apls 2009_time does not heal all wounds
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Suzanne Kaasa, Joseph Tatar & Elizabeth Cauffman University of California, Irvine
![Page 2: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
1) Voice
2) Neutrality 3) Respectfulness 4) Trustworthiness
(e.g., Leventhal, 1980; Fagan & Tyler, 2005; Tyler & Lind, 1992)
![Page 5: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Emotions e.g., anger, sadness
Attitudes e.g., approval of authorities
Behaviors e.g., increased rule-abiding behavior
(e.g., Mikula et al.,1998; Paternoster et al.,1997; Tyler, 2000; Tyler et al., 2007)
![Page 6: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
1) How are these effects displayed among incarcerated females?
2) How long do these effects last?
![Page 7: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Female offending may be on the rise.
Female psychopathology begins to emerge during adolescence.
Females engage in different coping strategies than males.
(Kratzer & Hodgins, 1999; Nolen-Hoeksema & Jackson, 2001; Rutter, et al., 2003; Sukhodolsky et al., 2001; Storvoll & Wichstrom, 2003; Western et al., 2003; Zahn-Waxler et al., 1991)
![Page 8: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Perceived unfair treatment will result in negative adjustment during incarceration:
Increased levels of emotional problems Negative attitudes toward facility staff Increased behavioral problems
![Page 9: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Systematic analysis of time effects lacking.
Some studies suggest effects last up to 19 months.
Longitudinal study found effects of perceived injustice disappeared after 20 months.
Community samples in business settings (Ambrose & Cropanzano, 2003; Bennett, Martin, Bies, & Brockner, 1995; Gopinath &
Becker, 2000; Levy & Williams, 1998)
![Page 10: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
15
20
25
30
Short Long
Sym
ptom
s
Length of Incarceration
Just
Unjust10
15
20
25
30
Short Long
Sym
ptom
s
Length of Incarceration
Just
Unjust
10
15
20
25
30
Short Long
Sym
ptom
s
Length of Incarceration
Just
Unjust
![Page 11: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
10
15
20
25
30
Short Long
Sym
ptom
s
Length of Incarceration
Just Event
Unjust Event
![Page 12: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
10
15
20
25
30
Short Long
Sym
ptom
s
Length of Incarceration
Just Event
Unjust Event
![Page 13: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
10
15
20
25
30
Short Long
Sym
ptom
s
Length of Incarceration
Just Event
Unjust Event
![Page 14: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
94 incarcerated females
Age 15-24 years (mean 18.72)
39%
21%
18%
22% Latina
African American
White
Other
![Page 15: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Weeks incarcerated 1-388 (median = 69.5)
Two groups 20 Months or under (61%) Over 20 months (39%)
Groups did not differ on: age, race, prior arrests, type of offenses, anger, depression, or perceptions procedural justice
![Page 16: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Think back to the time you were in court for the crime that got you here.
15 items, alpha = .89
1-5 scale, higher scores = greater injustice
Median split: Just Event vs. Unjust Event
“My lawyer really wanted to help me.” “The judge treated me with respect and dignity.”
Adapted from: Piquero et al., 2006; Casper, Tyler, & Fisher, 1988; Tyler, 1990
![Page 17: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Depressive Symptoms
Anger
![Page 18: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Inventory (CES-D; Radloff, 1977)
20 items, baseline alpha = .82 Higher score = more symptoms of
depression “How many times have you had the
following feelings…I felt sad.”
![Page 19: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Novaco Anger Scale (NAS; Novaco, 2003)
60 items, baseline alpha = .94 Higher score = greater anger
“When I think about something that makes
me angry, I get even more angry.”
![Page 20: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
10
15
20
25
30
20 months or under Over 20 months
Dep
ress
ive
Sym
ptom
s
Length of Incarceration
Just ExperienceUnjust Experience
![Page 21: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
70
80
90
100
20 months or under Over 20 months
Ang
er L
evel
Length of Incarceration
Just ExperienceUnjust Experience
![Page 22: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
“How safe do you feel from staff here?”
1) in danger all of the time 2) in danger most of the time 3) in danger some of the time 4) in danger very little of the time 5) in danger none of the time (feel safe all the time)
Higher scores indicate feeling safer.
![Page 23: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
20 Months or Less Over 20 Months
Mea
n Pe
rcei
ved
Safe
ty
Length of Incarceration
Just ExperienceUnjust Experience
![Page 24: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Acting Out Index
Index score ranged from 0-5 (higher = more acting out)
Combined reports of: ▪ Self-report of institutional offending (Huizinga, Esbensen, & Weihar,
1991)
▪ Substance use ▪ Written up by staff ▪ Physically restrained by staff ▪ Lost privileges
![Page 25: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
1
2
3
4
5
20 Months or Less Over 20 Months
Mea
n L
evel
of A
ctin
g O
ut
Length of Incarceration
Just ExperienceUnjust Experience
![Page 26: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Perceived unjust treatment associated with: Higher levels of depressive symptoms Greater fear of staff
Procedural justice effects moderated by length of incarceration.
![Page 27: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
What about anger & behavioral problems?
Ceiling effects for anger
▪ Incarcerated populations
Too much variety in behavior problems
▪ Floor effects for institutional offending alone
![Page 28: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Why do effects of perceived injustice worsen over time?
Restrictive setting Rumination
![Page 29: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Efforts towards rehabilitation may need to
begin at the earliest contacts with the justice system.
Unfair trials are problematic, even if the “right” outcome was achieved.
Future research should explore how perceived unjust treatment affects adjustment out of incarceration.
![Page 30: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Age: ns
Prior arrests: ns
Been to the facility before: ns
Race: significant interaction with length of incarceration
![Page 32: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
20 Months or Less Over 20 Months
Mea
n Pe
rcei
ved
Inju
stic
e
Length of Incarceration
African AmericanHispanicCaucasian
![Page 33: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
16
18
20
22
24
26
20 Months or Less Over 20 Months
Self-
Est
eem
Length of Incarceration
Just EventUnjust Event
![Page 34: APLS 2009_Time Does Not Heal All Wounds](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021507/58eb75a61a28ab474a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Just Event Unjust Event
Glo
bal C
ourt
Inju
stic
e
Perception of Last Court Appearance