15 Redraw ......................................................................................................................................15 Previous View ............................................................................................................................15 Next View...................................................................................................................................15 Pan / Realtime............................................................................................................................16 Pan / By vector...........................................................................................................................16 Zoom / Realtime.........................................................................................................................16 Zoom / Zoom In/Out ...................................................................................................................16 Zoom / Scale..............................................................................................................................16 Zoom / Window ..........................................................................................................................16 Zoom / All...................................................................................................................................16

Draw Menu ...................................................................................................................................16 Line / Through Two Points..........................................................................................................16 Line / Parallel to Line..................................................................................................................17 Line / Normal to Line ..................................................................................................................17 Line / Tangent to Circle or Arc ....................................................................................................17 Line / Normal to Circle or Arc......................................................................................................17 Line / Tangent to Two Circles or Arcs .........................................................................................17


4

Line / Through Point at Angle to Line..........................................................................................17 Line / Bisector ............................................................................................................................18 Line / Tangent to Circle or Arc and at Angle to Line ....................................................................18 Line / Auxiliary Line ....................................................................................................................18 Circle / Center and Radius..........................................................................................................18 Circle / Center and Tangent........................................................................................................18 Circle / Two Points on Diameter .................................................................................................18 Circle / Two Points and Radius...................................................................................................19 Circle / Two Points and Tangent .................................................................................................19 Circle / Two Tangents and Center ..............................................................................................19 Circle / Three Points...................................................................................................................19 Circle / Three Tangents ..............................................................................................................19 Arc / Three Points.......................................................................................................................19 Arc / Start, End and Radius ........................................................................................................19 Arc / Start, End and Radius ........................................................................................................20 Arc / Start, Center and End Points ..............................................................................................20 Arc / Start, Center and Angle......................................................................................................20 Arc / Start, Center and Length ....................................................................................................20 Arc / Center, Start and End Points ..............................................................................................20 Arc / Center, Start and Angle......................................................................................................20 Arc / Center, Start and Length ....................................................................................................20 Point / Free Point .......................................................................................................................20 Point / On Object ........................................................................................................................21 Point / On Intersection................................................................................................................21 Curve / Ellipse by 3 Points..........................................................................................................21 Curve / Ellipse by Rectangle.......................................................................................................21 Curve / Spline ............................................................................................................................21 Curve / NURBS..........................................................................................................................21 Curve / Polyline..........................................................................................................................21 Curve / Polygon..........................................................................................................................22 Text / Free Text ..........................................................................................................................22 Text / Text along Line.................................................................................................................24 Hatch / Simple Hatch..................................................................................................................24 Hatch / User Defined ..................................................................................................................25 Hatch / By Point .........................................................................................................................25 Dimension / Size ........................................................................................................................26 Dimension / Angle and Distance.................................................................................................28 Dimension / Diameter.................................................................................................................28 Dimension / Dimension Chaines.................................................................................................29 Special Symbols / Tolerance ......................................................................................................31 Special Symbols / Roughness ....................................................................................................32 Special Symbols / Inscription......................................................................................................33 Special Symbols / Table .............................................................................................................36 Special Symbols / Level Mark.....................................................................................................38 Block / Insert Block.....................................................................................................................39 Block / Insert Object from Database ...........................................................................................41

Modify menu ................................................................................................................................42 Edit ............................................................................................................................................42 Modify ........................................................................................................................................43 Select.........................................................................................................................................48 Move..........................................................................................................................................48 Copy ..........................................................................................................................................48 Rotate ........................................................................................................................................48 Scale..........................................................................................................................................49 Mirror .........................................................................................................................................49 Rectangular Array ......................................................................................................................49 Polar Array.................................................................................................................................50 Offset .........................................................................................................................................50 Erase .........................................................................................................................................51 Fillet to Two Objects...................................................................................................................51


5

Chamfer.....................................................................................................................................51 Break at Point ............................................................................................................................51 Break between Points.................................................................................................................52 Trim object .................................................................................................................................52 Align on boundary ......................................................................................................................52 Split Control Point.......................................................................................................................52 Unite Control Points ...................................................................................................................53 Make Block ................................................................................................................................53 Explode Block ............................................................................................................................53

Format menu................................................................................................................................54 Linetype Manager.......................................................................................................................54 Line Fashion Manager................................................................................................................55 Layer Manager ...........................................................................................................................56 Text Styles .................................................................................................................................57 Global Scale Factor....................................................................................................................58

Tools menu ..................................................................................................................................59 Properties ..................................................................................................................................59 Save Properties..........................................................................................................................61 UCS / UCS List ..........................................................................................................................61 UCS / World ...............................................................................................................................61 UCS / Origin...............................................................................................................................62 UCS / Rotate about Z Axis..........................................................................................................62 Measure object...........................................................................................................................62 Measure between objects...........................................................................................................62 Database Manager.....................................................................................................................63

Window menu ..............................................................................................................................63 Cascade.....................................................................................................................................63 Tile.............................................................................................................................................63 Arrange Icons.............................................................................................................................63

Help menu....................................................................................................................................64 Contents ....................................................................................................................................64 About APM Graph ......................................................................................................................64

Chapter 3 Parametrization...................................................................................... 65 Parametrization menu..................................................................................................................65

Commands.................................................................................................................................65 Variables....................................................................................................................................65 Base Point..................................................................................................................................65 Replace Variable........................................................................................................................65 Language Manager ....................................................................................................................65

The order of parametric model creation .....................................................................................66 Variables ......................................................................................................................................66

Variable definition.......................................................................................................................66 Syntax of analytical expressions.................................................................................................68 Syntax of string expressions.......................................................................................................69 Variable Replacing .....................................................................................................................70

Parametric commands.................................................................................................................70 Base point of parametric model..................................................................................................73


6

Introduction

Preliminaries APM Graph is a tool that allows to automate graphics works. The system is oriented to drawing

and graphics works arising in mechanical engineering, civil engineering, industrial structures, electrical engineering, electronics, etc. APM Graph allows to perform editing and modification of graphics objects, created with another graphics systems.

APM Graph is a tool that can be effectively used for creation geometric objects and models that are further used in different modules of APM WinMachine. The graphics system can be used independently and that is why it can be considered a program product that can be effectively used individually.

Using this tool you can develop graphics for any project, for example machine drawing, building drawing, land area plan, pipeline layout, etc. The system can be used e.g. for creation geometric model of object that will be used for FEM analysis and for many other purposes.

To make drawing development more effective it is recommended to use a set of geometrical libraries that includes standard libraries supplied with the system and custom libraries created by user.

The drawings in APM Graph are created using predefined set of graphics primitives. The primitives include line segment, circle, arch, spline, line of text, etc. A primitive can be specified either with mouse or with keyboard. Work with primitives is simple and intuitively clear. It is described in details in Command Reference chapter. APM Graph includes help system that facilitates work for beginners.

Besides general graphical procedures, the system includes several libraries containing special symbols, facilitating development of specialized drawings. The system contains a number of tools for effective drawing development that became standard for graphics systems including:

- support of layers; - support of blocks (custom user defined primitives); - export and import of graphics objects, etc. APM Graph works with standard peripheral devices that are supported by operating system

(mouse, printer, plotter...). Geometric objects created in APM Graph are saved to files of special format. Graphics information

created in the system can be saved to Drawing Exchange Format (dxf) that can be imported by most of existing 2D graphics systems.

Hardware and software requirements APM Graph runs on the IBM PC family of computers (including all true IBM compatibles). It does

not require a math coprocessor. APM Graph is intended to run under Microsoft Windows 2000, XP.

Brief guidebook Introduction (this section) tells you what APM Graph is in general. The requirements to hardware

and system software are listed. Chapter 1, APM Graph Interface describes interface elements of the APM Graph. Chapter 2, Commands Reference contains complete description of all the commands

implemented in the system. Chapter 3, Parametrization contains methods and principles of parametric model creation,

description of expression syntax and commands of parametrization.


7

Fonts used in this book To help you reading this book we used the following set of fonts

a:\setup This font represents the text the way it occurs on the screen, and also text, which user should enter with the keyboard

SETUP.EXE We use all capital letters for the names of files and keys

Help APM Graph command names and buttons of dialog boxes are shown in boldface

Results Italics is used for the frame names of dialog boxes and controls

How to contact APM To contact APM you can use one of the following ways: Send fax. Our Moscow fax number is +7(498) 600-25-10. Call by phone +7(498) 600-25-10, +7(495) 514-84-19 (Moscow). Write a letter and send it to Research and Software Development Center APM Ltd Oktyabrsky boulevard 14, office №6 Korolev, Moscow Region, 141070, Russia e-mail: [email protected] internet: www.apmwm.com

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.apmwm.com


8

Chapter 1. АРМ Graph Interface User interface of APM Graph is simple and intuitively clear. In this chapter we give you a brief

description of the most frequently used APM Graph environment components. APM Graph general view is presented below.

Fig. 1.1 APM Graph general view Status bar

Status bar displays context help for current command, mouse cursor coordinates in the current

user's coordinate system and pictogram of current command.

Ruler bars Horizontal and vertical ruler bars display coordinate system of a drawing. To scroll drawing left/right

or up/down place cursor on appropriate ruler, press down mouse left button and holding it move cursor to respective direction. Drawing scrolling mode works both in itself and in any of APM Graph modes (drawing, modification, etc.). If active UCS has non-zero angle of rotation around Z-axis the coordinates are not shown on the rulers.


9

Main menu The main menu is located in the top part of the window and contains APM Graph commands.

Systematic description of all main menu commands and dialog box options is given in next chapter.

Fig. 1.2 APM Graph main menu structure


10

Toolbars User can control displaying of toolbars with View / Toolbars command or by means of context

menu invoking by right mouse button clicking on any visible toolbar. On program exiting toolbar positions are saved to «ini» file.

Drawing toolbar Modify toolbar

Fig. 1.3 APM Graph toolbars

Format toolbar This toolbar manages linetypes, line fashions and layers. Line fashion and layer are object

attributes.

- invokes Line Fashion Manager;

- invokes Linetype Manager;

- invokes Layer Manager;

- drawing Line Fashion combobox;

- combobox of Linetypes loaded in the drawing;

- combobox of drawing Layers;

- line Color Selection button; the list displayed on arrow clicking contains 16 predefined colors; click More button to open Custom Color dialog box.


11

- Line Width edit box. To specify line width either enter its value in edit box (allowable range: 0 - 10) or use spin controls.

Line Fashion includes linetype, i.e. line pattern, color and width. A layer is an imaginary sheet the

given object is drawn on. A layer has default line fashion as attribute. If user does not specify another line fashion, an object will be drawn with default line fashion. If user select layer from layer combobox, layer’s default line fashion and it attributes (linetype, color and width) will be displayed in respective controls.

If an object should be drawn with line fashion that is different from the layer's default line fashion, user should select either newly created, or precreated line fashion in the Line Fashion combobox. Parameters of selected line fashion will be shown in the respective controls (Linetype combobox, Color button, Line Width editbox). New line fashion can be created both in Line Fashion Manager and directly during drawing. For the purpose select linetype in the Linetype combobox and set required line width and color. If line fashion with such parameters already exists in the drawing it will be selected in the Line Fashion combobox. Otherwise new line fashion with automatically generated name will be created. Later user can change this name and any of parameters in Line Fashion Manager window.

In the Layer combobox user can assign current layer (i.e. layer new objects to be drawn). In the Layer Manager window by clicking on the respective pictograms user can manage turning the layer on and of, as well as blocking and deblocking it. The objects of turned off layer are invisible, the objects of blocked layer are not allowed for selection in any operation, using object selection.

- separator. It allows to show/hide Line Fashion combobox and Line Fashion Manager button. Separator is activated by mouse left button clicking.

Parameter Input dialog box

When executing any operation user can invoke dialog box in which he can enter exact values of

parameters involved in the operation. Dialog box content depends on current operation and on its stage. To call dialog box, just press any key.

Shortcut keys for quick navigation in the dialog box: Tab – moving between controls of the dialog box and the current tab in direct order; Shift-Tab – moving between controls of the dialog box and the current tab in reverse order; Ctrl-Tab – moving between tabs in direct order; Shift-Ctrl-Tab - moving between tabs in reverse order. In case the editbox is intended for the input of a linear

dimension (length, offset, radius etc.) it is possible to call the context-sensitive menu containing rows of normal linear dimensions by right button click inside an editbox. By a left-click you select the necessary value.

Fig. 1.3 Length specifying from series of

normal linear dimensions


12

If the editbox is intended for the angle input, it is possible to call the context-sensitive menu containing rows of normal angular dimensions. By a left-click you select the necessary value.

Fig. 1.4 Angle specifying from series of

normal angular dimensions

Mouse scroll If mouse has a scroll wheel, it can be used for dynamic zooming of view. At scrolling up the

drawing is zoomed in, at scrolling down – zoomed out.

Pan / Zoom view For dynamic pan of view, press the right mouse button and move the mouse with right button hold

down. To stop panning release mouse right button. To switch to the mode of dynamic zooming of view during the mode of panning press the left

mouse button and holding it (the right button remains hold down) move cursor up or down. When cursor is moved up, the drawing is zoomed in, when it is moved down – the drawing is zoomed out. Zooming center is the center of screen. Release left mouse button to stop zoom mode and return to the pan mode. Release right mouse button to stop pan / zoom mode.

The mode of panning / zooming works both in itself and in any of APM Graph modes (drawing, modification, etc.).


13

Chapter 2. Command Reference This section includes the complete description of all main menu commands and dialog box options.

File menu This dropdown menu commands allow to create new drawing, perform file operations, including

import and export, use block libraries, print drawing.

New This command creates new drawing.

Shortcuts: or Ctrl+N

New Model This command creates new parametric drawing. See Chapter 3 Parametrization.

Open This command loads earlier saved drawing or parametric model. The command invokes standard

Open dialog box where you can select in Files of type combobox the type of loaded document: .agr - common drawing, .agp - parametric model.

Shortcuts: or Ctrl+O

Close This command closes active drawing. If the drawing was modified since the last saving was made,

the standard dialog box is invoked, which will offer you to save the document.

Save This command saves active drawing to .agr file (common drawing) or .agp (parametric model)

depending on a type of the active document. If the document is saved for the first time, Save As dialog box is called.

Shortcuts: or Ctrl+S

Save As This command saves active document to file with mandatory file name request.

Import This command loads files saved in .dxf (Drawing Exchange Format - DXF) format.

Export This command allows to save drawing to .dxf (Drawing Exchange Format) file or .emf (Enhanced

Metafile) file.

Save Blocks This command saves blocks, stored in the drawing library, to .agl format file. This command

invokes Save File dialog box.

Print This command invokes Print Parameters dialog box.


14

Fig. 2.1 Print Parameters dialog box

Printer setup… button calls standard printer-specific Printer Setup dialog box. In the Print groupbox you can select drawing area to be printed: current view, entire drawing or

specified window. Window coordinates can be either entered directly in respective edit boxes or specified with mouse by selecting Define window… button. By mouse left button clicking select first and second frame corners. View can be moved by means of rulers. For the purpose, press down and hold mouse left button on the horizontal or vertical ruler, then move mouse. To cancel window definition use mouse right button or Esc key.

Print origin determines a displacement of printing area origin with respect to lower left corner of the paper sheet.

Print Scale shows a number of millimeters in one unit of a drawing. Scale to fit flag makes scale coefficient such as to fit the whole area of drawing selected for printing in the paper sheet.

Preview… button displays print preview window. In this window you can enlarge/reduce scale using mouse left and right mouse buttons. You can return to dialog box by pressing Esc button.

Print… button starts printing.

Shortcuts: or Ctrl+P

Printer Setup This command performs printing device setup. It calls printer-specific Print Setup dialog box.

Recent Files This command display the list of most recently saved files. Using it user can open one of these

files.

Exit This command closes currently opened documents and exits program. Shortcut: Alt+F4

Edit menu

Undo This command cancels last issued command.

Shortcuts: Ctrl+Z

Redo


15

This command repeats last cancelled command.

Shortcuts: Ctrl+Y

Cut This command cuts selected elements into clipboard.

Shortcuts: Ctrl+X

Copy This command creates copies of selected elements into clipboard.

Shortcuts: Ctrl+C

Paste Command pastes selected elements from clipboard into drawing field. Pasted copy is selected at

that and can be moved to desired position. When you select this command a copy remains in the clipboard and can be pasted many times.

Shortcuts: Ctrl+V

View Menu

Toolbars Using this command user can manage visibility of toolbars. Another way to show/hide toolbars is

using of context menu that is called by clicking mouse right button in any point of visible toolbar.

Fig. 2.2 Toolbars

Redraw

This command redraws drawing.

Shortcut:

Previous View This command displays the previous view which was set up by commands of panning and

zooming.

Shortcut:

Next View This command displays the next view if there was the return to the previous view.


16

Shortcut:

Pan / Realtime This command turns on dynamic pan mode, when user displaces drawing by moving mouse with

left button hold down.

Shortcut:

Pan / By vector This command allows to move drawing by given vector. Click mouse left button on the starting

point of the vector, then move cursor and click on its end point. Mouse right button clicking during movement cancel operation. In the Parameter Input dialog box you can enter either coordinates of both points that define the vector, or vector length and angle or displacement with respect to starting point.

Zoom / Realtime

Use this command for dynamic zooming of view. Press mouse left button in any point of drawing and holding it move cursor up or down. When cursor is moved up the drawing is zoomed in, when it is moved down – the drawing is zoomed out. Zooming center is the center of screen. To stop zooming release mouse button. Clicking mouse right button during operation gets you back to initial scale.

Shortcut:

Zoom / Zoom In/Out This command change scale by given factor. When clicking mouse left button you increase scale in

1.5 times, while right button clicking decrease scale in 1.5 times. Zooming center is the point you have clicked mouse button. To change scale factor press any key and enter new value in the Parameter Input dialog box displayed.

Shortcut:

Zoom / Scale Use this command to set a scale factor. After command selecting or also after left-click in the

drawing field if command is already selected, the window with a current value of the scale will be displayed. In this window user can enter new value of the scale factor. Scale center is the center of screen.

Shortcut:

Zoom / Window Use this command to select appropriate region for zooming. Click mouse left button to select one

corner of rectangular region, then select opposite corner. Use mouse right button to cancel operation.

Shortcut:

Zoom / All This command changes scale in such a way that entire drawing becomes visible on screen.

Shortcut:

Draw Menu

Line / Through Two Points Use this command to draw a line passing through two points. Click mouse left button to select first

point, then click once more to point out second one. Call Parameter Input dialog box to enter exact


17

coordinates, its length and slope or displacements along coordinate axes. To draw in ortho-mode hold down Shift key. You can cancel operation by clicking mouse right button.

Shortcut:

Line / Parallel to Line Use this command to draw a line that is parallel to already existing one. First, you need to select

existing line by clicking on it with mouse left button. Then indicate starting and end points on new line. Use Parameter Input dialog box to enter coordinates or horizontal and vertical displacement with respect to starting point of the line. Also you can enter coordinates of end point (actual coordinates are determined as a projection on the drawing line) and line segment length. Click mouse right button to cancel current stage of parallel line drawing. Use Esc button to cancel entire operation.

Shortcut:

Line / Normal to Line Use this command to draw a line that is perpendicular to existing one. First you should select an

existing line by clicking on it with mouse left button. Then indicate starting and end points on new line. Use Parameter Input dialog box to enter coordinates or horizontal and vertical displacement with respect to starting point of the line. Also you can enter coordinates of end point (actual coordinates are determined as a projection on the drawing line) and line segment length. Click mouse right button to cancel current stage of normal line drawing. Use Esc button to cancel entire operation.

Shortcut:

Line / Tangent to Circle or Arc Use this command to draw a line that is tangent to existing circle or arc. First you should select a

circle or an arc by clicking on it with mouse left button. Then indicate starting and end points on new line. When entering end point user can select different directions of the line. Using Parameter Input dialog box user can enter coordinates of starting and end point (actual coordinates are determined as a projection on the drawing line) and line segment length. Click mouse right button to cancel current stage of tangent line drawing. Use Esc button to cancel entire operation.

Shortcut:

Line / Normal to Circle or Arc Use this command to draw a line that is perpendicular to existing circle or arc. First you should

select a circle or an arc by clicking on it with mouse left button. Then indicate starting and end points on new line. Using Parameter Input dialog box user can enter coordinates of starting and end point (actual coordinates are determined as a projection on the drawing line) and line segment length. Click mouse right button to cancel current stage of normal line drawing. Use Esc button to cancel entire operation.

Shortcut:

Line / Tangent to Two Circles or Arcs Use this command to draw a line that is tangent to two existing circles or arcs. First click left mouse

button on the first circle or arc, then on the second one. Now you can select line direction. At the same time you set starting point of the line. Next clicking fix end point of the line. Using Parameter Input dialog box user can enter coordinates of starting and end point (actual coordinates are determined as a projection on the drawing line) and line segment length. Click mouse right button to cancel current stage of tangent line drawing. Use Esc button to cancel entire operation.

Shortcut:

Line / Through Point at Angle to Line Use this command to draw a line at an angle to existing line. First, select existing line by mouse left

button clicking, then select starting and end points. Using Parameter Input dialog box user can enter


18

coordinates or latitudinal and longitudinal displacement with respect to starting point of existing line. The dialog also allows to enter coordinates of second point or line segment length and angle relative to existing line. To draw in ortho-mode hold down Shift key. Click mouse right button to cancel current stage of line drawing. Use Esc button to cancel entire operation.

Shortcut:

Line / Bisector This command allows to draw bisector to two lines. First select these lines by clicking on them

mouse left button. Then select starting and end points of new line. In the Parameter Input dialog box you can enter coordinates of starting and end point (actual coordinates are determined as a projection on the drawing line) and line segment length. Click mouse right button to cancel current stage of bisector line drawing and return to previous one. Use Esc button to cancel entire operation.

Shortcut:

Line / Tangent to Circle or Arc and at Angle to Line Use this command to draw a line that is tangent to given circle or arc and goes at given angle to

existing line. First select circle (or arc) and line with mouse left button. After second object selecting a dialog window will be displayed where you can enter the angle between new line and existing one. Then you should enter starting point (actual coordinates correspond to projection on one of possible directions of created line) and end one. In the Parameter Input dialog box user can enter first and second point coordinates and line segment length. Click mouse right button to cancel current stage of line drawing and return to previous one. Use Esc button to cancel entire operation.

Shortcut:

Line / Auxiliary Line The command allows to draw an auxiliary infinite line through two points. First, specify the first

point of a line by left clicking and then the second one. Using Input parameter dialog box you can specify both points manually by entering exact coordinates of points. To draw in оrtho-mode hold the Shift key. Click mouse right button to cancel current stage of line drawing and return to previous one. Use Esc button to cancel entire operation.

Shortcut:

Circle / Center and Radius This command allows to draw circle by its center and radius. Click mouse left button on circle

center, then moving cursor select circle radius. Next click fixes the circle. In Parameter Input dialog box you can enter exact coordinates of central and end points and circle radius. To draw in ortho-mode hold down Shift key. Mouse right button click cancels circle drawing.

Shortcut:

Circle / Center and Tangent Use this command to draw a circle that is tangent to existing line or circle. Click mouse left button

on circle center. Then select a circle or tangent line by clicking on it with mouse left button. In Parameter Input dialog box enter central point coordinates and coordinates of point belong to object the circle is tangent to. Mouse right button click cancels circle drawing.

Shortcut:

Circle / Two Points on Diameter Use this command to draw a circle passing through two points laying on the diameter. Click mouse

left button on the first point, then moving cursor select appropriate diameter and fix second point. In Parameter Input dialog box enter first and second point coordinates, diameter and its tilt angle. To draw in ortho-mode hold down Shift key. Mouse right button click cancels circle drawing.

Shortcut:


19

Circle / Two Points and Radius

This command allows to draw a circle using two points and radius. First select two points laying on the circle. Then moving cursor select appropriate radius. In Parameter Input dialog box you can enter coordinates of both points and radius. Click mouse right button to cancel current stage of circle drawing and return to previous one. Use Esc button to cancel entire operation.

Shortcut:

Circle / Two Points and Tangent Use this command to draw a circle passing through two points and tangent to existing line or circle.

First select two points laying on the circle. Then indicate a circle or a tangent line. In Parameter Input dialog box you can enter coordinates of both points laying on circle and coordinates of point belong to object the circle is tangent to. Click mouse right button to cancel current stage of circle drawing and return to previous one. Use Esc button to cancel entire operation.

Shortcut:

Circle / Two Tangents and Center Use this command to draw a circle that is tangent to two objects. Allowable objects are line and

circle. First select objects to be in contact with tangent circle. Then moving mouse cursor select required circle position and central point. In Parameter Input dialog box you can enter central point coordinates (actual ones will be corrected depending on concrete conditions). Click mouse right button to cancel current stage of circle drawing and return to previous one. Use Esc button to cancel entire operation.

Shortcut:

Circle / Three Points Use this command to draw a circle that pass through three given points. The points are defined by

mouse left button clicks. In Parameter Input dialog box you can enter exact coordinates. Click mouse right button to cancel current stage of circle drawing and return to previous one. Use Esc button to cancel entire operation.

Shortcut:

Circle / Three Tangents Use this command to draw a circle that is tangent to three objects. Allowable objects are line and

circle. First select the objects the circle should be tangent to. Then moving mouse cursor select required position of circle and fix it by mouse left button click. Click mouse right button to cancel current stage of circle drawing and return to previous one. Use Esc button to cancel entire operation.

Shortcut:

Arc / Three Points This command draws an arc by three points – starting, ending and laying on the arc between the

formers. Point are selected by mouse left button click. In Parameter Input dialog box you can enter exact coordinates. Click mouse right button to cancel current stage of arc drawing and return to previous one. Use Esc button to cancel entire operation.

Shortcut:

Arc / Start, End and Radius Using this command you can draw an arc indicating its starting and end points and radius. First fix

starting and end points, then moving mouse cursor select appropriate radius. Current radius is shown by a line segment, drawn from arc end point to current point. Coordinates of points as well as arc radius can be entered in Parameter Input dialog box. Click mouse right button to cancel current stage of arc drawing and return to previous one. Use Esc button to cancel entire operation.


20

Shortcut:

Arc / Start, End and Radius This is a modification of previous command. The difference is that instead of radius one more point

is used which is projected on direction of radius. Coordinates of points and radius can be entered in Parameter Input dialog box. Click mouse right button to cancel current stage of arc drawing and return to previous one. Use Esc button to cancel entire operation.

Shortcut:

Arc / Start, Center and End Points Using this command you can draw an arc by selecting its starting point, center and end point. Use

Parameter Input to enter exact coordinates. Instead of coordinates you can enter relative positions of points. By default, arc is drawn in counter clockwise direction. To draw arc in opposite direction hold down Shift key. Click mouse right button to cancel current stage of arc drawing and return to previous one. Use Esc button to cancel entire operation.

Shortcut:

Arc / Start, Center and Angle This command allows to draw an arc by starting point, arc center and central angle. A line drawn

from arc center to mouse cursor current position shows current value of central angle (that is counted with respect to 0 degrees). Use Parameter Input dialog box to enter exact coordinates or central point relative position with respect to starting one, as well as central angle. By default, arc is drawn in counter clockwise direction. To draw arc in opposite direction hold down Shift key. Click mouse right button to cancel current stage of arc drawing and return to previous one. Use Esc button to cancel entire operation.

Shortcut:

Arc / Start, Center and Length Use this command to draw an arc by starting point, center and arc length. First select starting point

and arc center. Then by moving mouse cursor draw an arc of appropriate radius. Length of the line drawn from arc center to mouse cursor corresponds to arc length. In the Parameter Input dialog box you can enter exact coordinates of the points or relative position of central point with respect to starting one and arc length. By default, arc is drawn in counter clockwise direction. To draw arc in opposite direction hold down Shift key. Click mouse right button to cancel current stage of arc drawing and return to previous one. Use Esc button to cancel entire operation.

Shortcut: The following three commands are similar to three previous ones, excepting that first point to be

entered is arc center.

Arc / Center, Start and End Points

Shortcut:

Arc / Center, Start and Angle

Shortcut:

Arc / Center, Start and Length

Shortcut:

Point / Free Point


21

This command allows you to draw a point by clicking mouse left button. Press any key to invoke Parameter Input dialog box where you can enter point coordinates. Use Properties dialog box to specify point size (Tools / Properties), Points tab.

Shortcut:

Point / On Object Use this command to specify a point that is laying on a line or on a circle. First select required

object. Then fix position of point on it. If the point is selected on a line, starting point of the line will be highlighted. Use Parameter Input dialog box to enter coordinates, distance from starting point (end point) if a point is drawn on a line, or coordinates and angle if the point is drawn on a circle. Use mouse right button to cancel operation.

Shortcut:

Point / On Intersection Using this command you can specify a point that is laying on the intersection of two objects.

Allowable objects are line, circle and arc. First you need to select one of the objects. Then locate mouse cursor on the intersection you want to place the point on and click mouse left button. Use Parameter Input dialog box to enter coordinates. Mouse right button clicking cancels operation.

Shortcut:

Curve / Ellipse by 3 Points Using this command, you can draw an ellipse by 3 points. Specify the central point of an ellipse.

Further set final points of an ellipse semi-axles. By means of Parameter Input dialog box you can enter exact coordinates of a points. The right click cancels point placement.

Shortcut:

Curve / Ellipse by Rectangle This command allows you to draw an ellipse on a diagonal of the circumscribed rectangular. The

command is intended for drawing an ellipse with orthogonal axes. Specify the end points of a diagonal of the circumscribed rectangular. By means of Parameter Input dialog box you can enter exact coordinates of a points. The right click cancels point placement.

Shortcut:

Curve / Spline Use this command to draw a parametrical spline. Spline knots are selected by mouse left button

clicking. Exact values of coordinates can be entered in Parameter Input dialog box. To draw a spline you should enter at least four points. To finish spline definition press Enter key or click once more on the command pictogram. To delete knot place mouse cursor on it and click mouse right button. If you click on free area, last entered knot will be deleted. To delete entire spline click mouse right button while holding Ctrl key.

Shortcut:

Curve / NURBS This command allows to draw NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline). This command invokes

dialog box where you can input order of NURBS. Enter it from 3 up to 5 inclusive, further set parametrical points and press the Apply button. Points of a spline are set by the left button of the mouse. You can specify exact coordinates in Parameter Input dialog box. The minimal number of points for spline drawing corresponds to order of NURBS. To delete point make the right click. The last entered point will be deleted if you make the right click on drawing field.

Shortcut:

Curve / Polyline


22

This command is intended for drawing a polyline (a broken line). After the command was enabled, specify characteristic points of a polyline sequentially. You can enter exact coordinates of points in Parameter Input dialog box. The right click cancels point placement. To finish drawing press Enter key.

Shortcut:

Curve / Polygon The command is intended for drawing of equilateral polygons. In the appeared dialog box (fig. 2.3) specify the Polygon

creation type and the Vertex number of the future polygon. You can make required changes to parameters of a polygon during drawing process using this dialog. In the Parameter Input dialog box you can set coordinates precisely. The right click cancels point placement.

Fig. 2.3 Polygon dialog box

Shortcut:

Text / Free Text Use this command to enter text. First you should click mouse left button for base point selection

(you can enter this point in Parameter Input dialog box as well). Horizontal and vertical alignment of the text bounding rectangle are made with respect to this base point. Then you should specify width of the field the text will be formatted within and text tile angle. These values can be entered in Parameter Input dialog box as well. To draw in ortho-mode hold down Shift key. Use right button to terminate operation. After entering all geometric parameters the Text dialog box is displayed.

Fig. 2.4 Text dialog box (Contents tab)

Use first tab to enter text. Text is divided into paragraphs. Paragraph width depends on formatting

field width. To end current paragraph and start new one use Ctrl-Enter key combination. From the Text style combobox you can select a style for the entered text. The text style determines

all font parameters. After new text style selecting all entered text will be reformatted according to selected style. All text objects are drawn according to its text style.

Henceforth, at change of text style parameters, all text objects will be drawn according to its text style. Style parameters can be set in a dialog box Text Styles (Format / Text Styles).

By selecting in the text style combobox <Custom> value, text style is not assigned and you can set for the selected part of text an appropriate font in a dialog box invoked by Font button.


23

Using the Insert symbol drop-down list you can insert one of specialized symbols: ∅, ∠, °, ±, ×45°, or any symbol from the table of symbols MS Windows using menu item <…>.

Also you can set formatting parameters of the current or new paragraph in a dialog box invoked by Paragraph button.

Fig. 2.5 Paragraph dialog box

Left Indent – the distance the text of paragraph is displaced with respect to left border of formatting

field. Right Indent - the distance the text of paragraph is displaced with respect to right border of

formatting field. First Line – the distance the first line is displaced relative to paragraph left border. Space Before – space before paragraph. Space After – space after paragraph. Interline Space – interline distance. Alignment:

Left – a text is aligned with respect to paragraph left border; Right - a text is aligned with respect to paragraph right border; Center - a text is aligned with respect to center of formatting field.

In the second tab Position you can again enter formatting field width and text skew angle

(escapement). If you set width equal to zero, the limitations on filed width are removed. You can also indicate horizontal and vertical alignment of text bounding rectangle relative to base point. Allowable horizontal alignment types are left, center are right, those of vertical alignment are top, center and bottom. With formatting width equal to zero, the alignment inside the paragraph is left out of account and alignment is performed directly of the text instead of bounding rectangle.

Fig. 2.6 Text dialog box (Position tab)

The color of the text depends on line fashion, assigned to the text. Shortcut:


24

Text / Text along Line

This command is similar to previous one, the difference is that you should indicate a line along which the text will be drawn. First select the line with mouse left button. Then enter text base point. Use Parameter Input dialog box to enter coordinates or horizontal and vertical displacement with respect to starting point of the line. On the next stage you should enter formatting field width and text escapement angle. Using dialog box you can enter width and tilt angle. After that Text dialog box is displayed where you can enter a text and specify parameters in the way that was described above. To draw in ortho-mode hold down Shift key. Click mouse right button to cancel current stage of operation and return to previous one. Use Esc button to cancel entire operation.

The color of the text depends on line fashion, assigned to the text. Shortcut:

Hatch / Simple Hatch This command allows to draw a hatch. Hatched area can consist of several contours. A contour is

a set of objects connected by end points. A contour should be closed. A circle or a closed spline can be treated as a separate contour. Allowable elements of contour are line, arc and spline. To create a contour, click with mouse left button on one of the objects composing the contour. The program selects first closed contour that it could detect. Clicking on selected contour deselects it. Esc key removes selection from all selected contours. After all required contours are selected, press any key or right-click on any part of the drawing or left-click on the command pictogram. Hatch and Fill dialog box will be displayed.

Solid tab. Selected contours will be filled with selected color. User can select filling color from the base palette or define custom color.

Gradient tab. Use this tab to enter gradient filling parameters. Three types of gradient filling are allowable – linear, radial and square. Parameters are steps (gradation number), line tilt angle for linear filling and X, Y offsets for radial and square filling.

General tab. Use this tab to enter tilting line filling parameters. You can enter tilt angle, hatching spacing (the distance between neighboring line) and line width in world units. Foreground and background colors can be specified as well.

Predefined tab. Using this tab you can select a predefined hatching template. Scale, foreground and background color can be selected.

Fig. 2.7 Hatch and Fill dialog box

(Solid filling tab)


(Gradient filling tab)


25


(General hatch tab)


(Predefined hatch tab)

Texture tab. Allows to load external picture (saved as bitmap (.bmp) or metafile (.emf, .wmf)) and use it for filling. Tab includes two edit boxes Tiles X and Tiles Y, where the number of texture template repetitions along respective axes can be entered. If these parameters are used texture scale is adjusted respectively. To save original scale zero values should be entered in these edit boxes.


(Texture hatch tab)

Shortcut:

Hatch / User Defined Use this command if previous command cannot accurately determines required contour or when

contour is complex enough. To get a contour select sequentially each of its components with mouse left button. Repeated click on the outermost selected items of contour under construction deselects these items. After last object selecting a newly created contour blinks once. If you click on any of its objects the contour will be deselected. Esc key removes selection from all selected contours. After all required contours are selected press any key or right-click on any part of the drawing or left-click on command pictogram. Hatch and Fill dialog box will be displayed.

Shortcut:

Hatch / By Point Use this command to construct a hatch contours by picking points inside an enclosed area. To get

a contour left click inside an area. If the enclosed contour is found, it will be highlighted, otherwise, a message will be displayed. At finding a contour either selected objects (selected by Select command), or objects VISIBLE in that moment on the screen (for the acceleration of calculations), if no one object is not selected, are considered. Allowable objects of contour are line, circle and arc. By the sequential indication of various points it is possible to set several hatch contours. At the same time, if the new


26

contour is located inside an already found one (i.e. the new contour is «Island»), it will be logically subtracted from an contour surrounding it.

Fig. 2.12 An example of «Islands» selection

If you click inside an already found contour it will be deselected. Esc key removes selection from all

selected contours. After all required contours are selected press any key or right-click on any part of the drawing or left-click on command pictogram. Hatch and Fill dialog box will be displayed.

Shortcut:

Dimension / Size This command allows to set linear dimension on a line or diameter dimension – on a circle. First

select line or circle by clicking on it with mouse left button. By moving cursor select the most appropriate position of dimensional line. Use Tab key to toggle text shelf position. To draw in ortho-mode hold down Shift key. Click mouse right button to cancel current stage of dimension drawing and return to previous one. Use Esc button to cancel entire operation. Next mouse left button clicking fix dimension line position. After that Dimensions dialog box is called where user can enter dimension parameters.

Fig. 2.13 Dimensions dialog box (Main parameters tab)

Main parameters tab. Arrow tips – use these fields to enter type and scale of both arrows. Placement - sets a way of arrows placement. At choice of value Auto arrows will be allocated

outside only in case they are not located inside.


27

Value – this field shows dimension value, that is calculated automatically. To enter a custom value, check of Auto checkbox.

Before, After – use this fields to enter text that should be located before and after dimension value. Also you can select special symbols from comboboxes. At choice of item <...> the dialog box Symbol will appear, from which you can select the necessary character from any font installed in the system.

Fig. 2.14 Symbol dialog box

Tolerance - field is used to enter tolerance or fit. At choice of value of tolerance from the combobox

or at coincidence of the typed tolerance with existing, the fields of deviations will be automatically filled according to a field Value.

Above, Below – these fields are used to enter deviation values. If the existing value is entered into a Tolerance field, the fields are filled automatically and their editing is impossible.

At checking the following flag the line between values of deviations will be drawn. In the following field is possible to enter any additional text, for example, unit of measurements. Under line - field for the text under a dimension line. Show tolerance - if on, the entered value of tolerance/fit will be drawn. Preferred tolerances - if on, the combobox Tolerance will contain only preferable tolerances,

otherwise - all. Turn text – allows to locate text on the back side of dimension line. Draw first/second extension lines - controls the drawing of extension lines. Value precision – use the number of digits after decimal point. Hangout – lines extension length in world units.


28

Fig. 2.15 Dimensions dialog box (Text styles tab)

Text styles tab. Allows to select text styles or directly fonts for every text element of a dimension. Text style - from the combobox you can select a style for the corresponding text elements of a

dimension. The text style determines all font parameters. Henceforth, at change of text style parameters, corresponding text elements of a dimension will be drawn according to its text style. Style parameters can be set in a dialog box Text Styles (Format / Text Styles).

For fields Before and After it is possible to directly specify a font. For this purpose it is necessary to select from the combobox of text styles a value <Custom> and select the necessary font in appropriate list of fonts, becoming accessible. All characters already contained in fields Before and After will be formatted in view of the selected font. The appropriate font is automatically selected at choice of characters from comboxes of fields Before and After.

The size of various text elements of a dimension is computed basing on font size indicated in a text style of a Value field.

Shortcut:

Dimension / Angle and Distance Use this command to draw angular dimension between lines or distance if the lines are parallel.

Also you can draw distance dimension between two control points or between control point and a line. First select either two lines or two control points or control point and a line using mouse left button. Moving mouse cursor select appropriate position of dimension. Press Tab key to switch text shelf position. Next left button click fixes dimension position. To draw in ortho-mode hold down Shift key. Click mouse right button to cancel current stage of dimension drawing and return to previous one. Use Esc button to cancel entire operation. When geometry is specified Dimensions dialog box is called, where you can enter parameters of dimension.

Shortcut:

Dimension / Diameter Use this command to draw radial dimensions. Select a circle or an arc with mouse left button.

Moving mouse cursor select appropriate dimension. Press Tab key to switch text shelf position. Next left button click fixes dimension position. To draw in ortho-mode hold down Shift key. Click mouse right button to cancel current stage of dimension and return to previous one. Use Esc button to cancel


29

entire operation. When geometry is specified Dimensions dialog box is called, where you can enter parameters of dimension.

Shortcut:

Dimension / Dimension Chaines C помощью этой команды Вы можете провести расчет размерной цепи для уточнения

назначенных допусков. Рассмотрим расчет размерной цепи на примере (рис. 2.20). Предположим, что размеры расположенные выше оси вала будут составляющими, а размер, расположенные ниже оси вала – замыкающим.

Fig. 2.16 Example of dimension chaines

После вызова команды Расчет размерных цепей в появившемся диалоговом окне (рис.

2.21) необходимо выбрать расчета: аналитический или вероятностный. Структура меню подсистемы расчета размерных цепей представлена на рис. 2.23. Далее выберете команду подсистемы расчета размерных цепей Редактирование / Составляющее звено / Добавить… Потом необходимо указать мышью на чертеже составляющий размер, нажать левую клавишу мыши (при этом в диалоговом окне (рис. 2.22) отразятся все параметры размера, которые можно скорректировать: изменить Имя, выбрать группу, допуск) и нажать кнопку Добавить. Рядом с полем допуска добавленного размера появится значок «0». Это позволит избежать Вам повторного добавления одного и того же размера. Операцию добавления необходимо повторить для каждого составляющего размера. Выполните аналогичную операцию добавления замыкающего звена. После этого в информационной области (рис. 2.24) появится отображение поля допуска замыкающего звена и рассчитанное суммарное поле допуска составляющих звеньев. Расчет производится на основании ранее выбранного метода. Наличие красной закрашенной области свидетельствует о том, что рассчитанное поле допуска составляющих звеньев выходит за пределы поля допуска замыкающего звена для заданного квалитета.

Рис. 2.21 Диалоговое окно

Рис. 2.22 Диалоговое окно Составляющее звено.


30

Расчет размерных цепей.

Рис. 2.23 Структура меню подсистемы расчета линейной размерной цепи.

Рис. 2.24 Диалоговое окно выбора

замыкающего звена.

Рис. 2.25 Результаты расчета

размерной цепи (аналитический метод). Используя команду Редактирование / Составляющее звено / Редактировать… или

аналогичную команду для замыкающего измените при необходимости квалитеты звеньев размерной цепи, так, чтобы в информационной области (рис. 2.25) поле допуска отображалось только зеленым цветом. Для рассматриваемого примера целесообразно увеличить квалитет (увеличить допуск) замыкающего звена или уменьшить квалитет (уменьшить допуск) наиболее технологичного составляющего размера. После получение результатов, пользователь может изменить метод расчета. Для вероятностного метода результаты расчета представлены на рисунке 2.26. Команда

Редактирование переменных в диалоговом окне (рис. 2.27) позволяет для составляющего или замыкающего звена выбрать один из законов распределения: нормальный, равной вероятности или Симпсона. Для каждого звена при вероятностном методе вычисляются среднее квадратичное отклонение и математическое ожидание.


31

Рис. 2.26 Результаты расчета

размерной цепи (вероятностный метод).

Рис. 2.27 Диалоговое окно

редактирования переменных.

Ускоренный выбор:

Special Symbols / Tolerance Use this command to place a tolerance or a base on an object. Allowable objects are line, circle

and arc. First select object with mouse left button. Tolerance dialog box is displayed.

Fig. 2.24 Tolerance dialog box (Tolerance tab)

Tolerance tab allows to enter tolerance parameters. Tolerance type – in this listbox you can select a type of tolerance. Value – use this editbox to enter tolerance value. Base names – these three edit boxes are used to enter base names. Text style - from the combobox you can select a style for all text elements. The text style

determines all font parameters. Henceforth, at change of text style parameters, all text elements will


32

be drawn according to its text style. Style parameters can be set in a dialog box Text Styles (Format / Text Styles).

Number of lines – use this edit box to specify a number of connecting lines to be drawn. Connection type – in this listbox you can select a type of connection between last connecting line

and tolerance rectangle. Draw arrow - draws an arrow.

Fig. 2.25 Tolerance dialog box (Base tab)

Base tab. Allows to enter parameters of base. Base name – use this edit box to enter base name. Connection type – type of connection between connecting line and base rectangular. Text style - from the combobox you can select a style for all text elements. The text style

determines all font parameters. Henceforth, at change of text style parameters, all text elements will be drawn according to its text style. Style parameters can be set in a dialog box Text Styles (Format / Text Styles).

After closing the dialog box you place object on screen, fixing its nodes by mouse left button

clicking. Use Parameter Input dialog box to enter exact coordinates. Tolerance or base field size is computed basing on font size. Mouse right button terminates current stage of operation and comes back to previous one. Esc key selection cancels entire operation.

Shortcut:

Special Symbols / Roughness Using this command you can draw roughness symbol. The symbol can be either standing alone or

attached to object (line, circle or arc). For the purpose click with mouse left button on free area of drawing or on the one of allowable objects. Fix symbol position with next click or enter exact position in Parameter Input dialog box. Mouse right button click cancels operation. On the next stage you can enter roughness parameters in the Roughness dialog box.


33

Fig. 2.26 Roughness dialog box

Roughness type – select roughness symbol type. Value – roughness value. You can set roughness value in accordance to roughness class (without

treatment) or mechanical treatment (with treatment). Text – text above horizontal line of roughness symbol. Size – half of roughness symbol total height. Text style - from the combobox you can select a style for all text elements. The text style


Fig. 2.27

Roughness type

Fig. 2.28 Roughness class

Fig. 2.29 Treatment Font size of the roughness text elements is computed basing on given value of Size instead on

font height, assigned by text style.

Shortcut:

Special Symbols / Inscription Use this command to go to inscription drawing mode. First select starting point. Arrow of inscription

will be drawn at this end. Next mouse left button click fixes end point. In the Parameter Input dialog box you can enter coordinates, length, angle or displacements of end point with respect to starting


34

one. To draw in ortho-mode hold down Shift key. To cancel symbol drawing use mouse right button. After you have entered inscription points you should specify inscription parameters in the Inscription dialog box.

Fig. 2.30 Inscription and Weld dialog box (Inscription tab)

Inscription tab allows to enter geometrical parameters of inscription. Position – use this field to set position of inscription. Arrow – use this field to select inscription arrow geometry. Middle – use this field to select type of symbol in the middle of inscription. Type of corner – use this field to indicate symbol on the end of inscription. Editboxes allow to enter text accordingly on the middle and at the end of the inscription. Text style - from the combobox you can select a style for all text elements. The text style


Inscription elements size are computed basing on font size.


35

Fig. 2.31 Inscription and Weld dialog box (Weld tab)

Weld tab allows to draw a designation of welded joint. Text above, Text below – fields for text input. № is used for a designation of an identical weld type for different elements of the drawing. Arrow – in this field you can choose a type of an arrow from the drop-down list. Middle – in this field you can choose a sign type on arrow leg from the drop-down list. Type of corner – in this field you can choose a sign type on the end. Logograms allows to select specialized logograms for a designation of welded joints. GOST allows to select required GOST of welded joint. Indication allows to select symbols of weld from the drop-down list. Method allows to select weld method from the drop-down list. Leg allows to specify leg value from the drop-down list. Shelf direction allows to set shell position relative to base point. Text position allows to set text position relative to shelf. Arrow Middle Type of corner

soldering glueing lap-joint by clasp angle joint by clasp

weld at erection weld along closed line weld along closed line at erection

Fig. 2.32 Designation of welded joints

Table 2.1 – GOST of welded joints GOST Name

GOST 11533-75 Automatic and semiautomatic submerged arc welding. Acute and blunt weld joints. Main types, design elements and dimensions

GOST 14771-76 Gas-shielded arc welding. Welded joints. Main types, design elements and dimensions

GOST 14776-79 Arc welding. Button welds. Main types, design elements and dimensions

GOST 14098-91 Welded joints of reinforcement and inserts for reinforced concrete structures. Types, constructions and dimension

GOST 11534-75 Hand arc welding. Acute and blunt weld joints. Main types, design elements and dimensions

GOST 14806-80 Arc welding of aluminium and aluminium alloys in inert gases. Welded joints. Main types, design elements and dimensions

GOST 15164-78 Electroslag welding. Welded joints. Main types, design elements and dimensions


36

GOST 16037-80 Welded joints in steel pipelines. Main types, design elements and dimensions

GOST 16038-80 Arc welding. Welded joints in pipelines of copper and copper-nickel alloy. Main types, design elements and dimensions

GOST 16098-80 Welded joints of clad corrosionresistant steel. Main types, design elements and dimensions

GOST 16310-80 Welded joints of polyethylene, polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride. Main types, design elements and dimensions

GOST 23518-79 Gas-shielded arc welding. Welded joints. Main types, design elements and dimensions

GOST 23792-79 Electric resistance welded joints. Main types, design elements and dimensions

GOST 27580-88 Arc welding of aluminium and aluminium alloys in inert gases. Acute and blunt weld joints. Main types, design elements and dimensions

GOST 28915-91 Laser beam impulse welding. Button welds. Main types, design elements and dimensions

GOST 5264-80 Manual arc welding. Welding joints. Main types, design elements and dimensions GOST 8713-79 Flux welding. Welding joints. Main types, design elements and dimensions

Shortcut:

Special Symbols / Table This command allows to insert a table in a drawing. After command selection the Table dialog box

will be displayed.

Fig. 2.33 Table dialog box

Use this dialog box to set up parameters of the inserted table: column number, row number,

column width and row height. After pressing OK button you pass to the insertion table mode. An insertion point - base point of the table - is a left upper corner of the table. Mouse right button click cancels operation. Use Parameter Input dialog box to enter exact base point coordinates. Table line fashion and text style will be assigned accordingly to the current line fashion and text style. After table insertion a dialog box Table Properties will be displayed.


37

Fig. 2.34 Table Properties dialog box

Table Properties dialog box allows to add or delete rows or columns, to set their size and to fill

table cells by text. To add or remove rows or columns or to set width or height of rows or columns, you should select a table cell, those row or column you want to define. Mouse right button click invokes a context menu appropriate to dialog box buttons. Double-click on a table cell invokes a dialog box of cell properties (which is described below) which one can also be displayed by pressing Cell Property button or by pressing any keyboard key. You can cancel last operation by pressing Ctrl-Z key combination.

Add Rows - calls Add Rows dialog box. In this window you can specify a number of inserted rows above or below the row containing selected cell.

Add Columns - calls Add Columns dialog box. In this window you can specify a number of inserted columns at the left or to the right of the column containing selected cell.

Fig. 2.35 Add Rows dialog box

Fig. 2.36 Add Columns dialog box

Delete Row / Delete Column - deletes a row/column containing a selected cell. Row property - calls Row Properties dialog box. In this window you can specify a height for a row

containing a selected cell and line fashions bounding this row above and below. Column Property - calls Column Properties dialog box. In this window you can specify a width for

a column containing a selected cell and line fashions bounding this column from left and right.

Fig. 2.37 Row Properties dialog box

Fig. 2.38 Column Properties dialog box

Line Fashion - calls a dialog box containing the line fashion list. This window is described in

command Format / Line Fashion Manager.


38

Cell Property - calls Cell Properties dialog box. Contents tab. Allows to set the text, which will be located in the selected table cell. This window is

explicitly described in a command Draw / Text / Free Text.

Fig. 2.39 Cell Properties dialog box (Contents tab)

Placement tab. Allows to set a position of the entered text relative to cell margins.

Fig. 2.40 Cell Properties dialog box (Placement tab)

Vertical alignment – allows to select the cell text alignment relative to cell vertical boundaries. Orientation – sets text direction. Possible variants: 00; 900; 1800 и 2700. Margins – set text margins relative to cell boundaries.

Shortcut:

Special Symbols / Level Mark Using this command you can insert level mark to drawing.


39

Specify start point of a base line by means of the mouse. Replace the mouse cursor above or below start point; it depends on how you plan to place a level mark. Then specify horizontal displacement from a final point of a base line. Point coordinates can be set using Input Parameter dialog box.

In the appeared Level Mark dialog box you can set parameters of a mark on a level: arrow type, height, length and also numerical values of a level. The text style selection of a mark is carried out from the drop-down list of predefined text styles.

Fig. 2.41 Level Mark dialog box

Shortcut:

Block / Insert Block Use this command to insert block to drawing. After command selecting or also after left-click in the

drawing field if command is already selected, the Insert Block dialog box will be displayed.

Fig. 2.42 Insert Block dialog box

Block list – this window displays list of blocks containing in the drawing or in the external library file.

Blocks can be either created in advance (using Modify / Make Block command) or loaded from external library file or parametric model. Use File / Save Blocks command to save blocks to external file.

To load block from an external library, check corresponded radio button and select Load button to call Open File dialog box where you can set in Files of type combobox «APM Graph Block Library» file type and select appropriate library file. When inserting from library a block is copied to drawing block list. If a block with the same name already exists, copied block is renamed.

To load a parametric block, check corresponded radio button and select Load button to call Open File dialog box where you can set in Files of type combobox «APM Graph Parametric Model» file type and select appropriate library file. After loading you will be offered to set initial data (parametric model creation and initial data preparing are described in detail in the Chapter 3 Parametrization).


40

Fig. 2.43 Variables window

Use this dialog box to change, if it is necessary, variables value. Double-click by the left mouse

button on the selected string, press keyboard keys Space, Enter or Return or dialog button Change to call a dialog box for editing the current selected variable. If the dialog is invoked by left mouse button double-click, those edit box will be focused (Expression or Value), in which the click of the mouse was performed.

Fig. 2.44 Variable window

You can set a variable value in the Value editbox and analytic or string expression (syntax of

expressions is fully described in Chapter 4) in the Expression editbox. An expression should be a function of the variables declared to this moment.

After all initial data are entered, close variable window by OK button or by Ctrl-Enter key

combination. If there are any errors in the model or incorrect analytical expression was entered, an error message will be displayed and the process of model loading will be terminated. If all data were correct and the model can be constructed, you will be offered to give a name to the parametric block. The block name should be unique. After successful completion of all stages the block will be added to the drawing block list. And it will be possible to insert it into the drawing as any other block.

Delete block - deletes highlighted block. A block cannot be deleted if it is used in drawing, included

into another block or stored in «Undo-Redo» command list. Block is deleted eventually after closing dialog box by OK button.

After selecting block and pressing OK you should indicate block insertion point. Having fixing insertion point by mouse left button click you enter scale factor (when cursor is moved up the scale is increasing, when it is moved down – the scale is decreasing) and block rotation angle. If you set corresponded flags in Do not specify parameters groupbox, you can avoid entering scale factor and rotation angle while inserting a block. If the flags were not set then by pressing Enter during operation you specify scale factor 1 and rotation angle 0. All the parameters can be entered in Parameter Input dialog box as well. To draw in ortho-mode hold down Shift key. Use mouse right button click to cancel current stage or Esc to cancel entire operation.


41

Shortcut:

Block / Insert Object from Database Use this command to insert parametric object to drawing from the database.

Use Tools / Database manager… main menu command to manage your databases. That database opens by default to which there was last reference from APM Graph or APM Base.

This command is active only in the insert mode of an object from a database and invokes the dialog box containing the list of databases. This command can be activated from the contextual menu also which is dropping down at right click on a window of a database tree. Using corresponding buttons you can create a file of base, delete base from the list, add base to the list or update. Similar operations are accessible from the contextual menu. Filling and editing of databases is carried out in module APM Base.

This version of APM Base includes following databases placed in following folders: APM Mechanical Data

C: \ Documents and Settings \ All Users \ Application Data \ APM Winmachine \ DataBase \ APM Mechanical Data

APM Section Data C: \ Documents and Settings \ All Users \ Application Data \ APM Winmachine \ DataBase \ APM Section Data

APM Construction Data C: \ Documents and Settings \ All Users \ Application Data \ APM Winmachine \ DataBase \ APM Construction Data

Fig. 2.45 Database manager window

The list of databases shows in this dialog box. The required database is needed to be marked in

the Opened bases column. Databases delivered with APM WinMachine are standard, therefore it is recommended to open them only for reading. It is better to create a new user database for editing.

Switching between the opened bases is carried out by means of the tabs located below a tree. Select necessary base, specify folder, group of objects and a corresponding object. Thus there will be the Data dialog window that includes the list of variable values for the chosen model.


42

Fig. 2.46 Database tree Fig. 2.47 Data window

Having selected a model and its view either double-click on a row with required variables values or

select a required row and press OK button. In the displayed window change, if it is necessary, variables value. (A work in this window is described in detail in command Draw / Block / Insert Block, parametric block loading.) By default, the variables receive values selected at an insert of the model.

After all initial data have been set and model has been built without errors, an insertion of parametric block into the drawing is performed. You should select an insertion point. Having fixing insertion point by mouse left button click you enter scale factor (when cursor is moved up the scale is increasing, when it is moved down – the scale is decreasing) and block rotation angle. By pressing Enter during operation you specify scale factor 1 and rotation angle 0. All the parameters can be entered in Parameter Input dialog box as well. To draw in ortho-mode hold down Shift key. Use mouse right button click to cancel current stage or Esc to cancel entire operation.

Shortcut:

Modify menu

Edit This command turns on drawing editing mode. One or more of control points are considered object

nodes. Use mouse left button to select control point you want to move. Moving mouse cursor select new position and fix it by mouse left button clicking. All the objects possessing this control point will be changed. To work in ortho-mode hold down Shift key. Use mouse right button to cancel operation. Use Parameter Input dialog box to enter coordinates of first and second points or second point relative position with respect to first one.

If you select object to be edited with mouse left button, its modification is done as follows: line, text, tolerance, roughness, inscription, table, block are moved as a whole by displacement

vector; circle – the radius is changed; arc – central point is changed; dimensions – geometry of dimensions is changed. Shortcut:


43

Modify Using this command you can change attributes of one or more objects. Object selection is subject

to following rules: 1) mouse left button clicking on single object selects this object; 2) click on drawing free area switch the program to frame selection mode: if the frame is drawn

from left to right the objects entirely in the frame are selected; if the frame is drawn from right to left all the objects with any part in the frame are selected.

When more than one object is selected, the dialog box is displayed that allows to change attributes (layer and line fashion) of several objects.

Fig. 2.48 Modify Objects Attributes dialog box

Layer button invokes Layer Manager dialog box. Line Fashion button calls Line Fashion Manager

dialog box. When a single object was selected the dialog box is displayed that allows to edit attributes (layer

and line fashion) and properties of the object. Modification of attributes obeys the same rules that are applied in the case of several objects.

Point Modification. Use X and Y edit boxes to specify point coordinates.

Modify Point tab

Line Modification. The keys for quick navigation: Tab – moving between controls of the dialog box and the current tab in direct order; Shift-Tab – moving between controls of the dialog box and the current tab in reverse order; Ctrl-Tab – moving between tabs in direct order; Shift-Ctrl-Tab - moving between tabs in reverse order. Point-Point tab. Start Point – starting point coordinates. End Point – end point coordinates.

Point-Point line modification tab

Point-Length tab. Start Point – starting point coordinates. Length – line length. It is possible to call the context-

sensitive menu containing rows of normal linear dimensions by right button click inside an editbox. By a left-click you select the necessary value.

Point-Length line modification tab


44

Angle – line tilt with respect to X axis. It is possible to call the context-sensitive menu containing rows of normal angular dimensions by right button click inside an editbox. By a left-click you select the necessary value.

Point-Offset tab. Start Point – coordinates of the starting point. Offset X, Y axes – displacements along X and Y axes

with respect to starting point. It is possible to call the context-sensitive menu containing rows of normal linear dimensions by right button click inside an editbox. By a left-click you select the necessary value.

Point-Offset line modification tab Circle Modification. Point-Radius tab. Center Point – circle central point coordinates. Radius – circle radius. It is possible to call the context-

sensitive menu containing rows of normal linear dimensions by right button click inside an editbox. By a left-click you select the necessary value.

Point-Radius circle modification tab

Point-Diameter tab. Center Point – circle central point coordinates. Diameter – circle diameter. It is possible to call the

context-sensitive menu containing rows of normal linear dimensions by right button click inside an editbox. By a left-click you select the necessary value.

Point-Diameter circle modification tab Arc Modification. General Parameters tab. Center Point – arc central point coordinates. Start Angle – arc starting angle with respect to X axis. It

is possible to call the context-sensitive menu containing rows of normal angular dimensions by right button click inside an editbox. By a left-click you select the necessary value.

End Angle – arc end angle with respect to X axis. It is possible to call the context-sensitive menu containing rows of normal angular dimensions by right button click inside an editbox. By a left-click you select the necessary value.

General Parameters arc modification

tab

Radius – arc radius. It is possible to call the context-sensitive menu containing rows of normal linear dimensions by right button click inside an editbox. By a left-click you select the necessary value.

Alternate Parameters tab. Center Point – arc central point coordinates. Start Angle – arc starting angle with respect to X axis. It

is possible to call the context-sensitive menu containing rows of normal angular dimensions by right button click inside an editbox. By a left-click you select the necessary value.

Central Angle – arc central angle. It is possible to call the context-sensitive menu containing rows of normal angular dimensions by right button click inside an editbox. By a left-click you select the necessary value.

Alternate Parameters arc modification

tab


45

Radius – arc radius. It is possible to call the context-sensitive menu containing rows of normal linear dimensions by right button click inside an editbox. By a left-click you select the necessary value.

Ellipse Modification. Center Point – ellipse central point coordinates. Start Angle – ellipse starting angle with respect to X

axis. End Angle – ellipse ending angle with respect to X axis. R1 – length of 1-st semi-axis. A1 – angle of inclination of 1-st semi-axis with respect to

X axis. R2 – length of 2-nd semi-axis.

Ellipse Modification A2 – angle of inclination of 2-nd semi-axis with respect to 1-st semi-axis. Spline Modification. User can enter coordinates of selected point in the X

and Y fields. Coordinates become actual after selecting Apply button.

Modify Spline tab

NURBS Modification. In the Order text field you can enter NURBS order. You can enter coordinates of selected point in the X and

Y fields and also weight of selected point. Coordinates become actual after pressing Apply button.

NURBS Modification

Polyline Modification. You can enter coordinates of selected point in the X and

Y fields. Coordinates become actual after pressing Apply button.

Polyline Modification

Polygon Modification. You can enter coordinates of central point in the X and

Y fields. You can enter rotation angle relative to center in Angle

text field. In field R you can enter radius of circumscribed or

inscribed circle. To change number of edges or vertexes redraw polygon

using Draw / Curve / Polygon. Polygon Modification


46

Text Modification. Use X and Y edit boxes to enter text base point.

Horizontal and vertical alignment of text bounding rectangle are made with respect to base point.

Properties button invokes Text dialog box that was described in command Draw / Text / Free Text.

Modify text tab Hatch Modification. The only attribute that can be changed is layer, line

fashion is not applicable to hatch. Properties button – invokes Hatch and Fill dialog box,

described in command Draw / Hatch / Simple Hatch. Hatch Modification

Dimension Modification. Properties button – invokes Dimensions dialog box that

was described in command Draw / Dimension / Size.

Dimension Modification Tolerance Modification. Start Point – first connecting line starting

point coordinates. Buffer point – two connection lines bend

point coordinates (when tolerance with two connecting lines is modified).

End point – second connecting line end point coordinates.

Tolerance Modification

Properties – invokes Tolerance dialog box, described in command Draw / Special Symbols /

Tolerance. When tolerance is modified it is not allowed to change a number of connecting lines or substitution

of tolerance to base and vice versa. Roughness Modification. Start Point – roughness symbol starting point

coordinates. Properties – invokes Roughness dialog box that was

described in command Draw / Special Symbols / Roughness.

Roughness Modification

Inscription Modification. Start Point – inscription starting point

coordinates. End Point – inscription end point coordinates. Properties – invokes Inscription dialog box that

was described in command Draw / Special Symbols / Inscription.

Inscription Modification


47

Table Modification. Insertion Point – table insertion point coordinates (upper

left corner of a table). Properties – invokes Table Properties dialog box that

was described in command Draw / Special Symbols / Table.

Table Modification Level Mark Modification. Start Point – start point coordinates of base line. End Point – end point X coordinate of base line. Properties – invokes Level Mark dialog box that

was described in command Draw / Special Symbols / Level Mark.

Level Mark Modification Block Modification.

Fig. 2.49 Modify Block dialog box

Block Name – the name of modified block. Base Point – block base point coordinates. Scale – scaling factor. Angle – tilt angle with respect to X axis. It is possible to call the context-sensitive menu containing

rows of normal angular dimensions by right button click inside an editbox. By a left-click you select the necessary value.

In case of modifying a parametric block a button Variables will be available. Variables calls a dialog box Variables where you can change parametric block variables values

(this dialog box is described in detail in command Draw / Block / Insert Block). Local scale factor is used for correct dimension setting in block when it value is computed

automatically. For example, if the scale factor is 1 : 2, at dimensioning a line of length 100 in the block, a dimension 200 will be set.

Take global scale - use a value of global scale factor as a local scale factor. In this case an automatically computed dimension values in block will correspond to dimensions of the drawing.

Take block scale - use a value of block scale factor as a local scale factor. In this case an automatically computed dimension values in the scaled block will not vary in comparison with not scaled.

Shortcut:


48

Select

Use this command to select object for following actions. Allowable action on selected object include: property modification, moving, copying, rotating, scaling, mirroring, rectangular and circular array, deletion, block creation, block explosion. Also, selected objects are a base of objects to find a hatch contour by point inside an enclosed area. Selection can be made in the mode described and in the submodes of the actions described above.

Object selection is made according to following rules: 1) a mouse left button click on a single object select the object; 2) second click on selected object deselects it; 3) a click on drawing free area switch program to frame selection mode: if the frame is drawn from

left to right the objects entirely in the frame are selected; if the frame is drawn from right to left all the objects with any part in the frame are selected; mouse right button click cancel frame drawing;

4) a click with pressed Ctrl button deselects all selected objects. Press Del key to erase all selected objects.

Shortcut:

Move This command switches program to object displacement mode. When there is no selected objects

the program goes to object selection submode. Having selecting objects for operation (according the rules described in the Select command), click mouse right button to go immediately to displacement mode. Second mouse right button click returns you to object selection mode.

If objects were selected in advance or in the operation submode, the program goes to move mode. First click mouse left button on the base point. Then move it to new position and fix it. Coordinates of both points or length and angle with respect to first point can be entered in Parameter Input dialog box. When moving elements of hatch contour, dimension base objects and some other objects the situations related to object integrity faults can arise. Warning message is issued in this case. To work in ortho-mode hold down Shift key. To cancel displacement use mouse right button click.

Press Del key to erase all selected objects. Shortcut:

Copy This command switch program to object copying mode. In the absence of selected objects the

program goes to object selection submode. Having selecting objects for operation (according the rules described in the Select command), click mouse right button to go immediately to copy mode. Second mouse right button click returns you to object selection mode.

If objects were selected in advance or in the operation submode, the program goes to copy mode. First click mouse left button on the base point. Then move it to new position and fix it. You will be prompted to multiply objects. Answering Yes you can make a number of object copies. To leave multiply mode use mouse right button. Coordinates of both points or length and angle with respect to first point can be entered in Parameter Input dialog box. To work in ortho-mode hold down Shift key. To cancel copying use mouse right button click.


Rotate This command switch program to object rotation mode. In the absence of selected objects the

program goes to object selection submode. Having selecting objects for operation (according the rules described in the Select command), click mouse right button to go immediately to rotation mode. Second mouse right button click returns you to object selection mode.

If objects were selected in advance or in the operation submode, the program goes to rotation mode. First click mouse left button on the rotation center. Then define rotation angle and fix it. You will be prompted to delete old objects. Coordinates of central point and angle of rotation can be entered in


49

Parameter Input dialog box. To work in ortho-mode hold down Shift key. To cancel rotation use mouse right button click.


Scale This command switch program to object scaling mode. In the absence of selected objects the

program goes to object selection submode. Having selecting objects for operation (according the rules described in the Select command), click mouse right button to go immediately to scaling mode. Second mouse right button click returns you to object selection mode.

If objects were selected in advance or in the operation submode, the program goes to scaling mode. First click mouse left button on the scaling base point. Then define object scale and fix it. When cursor is moved up the scale is increasing, when it is moved down – the scale is decreasing. You will be prompted to delete old objects. Coordinates of base point and scaling factor can be entered in Parameter Input dialog box. To cancel scaling use mouse right button click.


Mirror This command switch program to object mirroring mode. In the absence of selected objects the

program goes to object selection submode. Having selecting objects for operation (according the rules described in the Select command), click mouse right button to go immediately to mirroring mode. Second mouse right button click returns you to object selection mode.

If objects were selected in advance or in the operation submode, the program goes to mirroring mode. First click mouse left button on the first point of mirror line. By moving cursor select appropriate position for second point and fix it. You will be prompted to delete old objects. Coordinates of both points or length and angle with respect to first point can be entered in Parameter Input dialog box. To work in ortho-mode hold down Shift key. To cancel mirroring use mouse right button click.


Rectangular Array This command switches program to creation of rectangular array of objects mode. In the absence

of selected objects the program goes to object selection submode. Having selecting objects for operation (according the rules described in the Select command), click mouse right button – a window will be displayed where you should enter number of rows and columns. This dialog can also be invoked by pressing any key in the Object Selection submode. Then the program goes immediately to Rectangular Array mode. Second mouse right button click returns you to object selection mode.

If objects were selected in advance, the program goes to Rectangular Array mode. First click mouse left button on the base point - a window will be displayed where you should enter number of rows and columns. This dialog can also be invoked in advance by pressing any key. Select the second point by next click and fix it. Coordinates of both points or length or the distance between rows and columns can be entered in Parameter Input dialog box. To cancel rectangular array creation use mouse right button click.



50

Polar Array This command switches program to creation of polar array of objects mode. In the absence of

selected objects the program goes to object selection submode. Having selecting objects for operation (according the rules described in the Select command), click mouse right button – a window will be displayed where you should enter a number of objects in array. This dialog can also be invoked by pressing any key in the Object Selection submode. Then in the new dialog boxes you will be asked should the objects be rotated. After that the program goes immediately to array creation mode. Second mouse right button click returns you to object selection mode.

If objects were selected in advance, the program goes to Polar Array mode. First click mouse left button on the central point - a window will be displayed where you should enter a number of objects in array. This dialog can also be invoked in advance by pressing any key. Then in the new dialog boxes you will be asked should the objects be rotated.

If the objects should be rotated, on the next step you should define starting and end angles of rotation using mouse left button. The objects were rotated around rotation center.

Fig. 2.50 An example of Polar Array operation

with Object rotation mode turned on

Fig. 2.51 An example of Polar Array operation

with Object rotation mode turned off If rotation is not required, you should indicate point for rotation and final angle. This point will be

moved around rotation center and together with it the objects will be translated. Coordinates of all the points as well as filling angle and angle between objects can be entered in

Parameter Input dialog box. To work in ortho-mode hold down Shift key. To cancel array creation use mouse right button.


Offset This command allows to create parallel lines, concentric circles and arcs. Select sample object by

mouse left button. By moving cursor select new object position. Fix it by mouse left button. Using Parameter Input dialog box you can specify the point the object should pass through or the distance new object should be displaced with respect to base one. If the distance is selected, then all following objects will be displaced at this distance. To come back to variant of passing through given point, select point in Parameter Input dialog box. Mouse right button clicking cancel displaced object drawing.

Shortcut:


51

Erase Use this command to delete one or more objects. The objects are deleted according the following

rules: 1) mouse left button click on the single object deletes this object; 2) a click on drawing free area switch program to frame selection mode: if the frame is drawn from

left to right the objects entirely in the frame are selected; if the frame is drawn from right to left all the objects with any part in the frame are selected; mouse right button click cancel frame drawing; all selected objects are deleted;

3) if the objects were selected in advance, they are deleted. Shortcut:

Fillet to Two Objects Use this command to get rounding between two objects. Allowable objects are line and arc. First

select two objects with mouse left button. Then press left button once more: dialog box will be displayed where you should enter rounding radius.

If the fillet with that radius is allowable, the rounding arc

connects two objects, otherwise you should correct radius. Warning message is issued in this case. Use mouse right button to cancel operation step and return to previous one. Press Esc to cancel entire operation.

Fig. 2.52 Fillet Radius dialog box Shortcut:

Chamfer This command allows to draw a chamfer between two objects. Allowable objects are line and arc.

First select two objects with mouse left button. Then press left button once more – a dialog box will be displayed where you should enter type of facet building and numerical parameters.

Fig. 2.53 Chamfer dialog box

If entered parameters are incorrect, a warning message will be issued in this case and the chamfer

will not be drawn. Use mouse right button to cancel operation step and return to previous one. Press Esc to cancel entire operation.

Shortcut:

Break at Point Use this command to divide object into two parts. Allowable objects are line, circle, arc and spline.

It is not allowed to break object from hatch contour. Also you cannot break fillet and facet. First select object to be divided with mouse left button. By moving cursor select required position of dividing point and fix it with mouse left button.


52

If the object to be divided is a line, its starting point will be highlighted after selection. In the Parameter Input dialog box you can enter dividing point coordinates, distance from the line starting point or that from end point.

When dividing a circle or an arc in the Parameter Input dialog box you can enter coordinates or angle relative to X axis.

In the case of spline dividing you can enter dividing point coordinates (the actual point will be that projected onto spline).

Use mouse right button to cancel operation step and return to previous one. Press Esc to cancel entire operation.

Shortcut:

Break between Points This command allows to delete the part of object located between two points. Allowable objects are

line, circle, arc and spline. It is not allowed to break object from hatch contour. Also you cannot break fillet and facet. First select operation object by clicking on it with mouse left button. By moving cursor indicate first and second point of break with mouse left button. The part of object located between these two points will be deleted. During a circle breakdown an arc laying between first and second points in the counter clockwise direction will be cut off.

If the object to be divided is a line, its starting point will be highlighted after selection. In the Parameter Input dialog box you can enter coordinates of dividing points, distance from the line starting point or that from end point for both points.

When dividing a circle or an arc in the Parameter Input dialog box you can enter coordinates or angle relative to X axis for both points.

In the case of spline dividing you can enter coordinates of both dividing points (the actual points will be those projected onto spline).


Shortcut:

Trim object This command allows to delete the part of object limited by the nearest cross points of this object

with other objects of the drawing. Allowable objects are line, circle and arc. It is not allowed to trim object from hatch contour. Also you cannot trim fillet and facet. To trim object left click on a part of the object which is necessary for deleting. At coincidence of cross points with end points of the object (i.e. if the object has no «obtrusive» parts) object will not be trimmed. To keep the indicated part and delete external parts hold down the Shift key at execution of the operation.

Use mouse right button or press Esc to cancel operation. Shortcut:

Align on boundary This command allows to align the object on boundary. Allowable objects are line, circle and arc. It

is not allowed to align object from hatch contour. Also you cannot align fillet and facet. First select boundary object by clicking on it with mouse left button. Then specify the object to align.


Shortcut:

Split Control Point


53

Use this command to splint control point into several. When drawing objects, by default, new control point is not created if the point with the same coordinates already exists. Use Point snap tab in Tools / Properties to turn this option off. This operation is used when you should split a control point that is common to all the objects joining in given node. As a result of operation the very first object possessing the point save it in its disposal while other objects obtain new control points with the same coordinates. To execute command place mouse cursor on the control point to be splitted (the point becomes highlighted) and click mouse left button. All the control points laying beneath will be copied as well.

Shortcut:

Unite Control Points This command allows to unite a number of control points into one point. This operation is used for

example, when after editing of lines their end points become connected and it is required that a set of control points having the same coordinates will be treated as a single node. All the objects joined in this node will obtain one common control point. To execute operation place mouse cursor onto common node (the points become highlighted) and press mouse left button.

Shortcut:

Make Block Use this command to join several objects into block in order to work further with it as with single

object. In the absence of selected objects the program goes to object selection submode. Having selecting objects for operation (according the rules described in the Select command), click mouse right button to go immediately to block creation mode. Second mouse right button click returns you to object selection mode.

If objects were selected in advance or in the operation submode, the program goes to block creation mode. First use mouse left button or Parameter Input dialog box to define block base point. This point will serve as insertion point in further insertion operations. After that you should enter block name in the Block Name dialog box.

Fig. 2.54 Block Name dialog box

If you select Delete old objects option, the objects will be deleted from the drawing. The block can

include components that are blocks themselves. To insert a block use Draw / Block / Insert Block command.

Shortcut:

Explode Block Use this command to explode a block or group of blocks into components. Breakdown is made

according to following rules: 1) mouse left button click on a single block break this block; 2) a click on drawing free area switch program to frame selection mode: if the frame is drawn from

left to right the objects entirely in the frame are selected; if the frame is drawn from right to left all the objects with any part in the frame are selected; mouse right button click cancel frame drawing; all selected blocks are exploded;

3) if the objects were selected in advance, they are exploded.


54

Shortcut:

Format menu

Linetype Manager This command calls Linetype List dialog box. In the list all the linetypes that are loaded to drawing

are enumerated. Use this dialog box to perform operations with linetypes.

Shortcut:

Fig. 2.55 Linetype manager dialog box

Create – when you select this button a submenu is displayed. Using it you can choose between

creation of new linetype and use of existing one. In the latter case the linetype that is currently selected in the list is used. For description of the Edit Linetype dialog box see Edit command.

Delete – use this button to delete current selected linetype. Linetype cannot be deleted if it is used in any line fashion.

Edit – this button invokes Edit Linetype dialog box.

Fig. 2.56 Edit Linetype dialog box

Linetype name – the name of editing linetype.


55

Linetype consists of a number of segments: lines, circles and points. Active segment is highlighted with blue color. Each segment has a set of parameters.

Line: - angle – angle between line segment and horizontal axis; - length – line segment length; - draw – if this flag is set on the line will be drawn, otherwise it will not be drawn.

Circle – circle radius. Point – has no parameters. Apply – realizes all the changes made to active segment. Arrows Left /Right - allow to move between segments. Add – adds new segment to the end of linetype. User is prompted to select segment type. Insert – inserts new segment before active one. Delete – deletes current segment. Load – this button invokes Load Linetypes from File dialog box.

Fig. 2.57 Load Linetypes from File dialog box

When user selects file with linetypes (default file name extension for these files is 'lin') its content is

displayed in the Linetype List window. Use mouse to select required linetypes to load or press Select All button. Press Deselect All button to deselect selected linetypes. To load selected linetypes to drawing press Ok. If linetype with the same name already exists in the drawing you will be prompted to rewrite it. Use Cancel button to stop downloading from file.

Save – this button call Save Linetypes to File dialog box.

Fig. 2.58 Save Linetypes to File dialog box

Linetype List shows all the linetypes loaded to drawing. User can select linetypes he want to save

to file by mouse or use Select All button. Use Deselect All button to deselect selected linetypes. Select Ok to save selected linetypes to file.

Line Fashion Manager


56

This command invokes Line Fashion List dialog box. It enumerates all line fashions containing in the drawing. Line fashion includes linetype, line color and line width. Use this dialog box for operations with line fashions.

Shortcut:

Fig. 2.59 Line Fashion manager dialog box

Add – this button calls Edit Line Fashion dialog box where user can specify new line fashion

attributes. Edit – this button calls Edit Line Fashion dialog box where user can edit current line fashion.

Fig. 2.60 Edit Line Fashion dialog box

Line fashion name – use this field to enter line fashion name. Linetypes list – this is a list of linetypes loaded into drawing, where you can select linetype for line

fashion. Choose Color window – allows user select line color. Line Width window – allows user entry line width. Delete – deletes current selected line fashion. Line fashion can not be deleted if it is used in

drawing, included in «Undo-Redo» command list or used in block included in drawing.

Layer Manager This command invokes Layer List dialog box.

Shortcut: A layer has the following attributes: On/Off flag – layer is turned on/off; turned off layer objects are not shown on screen; to toggle state

click mouse left button on the pictogram;


57

Locked/Unlocked flag – layer is locked/unlocked; locked layer objects can not be selected in any operation that use object selection; to toggle locking state click mouse left button on the pictogram;

Line Fashion – line fashion assigned to layer; till another fashion is selected, all new objects are drawn with default line fashion of active (current) layer; to assign a line fashion to selected layer either click on column Line Fashion with mouse left button or press Set line fashion button.

Linetype – linetype assigned to given line fashion (reference information).

Fig. 2.61 Layer manager dialog box

New – this button creates new layer that inherits all attributes of highlighted layer and obtain a

predefined name. To change the name click on it with mouse left button. Delete – deletes highlighted layer. The layer named «Default», current layer and layers that

contain objects can not be deleted. Set line fashion – this button calls Select Line Fashion dialog box. Use this dialog box to assign

existing line fashion to layer.

Fig. 2.62 Select Line Fashion dialog box

Make Current – this button makes highlighted layer current layer. Current layer name is shown

above list of layers and current layer is ticked off in the layer list.

Text Styles This command invokes Text Styles dialog box. It enumerates all text styles containing in the

drawing. The text style determines all font parameters. At change of text style parameters, all objects having text elements with assigned text style to them, will be drawn according to its text style. When window is open a current text style is selected.


58

Fig. 2.63 Text Styles dialog box

Add - calls a dialog box where you should enter unique name for new text style. After this, a new

text style, that inherits all attributes of selected before operation text style, is created with entered name.

Fig. 2.64 Text Style Name dialog box

Rename - calls Text Style Name dialog box where you can enter a new name for the selected text

style. The new text style name should be unique. Style «Standard» can not be renamed. Delete - deletes selected text style. Text style can not be deleted if it is used in drawing, included in

«Undo-Redo» command list or used in block included in drawing. Style «Standard» can not be deleted.

Font - calls a standard dialog box of choosing font where you can assign a font for the selected text style. To the right of the button an assigned font name is displayed. To call this dialog box you can also double-click on text style name in the text style list.

Font size in world units - if on, it is possible to set font size in the editbox in world units rather standard points.

After closing a dialog box, highlighted text style becomes current text style. Current text style is assigned to all newly created text objects.

Global Scale Factor

This command invokes Global Scale Factor dialog box. Use this dialog box to set or to choose one of the standard scale values.

Fig. 2.65 Global Scale Factor dialog box


59

The global scale factor is used for correct dimension setting in the drawing when it value is

computed automatically. For example, if the scale factor is 1 : 2, at dimensioning a line of length 100, a dimension 200 will be set.

Tools menu

Properties

Use this command to display Properties dialog box. Grid and Cursor Snap Tab. Cursor Snap On/Off – turns on/off the mode of discrete cursor movement between invisible grid

nodes. Cursor Step – cursor movement step along X and Y axes. Base X,Y – origin of invisible grid coordinates. Grid On/Off – shows/hides grid. X, Y spacing – grid step along X and Y axes. Control Point Snap tab. Snap cursor to the nearest control point – when approaching control point nearer than sensitivity

distance, cursor jumps automatically onto this control point. Sensitivity distance – the distance at which snap to control point begin to work. Attach a new control point to the underlying one – if control point of new object has the same

coordinates that has underlying point, new point is not created, old one is used instead. It allows to work with objects sharing common node as with single totality of linked objects.

Fig. 2.66 Properties dialog box

(Grid and Cursor Snap tab)

Fig. 2.67 Properties dialog box

(Control Point Snap tab) Object Snap tab. Snap to group box allows to enable required object snap. Shortcuts:

Points tab. Show all control points – highlights all control points. Show points on circles, acs, splines – turn on mode of circle, arc center and spline nodes drawing. Point size – allow to enter a half of side of a square used to draw a point. Control point size – allow to enter a half of side of a square used to draw a control point.


60

Fig. 2.68 Properties dialog box (Object Snap tab )

Fig. 2.69 Properties dialog box (Points tab)

Common tab. This tab allows to set some common parameters if required. Colors tab. This tab allows to set colors of the different elements of the drawing.

Fig. 2.70 Properties dialog box (Common tab)

Fig. 2.71 Properties dialog box (Colors tab)

Integration tab.

To use the Transmite model to ADEM-2d command it is necessary to enter a path to ADEM module. To make it automatically press the Find ADEM button or set a path to module using Browse button of this tab.

Fig. 2.72 Properties dialog box (Integration tab)


61

Save Properties This command saves properties of active drawing to file apmgraph.prp. All linetypes, line fashions,

layers and text styles are also saved to this file. Property file is loaded automatically on program start up or on new document creation.

UCS / UCS List

This command invokes User's Coordinate System List dialog box.

Fig. 2.73 UCS manager dialog box

All the UCS used in the drawing are enumerated in the list. A corresponded text is placed opposite

to current UCS. Parameters groupbox shows UCS parameters – displacement of origin and angle of rotation around Z axis. Parameters can be specified with respect either to world or to current coordinate system.

New – invokes New UCS dialog box. Edit – this button invokes a window where you can change parameters of highlighted UCS. If new

name for editing UCS coincides with a name of existing UCS you will be prompted to replace existing UCS with new one. WCS and current UCS cannot be replaced.

Delete – use this command to delete selected UCS. WCS and current UCS cannot be deleted. Make Current – selected UCS becomes current. Another way to make a UCS currently active – to

double click on it in the UCS list.

Fig. 2.74 New UCS dialog box

Using this dialog box user can enter a name of new UCS and its parameters relative to WCS or

UCS.

Shortcut:

UCS / World This command allows to set World CS as current CS.

Shortcut:


62

UCS / Origin

Using this command you can define a new coordinate system, setting its origin with respect to current UCS. Place mouse cursor on the origin of new coordinate system and click on it with mouse left button. A new UCS that has its origin in this point will be created. In the Parameter Input dialog box you can enter exact coordinates for origin of coordinates.

Shortcut:

UCS / Rotate about Z Axis This command allows you to specify a new coordinate system by rotating current UCS around Z

axis. Use mouse to indicate required rotation angle. For the purpose select with mouse left button a center and two points laying on the rays. Use Parameter Input dialog box to enter exact coordinates, length and angle or displacement with respect to central point. On any step you can enter exact value of rotation angle in a special tab of Parameter Input dialog box.

Shortcut:

Measure object This command allows to measure geometrical parameters of objects. This command invokes Object Measurement dialog

box. Specify the required object and you will see the geometrical parameter value that characterizes object.

To edit object properties use Modify command.

Fig. 2.75 Object Measurement dialog box

Shortcut:

Table 2.2 – Object parameters Object Object parameters Object Object parameters

Line Length, mm Circle Length, mm

Circle radius, mm Area, mm2

Ellipse Length, mm Length of 1-st semi-axis, mm Length of 2-nd semi-axis, mm

NURBS Length, mm Polyline Length, mm

Arc Arc radius, mm Arc angle, grad Length, mm Sector area, mm2

Polygon Length, mm

Measure between objects

This command allows to measure geometrical parameters between objects: the minimal distance or angle between straight lines. This command invokes Between Two Objects Measurement dialog box.


63

The type of measurement can be: Two objects, i.e. between any selected objects or From base, i.e. the minimal distance from the object selected first and being base up to any other object. If some types of objects are intersect with each other, complicating a selection, select the required object from the drop-down list: Any object, Point, Line, Circle, Arc, Ellipse, NURBS, Polyline, Polygon, then specify object and make a left click. To cancel selection press the right mouse button. To insert dimension into drawing press the corresponding button of dialog.

Fig. 2.76 Between Two Objects Measurement

dialog box

Shortcut:

Database Manager Use this command to manage your databases. The list of databases shows in the appeared dialog

box. The required database is needed to be marked in the Opened bases column.

Fig. 2.77 Database manager window

Databases delivered with APM WinMachine are standard, therefore it is recommended to open

them only for reading. It is better to create a new user database for editing. This command is active only in the insert mode of an object from a database.

Shortcut:

Window menu

Cascade This command arranges windows in cascade.

Tile This command tiles windows without overlapping.

Arrange Icons


64

This command arranges icons of minimized windows in the lower part of screen.

Help menu

Contents This command invokes APM Graph help system. Shortcut: F1

About APM Graph This command calls About dialog box containing brief information about the program.


65

Chapter 3 Parametrization After selecting from the main menu a command File / New Model APM Graph switches to

parametric model creation mode. A parametric model is a sequence of drawing commands with given parameters. The parameters are set or numerically or through analytical expressions. A created parametric model can be inserted into the common drawing as a parametric block (see command Draw / Block / Insert Block).

To the main menu the new item is added: Parametrization.

Parametrization menu

Commands This command calls a dialog box Parametric Command List where you can set all parameters of

drawing commands.

Shortcut:

Variables This command calls a dialog box Variables where you can add, change or delete variables.

Shortcut:

Base Point This command calls a dialog box of base point definition. The base point is a point that will serve as

insertion point in further parametric model insertion as block into a common drawing.

Shortcut:

Replace Variable This command calls a dialog box of replacement of a variable. In this window you can set a new

name for any of existing variables, and the variable will be replaced in all expressions of parametric model.

Shortcut:

Language Manager This command invokes Language Manager dialog box where you can add any of supported MS

Windows languages in the list.

Mark language used for a text insertion to make active or press Set Active button.

You can write comments to parametrical model on any of languages in the list. This comments to parametrical model will be displayed in active language.

Shortcut:

Fig. 3.1 Language Manager dialog box


66

The order of parametric model creation

1) The analysis of input data necessary for model construction is performed. The data are divided on initial (independent) and the derivatives (depend from initial).

2) The input data, as a variable, are entered in a dialog box Variables. For initial data only a value and for derivatives as well the expression (being the function of initial and already declared derivative data) is set only. There is a common rule: the variable used in the subsequent expressions should be declared beforehand.

3) The commands routine carrying on to construction of the necessary model is graphically set. 4) Parameters for commands are set, if it is necessary, in parametric commands list. And

variables, preset in item 2, or supplementary variables, created during model construction, are used in expressions.

5) The correspondence to the generated thus model with required is performed, and, if necessary, the parameters of commands are corrected or the way of construction of all model or its part varies.

6) The regularity of the constructed model is performed at different values of initial data. 7) The base point of model is set. The coordinates of a base point either are set parametrically

or the coordinates of one of existing control points are used. After finishing a work at the model it should be saved in the separate file with the extension .agp

(with the help of the command File / Save). Now the model can be inserted into common drawing as a parametric block (see command Draw / Block / Insert Block). At an insert of the parametric block only the initial data are granted for filling to user.

Variables

Variable definition

After all the initial data of parametrical model have been analyzed, it is necessary to define variables.

The Parametrization / Variables command invokes the Variables dialog box where you can add, change or delete variables.

Fig. 3.2 Variables dialog box

The Add button invokes the dialog for a new variable creation. In fields of this dialog you can set corresponding parameters of a new variable. The Variable

should have a unique name consisting from capital or lower case letters of the latin alphabet, digits, sign '_'. The name should not start with digit. The variable can be numerical or string. The variable type is set at its creation. The new variable will be string if an appropriate flag is checked. The Value should be necessarily assigned to a numerical variable, even if the expression is preset to it. In case


67

the Expression (analytical or string) is assigned to variable, the value in further will be recalculated automatically according to Expression. Expression should be a function of the predefined variables.

The Remark can be set to variable. You can set multilanguage comment using button. Values of variables can be presented in the form of the drop-down list. For addition and deletion of

numerical values use corresponding buttons: – Add value; – Delete value. Message Variables are intended for presentation in the central information window of Data dialog. The window of messages is accessible in the drawing mode at an insert of the parametrical block

and in a mode of parametrical model creation. If variable value or result of logic operation is equal to zero in Expression field, the Comments are not presented. Otherwise, Comments are presented.

You can select color of the text and a background of the message using drop-down palettes. For example, red - the prevention, dark blue - the help, etc. The selected color of the text and a background will be displayed in variable-message field.

Fig. 3.3 New Variable dialog box

(Variable tab)

Fig. 3.4 New Variable dialog box

(Message Variable tab) To change the order of variables one should point a mouse pointer on a string, click the left button

and drag the selected string on a new place with left button hold down. Double-click by the left mouse button on the selected string, press keyboard keys Space, Enter or

Return or dialog button Change to call a dialog box for editing the current selected variable. If the dialog is invoked by left mouse button double-click, those edit box will be focused (Variable, Expression, Value or Remark), in which the click of the mouse was performed.

Fig. 3.5 Variable dialog box

The Data button of the Variables dialog box invokes the Data dialog box. The top field of the Data dialog box is intended for the

values filling of parametrical model variables in the form of the table. Using Operations menu commands values can be added to required sells of table. Variables-messages cannot be added in the table as varied data. For introduction of variables values move the cursor to the necessary field and enter value from the keyboard.

In the central field remarks on model incorrectness and a variable name and a message are displayed. In the bottom field the drawing of parametrical model on the basis of the selected data row is displayed.

Fig. 3.6 Operations menu commands


68

Fig. 3.7 Data dialog box.

Delete - deletes the current selected variable. Using OK button or Ctrl+Enter you can close the Variables dialog box.

Syntax of analytical expressions In analytical expression you can use the following operators and functions. Arithmetic operations:

** - raise to the power; * - multiplication; / - division; % - remainder; + - addition; - - subtraction; = - assignment.

Logic operations: >= - more or equal; > - strict more; <= - less or equal; < - strict less; == - equal; <> или != - unequal; - - logical NOT; & - logical AND; ^ - logical XOR; | - logical OR.

The result of logic operations is 1(TRUE) or 0(FALSE). Functions (the argument of the function can be any expression in brackets):

Trigonometrical functions (the argument should be in radians): • sin - sine; • cos - cosine;


69

• tan - tangent; • atan - arctangent; • acos - arccosine; • asin - arcsine;

Hyperbolic functions: • sinh - hyperbolic sine; • cosh - hyperbolic cosine; • tanh - hyperbolic tangent;

Logarithmic functions: • log or ln - natural logarithm; • log10 or lg - base-10 logarithm; • log2 - base-2 logarithm;

Functions of roundoff: • ceil - returns the smallest integer that is greater than or equal to argument; • floor - returns the largest integer that is less than or equal to argument; • abs - calculates the absolute value;

Functions of conversion: • rad - value of argument in radians; • grad - value of argument in degrees;

Other functions: • sqrt - square root; • min - compares two values and returns the smaller one; • max - compares two values and returns the larger one.

Priority of operations usual: 1) function; 2) arithmetic operations (by the way of following); 3) logic operations. The expression can consist of the several subexpressions, disjointed semicolon (example 1).

Value of all expression (function f (x)) will be value of the last subexpression. The necessary order of calculation can be achieved applying brackets. Examples of expressions: 1) t=x**(1/3)*rad(x);abs(sin(t)) - cos(t) 2) x**2+6.56*x-3.12 You also can use the predetermined constants: M_PI - число ‘Пи’; M_EXP - число ‘e’.

Syntax of string expressions The string expression is, generally, text string. To insert into the string a variable value or expression, the variable or expression should be

concluded in signs %%. For example, if the variable Name is string and the value "John" is assigned to it, the result of the

string expression First name: %Name%

will be First name: John

If the variable is numerical, its value will be inserted. If in signs %% there is an analytical expression, it will be calculated and its value will be inserted.

For example, if variables values are: Operation = “plus”, Num1 = 2, Num2 = 3, than the result of the string expression

%Num1% %Operation% %Num2% equal to %Num1+Num2% will be

2 plus 3 equal to 5


70

Variable Replacing The Parametrization / Replace Variable command invokes the Replace Variable dialog box.

Fig. 3.8 Replace Variable window

In a combobox Find Variable you select one of existing variable for replacement. In editbox

Replace with set a new name of a variable. The selected variable will be replaced in all expressions of parametric model.

Parametric commands

After definition of all variables create the geometry of parametrical model. Thus drawing is similar

to creation of the usual drawing, i.e. the sequence of commands is set graphically. To compare the parameters of geometrical commands to the variables defined earlier use the

Parametrization / Commands command. In the appeared dialog window there is a list of parametrical commands in which you can set all parameters of drawing commands.

Fig. 3.9 Parametric Command List window

In the list all commands, by means of which a model was created, are located sequentially. For

each command there is a unique set of parameters. The field Value is filled automatically at creation of the command.

The navigating on commands is made either by means of the command list or with the help of keyboard combinations: Ctrl-Up (go to the previous command) and Ctrl-Down (go to the following command). At transition to any command on the screen the status of a drawing before executing of


71

this command is displayed. If the current command is the command of drawing, on the screen the object which should be drawn by this command is highlighted.

The double-click by the left mouse button on a set of parameters in Values group or buttons Space, Enter or Return provided that the input focus is located on the necessary field, calls a dialog box for editing the current selected parameter. If the dialog is invoked by left mouse button double-click, those edit box will be focused (Variable, Expression, Value or Remark), in which the click of the mouse was performed.

Fig. 3.10 Edit command parameter window

A window caption displays the name of the edited parameter. A number is entered to the editbox

Value if expression is not required for this parameter. An analytical or string expression (depending on a type of the parameter) is entered to the editbox Expression. Thus, the expression - is the function of variables beforehand preset in a dialog box of variables, or supplementary variables created during construction of a model. In the editbox Remark you can set the comment for the parameter. In the editbox Variable - declare a supplementary variable, which is evaluated through expression or uses, by default, a value if the expression is not set. The supplementary variables can be used as input data in parameters of the subsequent commands. A rule of definition of supplementary variables same, as well as for the input variables: the variable, which is used in the subsequent expressions, should be declared beforehand.

If the command can be preset by a different set of parameters, a dialog box contains a special control - ‘properties tabs’. The following keyboard combinations in this case operate:

Ctrl-Tab - direct moving under the tabs of properties; Shift-Ctrl-Tab - reverse moving under the tabs of properties. And also for entire dialog box: Tab - direct moving on all dialog items and items of the current tab; Shift-Tab - reverse moving on all dialog items and items of the current tab. Delete button - marks the current command for deleting. Pressing the button again you can

deselect ‘deletion’ flag. After closing the dialog box by OK button all marked thus commands will be removed from the list. Accordingly, a view of parametric model can change, or errors, concerned that together with the removed command any data necessary in the subsequent commands were removed, can appear.

Attributes - calls a dialog box Object Attributes, where you can change a layer, in which the object

will be drawn, and object line fashion.

Fig. 3.11 Object Attributes dialog box

The key combination Ctrl-Enter - closes the window of the parametric command list (similarly to OK

button). In commands of creation of graphics objects the type of created object and its index is shown. The

object index is an automatically assigned unique number, which defines this object. The indexes are immediately used in commands, which executing requires the indicating one or several objects existing in a drawing (draw line parallel to existing one, deleting of objects etc.).


72

The control points, created together with the object, are also automatically indexed and can be used in the subsequent commands for direct access to the already created control points.

At mouse cursor movement on a drawing field the control points are highlighted and their indexes are shown. The left-click on a highlighted point puts its index into the editbox of combobox, that have the input focus.

Example. Draw line through two points

Fig. 3.12 Draw line through two points command

In a dialog box the type of created object and index, automatically assigned to the object, is shown. The command creates two control points and automatically indexes them. Each control point can

be set parametrically or connected to an existing control point. To set parametric coordinates of the first point select a group Values of the first control point. The

double-click by the left mouse button on a set of parameters in Values group or buttons Space, Enter or Return provided that the input focus is located on the necessary field, calls a dialog box for editing the current selected parameter. If the dialog is invoked by left mouse button double-click, those edit box will be focused (Variable, Expression, Value or Remark), in which the click of the mouse was performed. You can set parameters through value or expression, using input and supplementary variables.

If you need to use coordinates any of existing control points, select a group Connect to point. In the combobox editbox you can immediately enter an index of a control point. If such point exists in a drawing - it will be encircled and its coordinates placed to the right of the combobox. At drop down of the combobox of available control points (at pressing an arrow to the right of the combobox editbox) all control points of a drawing will be highlighted. To move through points you can set an input focus to the combobox editbox and press cursor buttons up and down.


For the second control point you can set parametrically coordinates, length and angle, offsets on axes x and y. To choose the necessary category, select the appropriate tab. The parameters of the second control point are set similarly to parameters of first one.


73

If you need to use coordinates any of existing control points, select a group Connect to point of the second control point. In the combobox editbox you can immediately enter a required index of a control point.

Base point of parametric model

Fig. 3.10 Base Point window

Use this dialog box to set coordinates of a base point either parametric or having selected an index

of any existing points. The base point is a point that will serve as insertion point in further parametric model insertion as block into a common drawing. Parameters are the coordinates of a base point.

To set parametric coordinates of a point select a group Values. The double-click by the left mouse button on a set of parameters in Values group or buttons Space, Enter or Return provided that the input focus is located on the necessary field, calls a dialog box for editing the current selected parameter. If the dialog is invoked by left mouse button double-click, those edit box will be focused (Variable, Expression, Value or Remark), in which the click of the mouse was performed. You can set parameters through value or expression, using input and supplementary variables.

If you need to use coordinates any of existing control points, select a group Connect to point. In the combobox editbox you can immediately enter an index of a control point. If such point exists in a drawing - it will be encircled and its coordinates placed to the right of the combobox. At drop down of the combobox of available control points (at pressing an arrow to the right of the combobox editbox) all control points of a drawing will be highlighted. To move through points you can set an input focus to the combobox editbox and press cursor buttons up and down.
