Financial Statement Analysis

INVENTORY MANAGEMENTAPEX AUTO LTD.,

Project Report

On

(Project Title)

For the Partial Fulfillment of Master Of Management Studies

Submitted by(Sane vijay parshuram)

Specialization: Operation management (2012-2014)Roll no:

Under the guidance of

Prof. Mr. Viral desai

Gahlot Institute of Management Studies & Research, Koperkhairane

Acknowledgement

My sincere thanks and gratitude to our college, Gahlot Institute of Management Studies & Research, Director, Dr. K.D.Mehru and my project guide Prof. (Mr. Viral desai) for providing with the necessary support and the timely guidance required for the successful completion of this project.

I further express my thanks to Mr./Ms. (Company project guide name) at (Company name) for giving me the opportunity to carry out my project in the respective department which has further enhanced my knowledge of the subject both theoretically and practically

Last but not the least, I would also like to thank my parents for their consistent presence and help at all times.

(Sane Vijay Parshuram)

.

Declaration

I, Mr. Sane Vijay Parshuram, the undersigned, a student of Gahlot Institute of Management Studies & Research, Koperkhairane, declare that this project report titled Inventory management was submitted by me in partial fulfillment for the requirement of the course of Master of Management Studies. This is my original work and has not been previously submitted as part of another degree or diploma of another Business school or University.

The findings and conclusions of this report are entirely based on my personal study and experience.

(Mr. Sane Vijay Parshura

Certification

This is to certify that Mr.(Sane Vijay Parshuram), a student of Gahlot Institute of Management Studies & Research has successfully completed the summer internship project entitled ( Inventory management ) in partial fulfillment of requirement for the completion of Master of Management Studies as prescribed by the University of Mumbai.

_______________________ _____________________Internal Project Guide DirectorDate: ______________ External Examiner

Date:_______________

Executive Summary:

G C T M Industry in India has traveled are less, now India is one of the main cotton manufacturing & exporting cotten in the in india. The cotten in India is with major players and gadag co operative mill Ltd is one of largest manufacturer of cotten in India.Inventory is a central process in Manufacturing Unit. This Inventory is concerns to all departments i.e., from Planning Department to Selling Department in which it passes though Production Department, HR Department, Logistic Department, Finance Department, Costing Department, and Commercial Department etc. So managing of Inventory is having wide Scope in manufacturing Company.

Table of contents: Page Nos.

Chapter 1:

I)Introduction1

II)Objective Of the Study

III)Need Of the Project3

IV)Scope Of the Project4

V)Research Methodology5

VI)Limitations Of the project6

Chapter II:I)Company Profile7

II)Organization Chart12

III)Benefits given by the Company13

Chapter -III:

I)Theoretical Background16

II)Data Analysis & Interpretation22

Chapter - IV: I)Findings37

II)Suggestions40

Bibliography41

INVENTORY MANAGEMENTStatement of the problemInventory management and its effects on working capitalManagement problemManagement is feeling that their huge amount of working capital is held up, so the management wants to know whether they can reduce it through inventory management.

Research problem As above stated management problem the study was carried to know how inventory management helps in proper maintenance of working capital, so the title of this study is inventory management and its effect on working capital

Objectives of the study

1. To study the inventory management based on the ratios2. To find out the impact of inventory on working capital. 3. To study the inventory management and its effective control through various techniques.4. To suggest the measures for improving the inventory level.

NEED OF THE PROJECTInventory is a necessary evil that every organization would have to maintain for various purposes. Optimum inventory management is the goal of every inventory planner. Over inventory or under inventory both cause financial impact and health of the business as well as effect business opportunities.Inventory holding is resorted to by organizations as hedge against various external and internal factors, as precaution, as opportunity, as a need and for speculative purposes.

5. Inventory is a necessary part of any business. Whether it be for the purposes of resale, cleaning, maintenance, etc. this needs to be managed. In order to manage properly a good database system is required and this should be kept up to date and take into account lead time for orders.

Helps balance the stock as to value, size, color, style, and price line in proportion to demand or sales trends. Help plan the winners as well as move slow sellers Helps secure the best rate of stock turnover for each item. Helps reduce expenses and markdowns. Helps maintain a business reputation for always having new, fresh merchandise in wanted sizes and colors.

Scope of the study Inventory management being a very important concept in all the companys having a void coverage often calls for the managerial attention. In the modern times inventory management has become the integral part of the all companies. So all the firm gives special importance for inventory management. The major objective of the study is to examine the effectiveness of inventory management system adopted by Akash industry; the study mainly focuses on the techniques used by the company to control the inventory. The study also covers other areas like the financial ratios for the period of 2004 to 2007.

SUB OBJECTIVES:1 To study the different accepts of Inventory Management.

METHODOLOGYPrimary Data:1.Interaction with personnel of the company2.Direct Observation in Inventory

Secondary Data:1. Balance Sheet2. Turnover Statements3. Monthly Inventory Statements4. Company Records5. Internet

Tools Used:MS-Excel has been used for calculations.

INDUSTRY PROFILE

FABRICATIONWhen used as an industrial term, applies to the building of machines, structures and other equipment, by cutting, shaping and assembling components made from raw materials. Small businesses that specialize in metal are called fab shops.Steel fabrication shops and machine shops have overlapping capabilities, but fabrication shops generally concentrate on the metal preparation, welding and assembly aspect while the machine shop is more concerned with the machining of parts.METAL FABRICATIONMetal fabrication is a value added process that involves the construction of machines and structures from various raw materials. A fab shop will bid on a job, usually based on the engineering drawings, and if awarded the contract will build the product.Fabrication shops are employed by contractors, OEM's (Original Equipment Manufacturers) and VAR's (Value-added Reseller) Typical projects include; loose parts, structural frames for buildings and heavy equipment, and hand railings and stairs for buildings.1. ENGINEERINGThe fabricator may employ or contract out steel detailers to prepare shop drawings, if not provided by the customer, which the fabricating shop will use for manufacturing. Manufacturing engineers will program CNC machines as needed.

2. RAW MATERIALSStandard raw materials used by metal fabricators are; Plate Metal Formed And Expanded Metal Tube stock, CDSM Square stock Sectional metals (I beams, W beams, C-channel...) Welding wire Hardware Castings Fittings 3. CUTTING AND BURNINGThe raw material has to be cut to size. This is done with a variety of tools.The most common way to cut material is by Shearing (metalworking);Special band saws designed for cutting metal have hardened blades and a feed mechanism for even cutting. Abrasive cut-off saws, also known as chop saws, are similar to miter saws but with a steel cutting abrasive disk. Cutting torches can cut very large sections of steel with little effort.Burn tables are CNC cutting torches, usually natural gas powered. Plasma and laser cutting tables, and Water jet cutters, are also common. Plate steel is loaded on a table and the parts are cut out as programmed. The support table is made of a grid of bars that can be replaced. Some very expensive burn tables also include CNC punch capability, with a carousel of different punches and taps. Fabrication of structural steel by plasma and laser cutting introduces robots to move the cutting head in three dimensions around the material to be cut.4. FORMINGHydraulic brake presses with v-dies are the most common method of forming metal. The cut plate is placed in the press and a v-shaped die is pressed a predetermined distance to bend the plate to the desired angle. Wing brakes and hand powered brakes are sometimes used.Tube bending machines have specially shaped dies and mandrels to bend tubular sections without kinking them.Rolling machines are used to form plate steel into a round section.English Wheel or Wheeling Machines are used to form complex double curvature shapes using sheet metal.5. MachiningFab shops will generally have a limited machining capability including; metal lathes, mills, magnetic based drills along with other portable metal working tools.6. WeldingWelding is the main focus of steel fabrication. The formed and machined parts will be assembled and tack welded into place then re-checked for accuracy. A fixture may be used to locate parts for welding if multiple weldments have been ordered.The welder then completes welding per the engineering drawings, if welding is detailed, or per his own judgment if no welding details are provided.Special precautions may be needed to prevent warping of the weldment due to heat. These may include re-designing the weldment to use less weld, welding in a staggered fashion, using a stout fixture, covering the weldment in sand during cooling, and straightening operations after welding.Straightening of warped steel weldments is done with an Oxy-acetylene torch and is somewhat of an art. Heat is selectively applied to the steel in a slow, linear sweep. The steel will have a net contraction, upon cooling, in the direction of the sweep. A highly skilled welder can remove significant warpage using this technique.Steel weldments are occasionally annealed in a low temperature oven to relieve residual stresses.7. FINAL ASSEMBLYAfter the weldment has cooled it is generally sand blasted, primed and painted. Any additional manufacturing specified by the customer is then completed. The finished product is then inspected and shipped.

COMPANY PROFILE

Name of the company:APEX AUTO LTD

Address of the Head office :M-1 phase- VII, TATA kandra main road, industrial area ADITYAPUR, JAMSHEDPUR-832109 INDIA.Fax: 0657-2200010Tel: 91-657-2408715, 2409041 & 2381346E-mail: info@apexautoltd.com

Address of the registered :Nataraj mansion, Bistapur- 831001, OfficeJAMSHEDPUR, INDIA Fax: 91-657-2424526WEBSITE: www.apexautoltd.com

Address of the UNIT II: APEX AUTO LTD (UNIT II) Block no: 2DharwadTelcon premises, K.I.A.D.B, P.B. Road Dharwad- 580007, India Fax: 0836-3293214Tel: 0836-3293214E-mail: pip@apexautolimited.com

Nature of the organization :Basically this company is heavy fabrication Company. They are manufacturing back hoe Loader components and excavator Components Type of organization : Apex auto limited company is private limited Company ABOUT ORGANIZATIONApex Auto Limited ("If you can imagine it, We can fabricate it.")Apex Auto Limited is a publicly quoted company with a number of shareholders, both Indian and Foreign. Promoted by Mr. Atul Taunk in 1995 with a modest capital outlay of Rs. 342 lakhs, Apex today has a capital outlay of Rs. 1200 lakhs. A growth of over 350% per annum. Achieved by producing thousands of dynamically stressed machined components for the construction equipment industryThe raison deter of Apex is that the emerging scenario in post liberalized India indicated that the nation was poised to go in for massive infrastructure building: roads, super highways, ports, power projects, and so on. This would put immense pressure on manufacturers of earth-moving equipment. Apex eases the load on them by supporting the industry with precision engineered sub-assemblies and major assemblies that can go directly into their equipment, such as revolving frames, main frames, booms, arms, dozers, buckets, and so on.As a case in point, we're proud to have been entrusted with the single share of business for all major fabrications that go into the making of TATA Hitachi's top selling excavators, the EX-60. Over the last 5 years, we have fabricated more than 10,000 components of this particular model alone.VISIONTo be recognized as a premier QUALITY manufacturer and supplier fabricated components, embodying thus the spirit of commitment and humanity. MISSION As per customer schedule requirement fulfill it, Deliver on time, every time. An eye on product quality and integrity Highest productivity, thereby offering a cost advantage to all our clients.WhyApex? Aristotle - Greek inventor of the Science of Logic - recommends studying the theory of 'The 4 Becauses' before making your choice Why Apex for your Machined fabrication ? The 1st because deals with what is it made of ? Apex uses only prime quality steel sheets and plates procured from leading players in the industry - Tata Steel and SAIL. The 2nd because deals with how is it made ? Apex has state of art Material Processing facilities including Indias largest laser cutting machine. And excellent Production Engineering systems set up by a highly experienced and technically qualified team of engineers. The 3rd because deals with what is made ? Based on our customer's drawings and design, Apex manufactures dynamically stressed machined fabrications conforming to all the specifications laid down by the customer. The 4th because deals with why is it made thus ? Apex follows the first three precepts so that the end customer gets a world-class product which will withstand the ultimate test of time.

KEY AWARDS WON For safety in manufacturing process awards (less accident in manufacturing process) for continuous 3 years form Telco construction equipment limited For MINIMUM REJECTION award form Telco construction equipment limited

SWOT Analysis of the Company

APEX AUTO LID KEY STRENGTHS

1. STRONG PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

As per the specification from Telcon the new product is been developed 1. By the highly qualified internal engineering department

2. STRONG MERCHANDISING TEAM

Technically qualified and high skilled Merchandising department is another asset of the company, who plays a major role in executing the orders utmost efficiently to the satisfaction of Buyers.

3. PROFESSIONALLY MANAGED:a) Company has two units in Dharwad, one is Apex auto Ltd Unit I and the other is Apex auto Ltd Unit II b) Unit I is headed by Mr. Arvind Gaur, Unit II is headed by Mr. Pravat Kumar Rath

4. FACTORIES ENGINEERED TO PRODUCT SPECIFIC:All their manufacturing units are engineered to product specific and managed by effective and efficient internal engineering department.

5. QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM:There is an independent quality audit team in process control system in all the factories, which has given quality production consistently.

6. SOURCING OF RAW MATERIALS UNDER VIGILANCE OF QUALITY AUDIT SYSTEM:They source all their raw materials 100% from within India. However, they have a rigid control on their quality control system where by they ensure that all the raw materials are produced as per their quality standard level before it gets dispatched to their factories.

7. IN HOUSE LAB:They have a lab situated in the major procurement centers, such as in Dharwad and Jamshedpur to support their quality control team to carryout the various quality tests at all level onwards to ensure that the product is produced according to their quality in-house.

8. PRE-SHIPMENT INSPECTION TO MAINTAIN ZERO-CLAIM FROM BUYERS:A thorough Inspection by In-house Quality Control team and pre-shipment Inspection by buyer representative for all their products helps company to maintain zero-quality claims position with all their buyers.

9. CONFIDENCE OF THEIR BUYERS:

All the buyers as of today have been working with them since decades and they started with them on continues basis with enhanced volume. This has given them huge confidence as the confidence level of their buyers is very high in their products, quality, timely deliveries and commitment towards work.

They have been awarded for 3 consecutive years for minimum rejection and for safety in process of manufacturing by Telco construction equipment limited

APEX AUTO LTD WEAKNESSNo such entity has been identified so far.

APEX AUTO LTD KEY OPPORTUNITIESChances to get more products to manufacture form the Buyer i.e. Telcon construction equipment limited

APEX AUTO LTD KEY THREATSMore-qualified competitors

CUSTOMER NAMEApex auto ltd unit II has having only one customer that is TELCON CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT LTDSUPPLIERS NAMESSUPPLIERS NAMELocation

A005 AKSHATA ENTERPRISES, HUBLI

A013 ASHA ELECTRICAL & SALESHUBLI

A045 ADITYA ELECTRICAL SALES CORPORATIONHUBLI

A051 ANAND AIRLINE ACCESSORIESHUBLI

A052 ABHI ENGINEERING WORKSBANGALORE

A058 AMAR ELECTRICAL WORKSHUBLI

A063 ANDANUR PIPES DISTRIBUTORSDHARWAD

B031 BELGAUM CNC APPLICATIONS PVT. LTDBELGAUM

B036 ESHAK DADA BAMBOOWALAMUMBAI

B038 B. MAHENDRA & BROSDHARWAD

B041 BASAVESHWAR KHANAVALIDHARWAD

B044 BELUR INDUSTRIAL GASESDHARWAD

B045 B.B. ENTERPRISESHUBLI

C003 CHACHRA SERVIUCESJAMSHEDPUR

C004 CHAITANYA SALES PVT. LTD.JAMSHEDPUR

D019 DYNAMIC DRIVESHUBLI

D020 DELTA FURNITURE PRIVATELIMITEDCHENNAI

E027 EUREKA FORBES LTDDHARWAD

F003 FABRO-TECH ENGINEERSDHARWAD

G008 GOUTAM MACHINE TOOLSHUBLI

G026 GAYATRIMATA INDUSTRIESDHARWAD

H010 HYDROPACK(INDIA) PVT LTDBELGAUM

I018 INDUS MARKETINGBELGAUM

J003 JKAY ENTERPRISESHUBLI

K007 KAMATH ENTERPRISESBELGAUM

K008 KAPILA MARKETINGDHARWAD

K010 KARNATAKA MATERIAL TESTING RESEARCHBELGAUM

K036 KULKARNI BOOK STALL & STATIONERIESDHARWAD

M008 MARUTI INDUSTRIAL SERVICE CENTREBANGALORE

M017 MADRAS HARD TOOLS PVT LTDCHENNAI

M019 MANJUNATH GARMENTS DHARWAD

N016 NAVYA ENTERPRISEHUBLI

O003 OMEGA FABRICATIONS DHARWAD

P002 PETHE BRAKE MOTOR PVT. LTDRATNAGIRI

P006 PRAXAIR INDIA PVT LTDBANGALORE

P028 PRESSURE CONTROL EQUIPMENTKOLKATTA

P037 PAVAN ELECTRICAL companyHUBLI

R001 R.R. ASSOCIATESHUBLI

R007 RENUKA ENGINEERING WORKSDHARWAD

R035 RITTAL INDIA PVT LIMITED BANGALORE

S019 SONA STEEL ENTERPRISESMUMBAI

S085 SAKSHAM AUTOMATION SYSTEMSHUBLI

S087 SHREE GANESH GAS IMPLEMENTS AND SERHUBLI

T001 TARACK ENGG SERVICESDAVENGIRI

T003 TECHNO COMMERCIAL CORPORATIONJAMSHEDPUR

T031 TATA STEEL LIMITEDBANGALORE

V001 VALJI & BROTHERSHUBLI

V007 VIJAYSHEER DISEL SALES AND SERVICES HUBLI

V008 VOLTAS LIMITED BANGALORE

V014 VIKAS VIDHUTIKARAN PVT LTDDHARWAD

W006 WELD INDIA CONSULTANCYDELHI

Y003 YALLAPPA HEGGERIDHARWAD

Apex Auto Ltd Unit II is having a numerous suppliers. They mainly purchase Raw Materials like MS plates, Bush Stoppers, Seat Curve etc from Indian suppliers.

ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE

Administration AssistantProduction departmentHeadSupply Chain Mgmt HeadQuality Assurance HeadWorkersSubordinateMembersStore SupervisorProduction SupervisorMachine OperatorsMachine Department HeadAssistantQ. AHelpersProductionAssistant GeneralManagerHuman ResourcesAssistant GeneralManagerC E OGeneral Manager Production Planning & Control ManagerFinance ManagerManaging Director

1.Personnel DepartmentThis department is almost like a human brain, since it is the human beings that operate it. This department is concerned with implementation of the plans, with the welfare of the plant, with the industrial relations and above all safety and security of the plant and the work force is its prime concerns. This department looks after the subsidiaries like recruitment selection training and induction, canteen, community development disciplinary actions etc., welfare, security, guesthouse, medical facility etc., (As per Indian Factories Act 1948.)Team Apex Professionally managed with a rich blend of experience and enthusiastic youth, Engineers, Diploma Holders, draft men, ITI welders and fitters, Gas cutters, workers and Fabrication Experts.Lets go through the process of the Recruitment in Apex Auto Ltd Unit II.Recruitment is process of searching the prospecting candidate, stimulating and encouraging them to apply for the job. The above meaning says that every organization want skilled workers so Apex Auto Ltd Unit II also recruit candidates as follows , they firstly check the organization culture which type of employees needed in organization and they also check employment condition in unit. They are searching the candidates in two ways one is Advertisement and the other is manual searching. In advertisement they give firstly the adzs like Draft Adv, Client review adv and Place adv, and then they receive the calls then access their CVs. In manual searching process they search the employee in plan search, identity search, and contact search, then they check the candidates interest after that they arrange meeting for selection processSelection processSelection is a process of checking the candidates knowledge, behavior, Skills, experience, and qualifications etc to select and place the candidate their correct position.

2. Stores DepartmentThe raw materials are stored separately under material cell in production department; as per the demand this department does the work of receiving and issuing of materials.3. Purchase Department

Quotations request to one or more vendors according to requirement Quotations Comparisons Best NegotiationPurchase Order creationPurchase Order send to vendor (supplier)Follow Up and procure the material for productionMaterial indenting(As per customer schedule)Against the approved purchase requisition the department purchases of raw material semi finished goods and Accessories and other needs of the various departments. In order to make the work efficient it has the system of sub contractors. So the purchase department does the creation of sub contractors and vendors. This department is guided by the main motto the plant and other departments working. Lets have a look on the flow chart of the purchase of raw materials in Apex Unit II

4. Dispatch DepartmentThe dispatch of materials and finished goods is done in a very efficient way.

5.Production DepartmentThis department entrusted with the task of the production of Dozer Blade, Loader Bucket, Narrow Bucket, Back Hoe Main Frame, Boom, Arm, Counter Weight,Heavy Duty Bucket, Revolving Frame and Track Frame. From our very inception at Jamshedpur in 1996 and at Dharwad in 1999, our infrastructural facilities have been meticulously planned out with an eye towards satisfying the exacting standards of world class players in the Earth Moving Industry. Lets have a look on the process of manufacturing process in Apex Unit II, basically this company is heavy fabrication company, they are manufacturing BACK HOE LOADER COMPONENTD & EXCAVATOR COMPONENTS. Following are the components. JHON DEER (JD) Boom, Arm, Loader Arm and EXCAVATORS 70, 110, 120, Boom and EXCAVATORS 70, 110,120 Arm. The below showing is the manufacturing process of Excavators-70 Boom.

Flow chart of Excavator 70

BOOM END BRACKET ASSEMBLYTC 00558/01(RH), TC 00558/02(LH)BEVELING OF PLATESTA 00233/01, TA22033/07,TA 00233/08

CONTINUE2ND STAGE ASSEMBLYTE 20789, TE 20790TA 00233/03OUT OF FIXTURE1ST STAGE WELDINGIN FIXTURESUB ASSEMBLY 1ST STAGETA 01164/00, TA 00233/27, TA 00233/01, TA00233/08,TA00233/05, TA00233/06 TA00233/07

CONTINUEASSEMBLY OUT OF FIXTURETA 00233/02SETTINGLEFT OVER WELDINGTA 0233/26FIT AND WELDROBOT WELDINGRejection/ RectificationINSPECTIONTotal length 3720+/- 4mm Top lug distance WRT Boom End Bracket, Bottom lug distance=CONTINUEOUT OF FIXTURE2ND STAGE WELDINGIN FIXTURETA 00233/09, TA 00233/10TA 00233/04LUG FITTINGTA 00233/14, TA 00233/15,TA 00233/16, TA 00233/17,

Not Ok

OK

MACHININGDESPATCHRECTIFICATIONREJECTION/ RECTIFICATIONREJECTION/ RECTIFICATIONINSPECTIONUT TESTINGDRESSINGINSPECTION INSPECTION CONTINUE Not Ok

OK

Not Ok

OK

Not Ok

OK

Manufacturing process of Ex-70 Boom Manufacturing process of Ex- 70 Boom is having several steps already you know in the flow chart now below showing manufacturing process in detail

1. RAW MATERIALSIn every manufacturing process raw materials must required there for APEX AUTO LTD (UNIT II) purchase raw materials from its main branch at JAMSHEDPUR and form Apex Auto Ltd (Unit I). Some materials directly comes to Unit II but some materials firstly comes to Unit I and after some process it is send to Unit II. Then the stores department sends materials to production department for production2. BOOM AND BRACKET ASSEMBLYIn this process Boom and Bracket assembled or produced. Here firstly they join 20mm Bkt Plate (RH) (TC 00558/01) and TA00233/22 according to the diagram. Then they join 20mm Bkt Plate (LH) (TC 00558/02) and TA 00233/11. After that back up bars are join at the bottom of both 20mm Bkt plates. Then these two jointed by the plate Back up plate (TA 00233/19), then they join one square plate for maintaining required dimensions after welding of all this parts this complete the manufacturing of Boom And Bracket Assembly.

3. BEVELING OF PLATESSome plates beveled by Unit I and those plates are Top rolling plate(TA 00233/01), Side bend plate LH(TA 00233/07) and side bend plate RH(TA 00233/08) 4. IN FIXTURE SUB ASSEMBLY 1ST STAGEIn this process one sub assembly will be done in this stage BOSS (TD01164/00) is joined to Top rolling plate (TA 00\233/01) at one side then at the top of the BOSS they join Side bend plate LH (TA 00233/07). After that inside of the BOSS they join BOSS Back up Plate (TA 00233/27). Then in the middle of Top rolling plate and Side bend plate they join Gasset plate(TA00233/05) and near to that Bend Gasset plate is joined with required dimension, after that Side bend plate RH(TA 00233/08) is joined according to diagram so this complete Sub assembly first stage.

5. OUT OF FIXTURE FIRST STAGE WELDING After completion of Sub assembly first stage each part is manually weld in this process.6. SECOND STAGE ASSEMBLYIn this process Back up bar (TE20789) 03 Back up bar(TE20790) are attached in the inside part of Bottom rolling plate (TA00233/03) at the right side with required dimension according to diagram7. OUT OF FIXTURE In this process second stage welding process is done manually.

8. IN FIXTUREIn this process firstly prepared Boom and Bracket is joined by using plates such as Cover plate 6mm (TA00233/09) and Cover plate 8mm (TA00233/10), after that there is some place which is empty so that place is been filled by plates Taper side Plate(TA00233/04) 2 plates according to diagram. So this process finishes boom and bracket assembly.

9. LUG FITTINGIn this process Lugs are fitted to the prepared component which are Top lug and bottom lugs and Top washers lugs and Bottom washer Lugs. Firstly bottom lugs are joined to each other and then those lugs are attached to the bottom of the prepared component. After joining the bottom lugs the top lug is joined to the top of prepared component with required dimension or space so as to complete this process.

10. INSPECTIONThis is an important stage in manufacturing process. In this stage they check total length of the component. Total length should be 3720mm if there less difference of 4mm then there is no problem it must not exceed 4mm, then they also check centre point of the component and top lug distance to the boom and bracket, and bottom lug distance of the components if there is any problem found then they go for rectification of the component.

11. ASSEMBLY OUT OF FIXTUREIn this process they join one Top cover plate (TA00233/02) to the boom or prepared component according to the standard diagram and they also join M plate (TA00233/28) attach to the top lugs so this completes the process of assembly.12. ROBOT WELDING Robot is a programmable multiplication, manipulate design to material part, tools or specialized devices are to carry out specific task.In Robot welding processed components are weld by Robot machine. Firstly they set the programs to the robot for welding the components. Every component has is its own welding program according to the standard drawing of the components, after installation of the Ex 70 program the welding process of EX- 70 boom starts, Mig welding wire is been used by the robot to weld the component.\

13. LEFT OVER WELDINGAfter completion of the Robot welding there are some spaces left which are weld manually by welders. In this process they also join BOSS Reenforcement plate (TA00233/26) at the top and bottom side of the BOSS according to the diagram.

14. SETTING In this process they maintain required dimension in various parts of the components through the gas heating which includes Organ and Co15. INSPECTION In this process they measure the components by using measuring scale, try square, Vernier and gauges etc.

16. MACHININGMachining process means removing the rough face as per the standard drawing. In machining process they have two type of jobs one is milling and the other is boring, in this process they are using two type of machines one SHW that means hidden control machine and the other is Fanuc control machine. To reduce heat in the process they are using coolant oil because it helps to reduce the heat for insert ware and tear and it helps to smooth milling and boring of the component in machining they are having there stages 1. Rough stage2. Semi finish3. Finish StageIn Ex- 70 boom components are having mainly four bores boss bore must have the size of 75mm and lug bore must have the size of 55mm and bracket must have 60mm.

17. INSPECTIONIn this process they use the following instruments to check weather the machining process is properly done or not 1. Bore dial gauge2. Micrometer3. Vernier4. Measuring scale etc18. DRESSINGDressing is the very important stage in manufacturing process in this process they clean the components by using grinding machine and sander machine to remove spatters chips etc, here they also fit some items to prepare components to according to standard diagram.

19. INSPECTIONIn this process they are checking welding defects in the components by using Ultrasonic Technique (UT) machine, the following are the defects we can find by using UT machine.1. Blow Holder area2. Proper penetration 3. Porsity etc20. DISPATCHAfter completion of all this processes the quality assurance department checks the quality of the component and after checking they finally dispatch the product so this complete the manufacturing process of EX-70 boom model.Apex Auto Limited is in the service of gaints in the field of Excavator manufacturing Co. TELCON for 6 Years by maintaining a high QUALITY & SKILL. And for its efforts, it has been certified by TELCON, and other quality maintaing institutions.

INVENTORY MANAGEMENTManagement of inventory assumes importance due to the fact that investment in inventory constitutes one of the major investments in current assets.

The term inventory refers to the stockpile of the products a firm is offering for sale and the components that make up the product. The assets which firms store as inventory in anticipation of need are:

(i) Raw Materials:These represent inputs purchased and store to be converted into finished products in future by making certain manufacturing process on the same.

(ii) Work in Process:These represent semi-manufactured products which need further processing before they can be treated as finished products.(iii) Finished Goods:These represent the finished products ready for sale in the market.

(iv) Stores and Supplies:These represent that part of the inventory, which does not become a part of final product but are required for production process. They may be in the form of cotton waste, oil and lubricants, soaps, brooms, light bulbs etc. Normally, they form a very minor part of total inventory and do not involve significant investment.Let us have a look on Different Inventory Management Views. Means emphasis role of Inventory Management in different Sectors.

INVENTORY MANAGEMENT

3VIEW S

Logistic Inventory ManagementPhysical Inventory Management

Financial Inventory Management

Inventory Management is consisting of 3 hands. The first hand as shown in the diagram is that Physical Inventory Management, Second one is Financial Inventory Management and the last one (third one) is Logistic Inventory Management.

The reason behind of dividing these views is: to gather the information very easily and for easy to understanding of each view thoroughly. Let us see the Meanings of each view one by one.

Physical Inventory ManagementMeaning:

Keeping of goods is also a type of management. Whenever requirements comes from the production department, providing of those required materials in a proper manner & providing those at the specified period, is the main motto of Physical Inventory Management.

Benefits for Holding Inventory:Benefits in PurchasingBenefits in ProductionBenefits in Work-in-ProcessBenefits in Sales

Objects of Inventory Management:

Usually, the company is faced with the following conflicting objectives in the area of inventory management:

1. To carry maximum inventory in order to facilitate efficient and smooth production and sales operations.

2. To minimize investment in inventory for maximize the profitability.

Both over-investment and under investment in inventories is undesirable as both involve the consequences. The over-investment involves the consequences like:i)Unnecessary blocking of funds in inventory and hence loss of profit.ii)Excessive storage and Insurance Cost.i. Risk of liquidity. The inventories once purchased and stored are normally difficult to dispose off at the same value.The under-investment involves the consequences like:b. If sufficient stock of raw material and work in process is not available, it may result into frequent interruptions in production.c. If sufficient stock of finished goods is not available it may not be possible for the company to serve the customers properly and they may shift to the competitors.

Thus, it can be said that the objective of inventory management is to minimize the investment in inventory without affecting production or sales operations.

Inventory, as a current asset, differs from the other current assets because only financial managers are not involved. Rather, all the functional areas, finance, Marketing, Product & Purchasing are involved.

The job of the financial manager is to reconcile the conflicting viewpoints of the various functional areas regarding the appropriate inventory levels in order to fulfill the overall objective of maximizing of owners wealth.

Two-Bin System:

Under this system, the inventory items are grouped into two categories. In one group or bin, sufficient quantity is kept to meet the current requirements over a designated period of item. In another group or bin, a safety stock is maintained to meet the requirements of inventory at times when the stock in the first bin is exhausted and re-ordering occurs.

Financial Inventory ManagementMeaning:

Recording, maintaining and evaluating of stocks in a value terms is known as Financial Inventory Management. In other words valuation of stocks, and controlling of ordering and holding costs and also maintaining of sufficient valued stocks in Inventory is known as Financial Inventory Management.

Financial Inventory Management is again divided into three different categories.

1)Based on Valuation2)Based on Cost Analysis3)Based on Financial Statement

1)Based on Valuation

There are number of generally accepted methods of determining the cost of inventories at the close of the accounting period. The selection of a suitable method assumes significance in view of the fact that it has a direct bearing on the cost of goods sold and consequently on profit. Therefore, the method should be selected in the light of probable effects on profits over a period of years.

Note:It may not be out of place to mention that once a method is selected, it must be used consistently and cannot be changed from year to year.The discussion here of the methods to value inventory should, therefore be viewed in this perspective.

First In First Out (FIFO) Method:The FIFO method of valuation of inventory is based on the assumption that the inventory is consumed in chronological order, that is, those received first are issued/consumed first and value fixed accordingly. The merit of FIFO method is that the physical flow of materials matches the flow of cost.

Last in First Out (LIFO) Method:

Under the LIFO method, the cost of goods sold and the value of closing inventory can be determined only after the final lot of the year has been received. This is because of the assumption underlying the valuation of inventory, according to this method. As the name LIFO suggests, the use of inventory is valued on the basis of the inverse sequence of receipts. Since the LIFO method assumes that the latest item in is the first item out, the current cost of materials are matched with the current selling price/current revenues. This matching of current costs with current revenues is the essence of the argument for the LIFO method.

Average Cost Method:

According to average cost method, each purchase is added to inventory and an average cost determined. Materials are charged into cost of sales at this average until another lot is received, when a new average unit inventory cost is calculated.

Note:There are so many other than these above methods but most wide usefully methods are these three so here we discussed those three methods only.

2)Based on Cost Analysis

Cost of Holding Inventory: -

One operating objective of inventory management is to minimize cost. Excluding the cost of merchandise, the costs associated with inventory fall into two basic categories: (i) Ordering or Acquisition or Set-up Costs, and (ii) Carrying Costs. These costs are an important element of the optimum level of inventory decisions.

1) Ordering Cost:

It is the fixed cost of placing & receiving an inventory order. Like (a) Preparing a purchase order or requisition form & (b) receiving, inspecting & reordering goods received to ensure both quantity & quality. It is also called as setup cost.

2) Carrying Cost:

The second broad category of costs associated with inventory is the carrying costs. They are involved in maintaining or carrying inventory. The cost of holding inventory may be divided into two categories.

1. Those that Arise Due to the Storing of Inventory: The main components of this category of carrying costs are (i) storage cost, that is, depreciation, insurance, maintenance of the building and utilities; (ii) insurance of inventory against fire and theft; (iii) deterioration in inventory because of pilferage, fire, technical obsolescence, style obsolescence and price decline; (iv) serving costs, such as labour for handling inventory, clerical and accounting costs.2. The Opportunity Cost of Funds: This consists of expenses in raising funds (interest on capital) to finance the acquisition of inventory. If funds were not locked up in inventory, they would have earned a return. This is the opportunity cost of funds or the financial cost component of the cost.

Linking of Costs based and Physical Based Inventory Management:

The carrying costs and the inventory size are positively related and move in the same direction. If the level of inventory increases, the carrying costs also increase and vice-versa.

Total Cost:The sum of inventory increases, the carrying costs represent the total cost of inventory. This is compared with the benefits arising out of inventory to determine the optimum level of inventory.

Economic Order Quantity (EOQ):How much inventory should be bought in a lot? Should the quantity to be purchased be large or small? Should the requirements of material during a given period (say 6 months or 1 year) be acquired in one lot or should it be acquired in installments or in several small lots? Such inventory problems are called Order quantity problems.

Therefore EOQ is that level of inventory at which total cost of inventory comprising ordering cost & carrying costs is the minimum

Formulae for calculating Economic Order Quantity:

EOQ =2AO C

Where,

A= Annual Quantity

O= Ordering Cost

C= Carrying Cost

Assumptions:

1. The firm knows with certainty the annual usage (consumption) of a particular item of inventory.

2. The rate at which the firm uses inventory is steady over time.

3. The orders placed to replenish inventory stocks are received at exactly that point in time when inventories reach zero.

Order Point:

Reorder Point: This is the point at which to order inventory-expressed equation-ally as: Lead Time in days X daily usage.

Lead Time: It is the time normally taken in receiving delivery after placing orders with suppliers.

Safety Stock: It implies extra inventories that can be drawn down when actual lead-time and/or usage rates are greater than expected.

3)Based on Financial StatementFor having assistance by banks, bankers should first evaluate the followings:1. Collateral Strength.2. Inventory Position3. Some Financial Ratios4. Payment of all requirements like Income Tax, Wealth Tax, Interests on debt etc.,5. Agreement papers of all authorized persons like Debenture holders, Shareholders etc.,6. All required documents.7. Who is the Buyer and his Countrys relationship etc,

The main requirement for Banker is the Financial Statements of 3 to 5 years. From this statement it can judge the financial strength of the Company. While analyzing of Financial Strength of the Company, Inventory is also having its own emphasis role. Because if company is having less inventory than its requirement then company will get less finance from Banks and visa-versa. So here high inventory means, high in the sense company should have sufficient inventory according to its order. Not more than its order.

Let us have a look on some Inventory related Ratios and also some important financial ratios those, which are related to Inventory. From evaluating of these Financial Ratios, company can judge the stocks/goods level in Inventory, so that company can get loan from Banks.

The financial statement provides a summarized view of the financial position and operations of a firm. Therefore, much can be learnt about a firm from a careful examination of its financial statements as invaluable documents/performance reports. The analysis of financial statement is, thus an important aid to financial analysis.

The analysis of financial statements is a process of evaluating relationship between component parts of financial statements to obtain a better understanding of the firms position and performance.

Tasks of Financial analyst is to:1) Select the information relevant to the decision under consideration from the total information contained in financial statement.2) Arrange the information in way to highlight significant relationships.3) Interpretation and drawing of inferences and conclusions.In brief, financial analysis is the process of selection, relation and evaluation.

Financial analysis is the process of identifying the financial strengths and weaknesses of the firm by properly establishing relationships between the items of the balance sheet and the profit and loss account. Financial analysis can be under taken by management of the firm, or by parties out side the firm, viz., owners, creditors, investors and others. The nature of analysis will differ depending on the purpose of the analyst. Management of the firm would be interested in every aspect of the financial analysis. It is their overall responsibility to see that the resources of the firm are used most effectively and efficiently, and that the firms financial condition is sound. Trader creditors are interested in firms ability to meet their claims over a very short period of time. Investors, who have invested their money in the firms shares, are most concerned about the firms earnings. Suppliers of long-terms debt, on the other hand are concerned with the firms long-term solvency and survival. They analyze the firms profitability over time, its ability to generate cash to be able to pay interest and repay principal and the relationship between various sources of funds.

2.Ratio Analysis related to Inventory

Ratio analysis is a powerful tool of financial analysis. A ratio is defined as the indicated quotient of two mathematical expressions and as the relationship between two or more things. In financial analysis ratio is used as a benchmark for evaluating the financial position and performance of a firm. Ratios help to summarize large quantities of financial data and to make qualitative judgment about to form a qualitative judgment the focus of financial analysis is on the key figures in the financial statements and the significant relationships that exist between them.Types of Ratios:

a. Liquidity Ratiosb. Activity Ratiosc. Profitability Ratios

A.Liquidity Ratios:

Liquidity refers to the ability of the firm to meet its obligations in the Short run, usually one year. Liquidity ratios measure the ability of the firm to meet its current obligations. Liquidity ratios by establishing a relationship between cash and other Current assets to Current obligations provide a quick measure of liquidity. A firm should ensure that it does not suffer from lack of liquidity, and also that it does not have excess liquidity.

Therefore it is necessary to strike a proper balance between high liquidity and lack of liquidity. Following are some of the important liquidity ratios:

1. Current Ratio2. Quick Ratio3. Net working Capital Ratio

B.Activity Ratios:

Activity ratios are concerned with measuring the efficiency in asset management. Sometimes, these ratios are also called efficiency ratios or asset utilization ratios. The efficiency with which, assets are converted into sales. The greater the rate of turnover or conversion, is the more efficient the utilization. For this reason, such ratios are also designated as turnover ratios. Turnover is the primary mode for measuring the extent of efficient employment of assets by relating the assets to sales. An activity ratio may, therefore, be defined as a test of the relationship between sales and various assets of a firm. Several activity ratios can be calculated to judge the effectiveness of asset utilization.

1. Inventory Turnover 2. Assets Turnover3. Fixed Assets and Current Assets TurnoverAsset Measurement for different methods of inventory valuation:

FIFO Method:

Under this method, as noted earlier, inventory is valued on the assumption of chronological cost flow. This implies that the unused/unsold inventory consists of the most recent purchases and, therefore, can be assumed to be valued at current cost. The vale of inventory as show in the balance sheet would reflect the current cost, if FIFO method were used.

LIFO Method:

According to this method, obviously, the inventory figure would not appear in the balance sheet at the Current Cost. It will reflect rather the cost of raw materials purchased in the past year. Assuming rising prices, the inventory value based on the LIFO method would tend to be undervalued. For example inventory purchased as early as six years or more. In that situation, the inventory figure included in the balance sheet would be actually the price paid on the purchase of inventory six years ago. In a period of rising prices, this value would naturally be grossly out of line with the currently prevailing price. This would imply that the balance sheet would not reflect the current worth of the inventory. That the inventory value will not be correct is another way of saying that the balance sheet will present a distorted picture of the affairs of the firms.

A possible solution to correct the above distortion in the balance sheet implicit in the under-valuation of inventory with the LIFO method is a modified/adjusted LIFO method. The modified method will, thus, serve the needs of correct income determination as well as correct asset measurement. However, this is subject to a qualification, namely, the current years purchase (units) should exceed the current years consumption (units). If for reasons such as strike/lockouts, transportation problems, and so on, the current consumption exceeds the current purchases, profits will rise. The increase will depend upon the extent of liquidation of the previous years inventory. This increase in profit is termed as liquidation profit, which is equal to the difference between the current cost of inventory and the cost of inventory purchased in the past.

Logistics Inventory Management

Meaning of Logistics:

Logistics is the Organization of Services and Supplies. In other words, logistics is making and taking the permission for sell/exporting the companys products in foreign countries.

In fully export-oriented business this is one of the main department, where this department gets an approval to sell their goods in foreign countries. And also their main intention is to maintain all documents of those that are related to the exporting of their products.

Logistics Inventory Management:

Yes, already we have observed about the meaning of Inventory Management in the Organization. But in fully export oriented business; Inventory Management is a very important concept. Because every exporter or importer, they do not know about each other who are staying in other countries.

So every company, which are exporting or importing of materials, they should communicate each other through banks only. These banks are listed by Central Bank of that Nation. In our Country RBI is lists some banks for intermediating purpose and every year RBI declare some listed Banks as a mediator.

For producing of materials and selling of those materials, every company/business should need a Working Capital. This Working Capital can also financed by Banks. While in export oriented business it is slightly different task. Here Banks can acts as financial assistance for Pre-Shipment and for Post Shipment of Goods.

For having an assistance by banks they should first evaluate followings:1. Collateral Strength.2. Inventory Position3. Some Financial Ratios4. Payment of all requirements like Income Tax, Wealth Tax, Interest etc.,5. Agreement papers of all authorized persons like Debentures, Shareholders etc.,6. All required documents.7. Who is the Buyer and his Countrys relationship etc,

Before going to detail decision on Banks let us have a look on Commercial Papers. Which are also parts of financing the working capital requirements of the Companies.

Commercial Papers (CPs):

In the recent past, Commercial Papers (CPs) have become one of the best methods for financing the working capital requirements of the companies.

The companies trying to raise the funds by issuing the CP are regulated by Guidelines for issue of Commerical Papers (CP), 2000 issued by Reserve Bank of India on October 10, 2000. These guidelines apply to the companies trying to raise the funds by issuing the CPs. As per these guidelines, a a company means a company as defined in section 45-I(aa) of Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. Section 45-I(aa) of Reserve Bank Act, 1934 defines a company as the company as the company as defined in section 3 of the companies Act, 1956.

In the Indian circumstances, banks play a very major role in financing the working capital requirement of the organizations. We will consider the bank as a source for financing the working capital requirement of the organizations under the following heads:

Amount of Assistance

To obtain the bank credit for financing the working capital requirements, the company is required to estimate the working capital requirement properly. To estimate the requirement of working capital requirement properly, the company will be required to estimate its level of current assets and current liabilities properly, as working capital is the difference between current assets and current liabilities.

For this, the techniques like ratio analysis, trend analysis etc., can be used by the company. More accurate the estimation of the level of current assets and current liabilities, more accurate the estimation of level of current capital. Then, the company will have to approach the bank along with the necessary supporting data. On the basis of estimates submitted by the company, the bank may decide the amount of assistance that can be extended. While extending the working capital assistance, the bank may prescribe the margin money requirement. The margin money stipulation is made by the banks in order to ensure that borrowing companys own stake in the business and also to provide the cushion against the possible reduction in the value of security offered to the bank. The percentage of margin money stipulation may depend upon the credit standing of the borrowing company, fluctuations in the price of security and the directives of RBI from time to time. The general principle applicable will be, more dicey the nature of security, higher of security, higher will be the margin money stipulations.

Form of Assistance:

After deciding the amount of overall assistance to be extended to the company, the bank can disburse the amount in any of the following forms:

1. Non-Fund Based Lending2. Fund Based Lending.

Non Fund Based Lending:

In case of Non-Fund Based Lending, the lending bank does not commit any physical outflow of funds. As such, the funds position of the lending bank remains intact. The Non-Fund Based Lending can be made by the banks in two forms:

a. Bank Guaranteesb. Letter of Credit

Fund Based Lending:In case of Non-Fund Based Lending, the lending bank commits the physical outflow of funds. As such, the funds position of the lending does not affected. The Fund Based Lending can be made by the banks in following forms:a. Loanb. Overdraftc. Cash Creditd. Bills Purchased/Discountede. Working Capital Term Loansf. Packing Credit

Security for Assistance:

The bank may provide the assistance in any of the modes as stated above. But normally no assistance will be available unless the company offers some security in any of the following forms.1)Hypothecation.2)Pledge3)Lien4)Mortgage

Process of Physical Inventory Maintenance in Apex Auto Ltd

Each unit of Apex auto ltd has its own store department that we can call it as Work-in-process inventory.

This inventory process is fully computerized and here paper work is very less. Only maintaining of documents, which were sent by suppliers as like challans etc., are only here to maintain as paper documents. Otherwise it is fully computerized. Through computers only Store Department receives Purchase Order and by computer only they send documents of issuing of materials to manufacturing unit. For easy to communicate and planning of production activity, Apex Auto Ltd Unit II has having only one Godown in Procedures involved in receiving and issuing of materials are as follows:1)Godown will first get Purchase Order No..

Purchase Order Number:

This PO is comes from Purchase Department. This Purchase Department gives a number for the each order made by Purchase Department only.

Before placing any order to suppliers they first checks the materials in inventory as to know about whether materials are available in Inventory or not. If not available in Inventory then only they will place an order according to the requirement.

In Apex Auto Ltd (Unit II), it is very important to note that: purchase department always places an order to those materials which have ordered by Customers/buyers of Apex Auto Ltd (Unit II).So, normally it does not have any stocks in its inventory. For every order from customers they make a fresh Purchase Order for purchasing of materials. It means whatever the materials are requiring for present orders, those materials are only they kept as stocks in Inventory.

In some cases, materials may be in Godown, which they call it as Buffer Stock. If these old stock is matches the requirements of product which has ordered now by its customers, then purchase Department will sent a notice to Inventory for issuing of those materials. These old stock may be in form of Raw Material or in form of finished goods. Apex Auto Ltd (Unit II) always produces more than its requirements. For example if Telcon has ordered for 20 EX- 70 boom then Apex produces 25 EX 70 i.e., 20% more than its requirements. So the remaining or excesses material they call it as Buffer Stock.

2)Receiving of MaterialsAny materials comes-in or goes-out from the Godown it should be enter in the Gate that is they call it as Gate Entry, which is maintained by security Guard. Guard is not an employee of an organization. He is a contact-based employee.

When Inventory receives materials it first inspects some samples, so for it, they call up as Spot Inspection. Here they inspect the following points:

a)Is it our supplier only and is this parcel is for us only?d. Are these received materials according to the Purchase Order? Likei. Quantityii. Date, etc.,e. Is it having all required Challans or Invoices and also does it approved by authorized person?f. Is it having all required documents like Octroi etc.,g. Is that Challan consisting the correct information of materials?

After approval of materials by sample inspection, inventory department put these details in manual book, this documentation is called as Day Book. This daybook is consisting of information like Challan No., P.O. No., Style No., Description of Materials, Suppliers Name, transporters Name, and Quantity.

After completing of these processes, materials will send to inspection department. In this inspection department they inspect in-details of materials. After approval by inspection department, this inventory department makes one document, which is they call it as Goods Received Document.

This Goods Received Document is consisting of GR No., Date, GRN Type (In-store), Mode of Transport, Challan No., Challan Date, Status, Gate Entry No., Gate Entry Date, Priority No., all Details of Materials and received quantity and actual quantity also enters there.

3. Issuing of Materials

Merchandising Department will send one card called Job Card which it consisting of all details of materials requires to produce a product. According to that Card Inventory department should send the materials to manufacturing department.

After receiving of materials by manufacturing department from inventory department they issue one document about received of materials, quantity, description of materials etc. Manufacturing Department uses these materials for manufacturing purpose. In manufacturing process sometimes it may happens like some materials get damages and some are not fully matches with requirements. Then those materials will be return to inventory.

After utilizing of all these materials by manufacturing department they will send one document called Order Completion Report (OCR). This report consists the information of Percentage of Utilized Materials for particular order and percentage of wastage of materials. This report will send to inventory and also to Merchandising Department.

4.Return Back Materials from Manufacturing Units:

Inventory takes those materials, which are return back from manufacturing units because of excess or surplus occurs while manufacturing of products. This excess or surplus exists because of purchase department, they always orders 20% more than its requirement to meet the requirement of next month. So these materials are kept in Inventory as name it as Buffer stock.

These Buffer Stocks will be utilize when company get the same type of Order. Inventory issues these materials (Buffer Stock) only when it receives instruction from Merchandising and purchasing Department.

5.Rejected Materials:

Inspection department make the rejection of materials, when materials are not as per requirements and not as per the order. These rejected materials are kept in separate section by Inventory Department.

Inventory department inform to Purchase Department and also notice to Suppliers about rejection of materials. That is called Rejection Card. In this card it involves Name of Supplier, Description of Materials, Challan No., Challan Date, Gate Entry No. & Date, No. of Quantity rejected, Reason for rejection etc.,

Some times supplier may issue new materials in place of rejected materials. Or he may give some compensation for wrong supply and that is after paying of full payment of materials.

Sections in Inventory:

Inventory is again divided into 5 sections. Each is section handling by only one persons, with the help of 3 to 4 assistants, who helps in maintaining of materials at specific area. Five sections are as follows:

Sections in InventoryD201All bought out items are been stored here and processed to the manufacturing as when required D202All consumables and tools and maintenance accessories are been stored in this section D203All raw materials like direct, semi finished goods are stored in this section and processed to the manufacturing as when required and old stock and rejected items are also stored in this section.D204Gas tank and cylinders is stored in this section.D205All finished goods are stored in this section

Purchasing Procedure of Materials

In Apex they purchase materials at from a multiple Suppliers. There is a reason for purchase materials from multiple suppliers. The reason is if one supplier delays to fulfill the supply then there must be alternative supplier for it to fulfill the requirement. So there must me no stock outs in the production process

Apex always purchases at bulk but by schedule wise. In other words they purchase materials at a time for specific order. They make the agreement of supplying materials only at once. And they negotiate the price only at once that is before supplying of materials and once their agreement is over then they provide schedule to supplier to supply the materials at a specific time and at a specified quantity.

So it reduces the spaces, which occupies in the Godown. So this method is suitable for this type of industry because of same orders from customers. WIP Store

Now we come to the WIP Store. As we have already seen that this Apex is having only one Godown and every unit is having its own Store Departments. As we know that Work In Process Store means Semi-finished Goods, here goods are not completed yet and not these are in fully raw materials form.

So in valuation matter it is having slightly different way. And in Apex it is as follows: Yes, these goods are includes some labour cost, some other costs. So in valuation of WIP they valuate at Raw Material Price of that goods PLUS incurred cost to produce till now.

Finished Goods

Valuation of Finished Goods in Apex is at 10% less than Selling Price of those finished goods. Finished Goods are in the sense these goods should be ready to dispatch.

There is no separate Godown for Finished Goods/Products. Every unit is having its own Finished Goods Godown. In that Godown only they store these Goods. And dispatching of these products is directly by each unit. They do not consolidate these goods; they dispatch these finished products directly by each unit.

Apex auto ltd (Unit II) has only one customer that is Telcon. So they directly supply finished products to its customers. So it is not necessary to have another Godown for Finished Goods.

Logistics Inventory Management

There is a department called Logistic Department in Apex Auto Ltd, which is concerning about selling of goods and maintaining of all documents related to exporting of products and also taking the permission from banks to sell specific products in specific countries. So Logistic Department is one of the important front-office Departments, like Marketing Department.

Marketing Department is one, which takes the orders from its customers. And this is entirely different from Logistic Department. Logistic Department is one, which sells its products and maintains all documents. But Marketing Department is comes into picture before production process starts. And Logistic Department comes into picture only after the production process completes.

Logistic Department is not only taking the approval for selling its products, but also it will concern for taking loan for its working capital. Banks will provide these working capital requirements in two senses: one is on Pre-Shipment Loan and another one is Post-Shipment Loan.

There are so many ways to get loan for working capital requirement. Apex get loan for Working Capital requirement either through Commercial Papers or through Letter of Credit. Apex is taking loan for Working Capital Requirements from Axis Bank.

Who can issue the CP:A company will be eligible to issue the CP provided:1. the tangible net worth of the company as per latest audited balance sheet is not less than Rs. 4 Crores.

Note: Tangible net worth means share capital plus free reserves duly reduced by intangible assets like accumulated losses, deferred revenue expenditure etc. Free Reserves include share premium and debenture redemption reserve but do not include revaluation reserve.

2. Company has been sanctioned working capital limits by banks.

3. Borrowed amount of company is classified as a standard asset by the bank.

Commercial Paper is an unsecured promissory note issued at a discount. The rate of discount is required to be decided by the issuer and is not regulated.

Before the company issues the CPs it is required to obtain satisfactory credit rating from an approved credit rating agency. Presently, following credit rating agencies have been approving by RBI for this purpose.

a. Credit Rating Information Services of India Ltd., (CRISIL)

b. Investment Information and Credit Rating Agency of India Ltd., (ICRA)

c. Credit Analysis and Research Ltd., (CARE)

d. FITCH Rating India (P) Ltd.,

The minimum credit rating required is P-2 of CRISIL. If the rating is given by any other agency, equivalent minimum rating will be required. The rating so obtained by the company should be current and should not have fallen due for review.

Who can invest in CP:Following persons can invest in the CP4. Individuals5. Banks6. Corporate Bodies incorporated in India7. Unincorporated Bodies8. Non-resident Indians9. Foreign Institutional Investors

Nature of a CP:h. A CP can be issued for the maturity period of 7 days to one year.i. A CP has the denomination of Rs. 5 Lakshs and every single investor should invest minimum Rs. 5 Lakhs in CP.j. Every issue of CP, including the renewal, will be considered to be the fresh issue.k. The amount of CP shall be within the overall limit sanctioned by the Board of Directors. It can be issued a stand alone product. Banks will be free to adjust the working capital limits after considering the CPs issued by the Company.

It will not be out of place to mention here that CP is not treated as deposit as per the provisions of Section 58-A of the Companies Act, 1956.

Procedure for issuing the CPs:

Every company issuing the CP should appoint a scheduled bank as the Issuing and Paying Agent (IPA). It will satisfy it-self that company has obtained satisfactory credit rating. It shall also verify the documents submitted by the issuing company and issue a certificate that the documents are in order. IPA should also certify that it has valid agreements with the issuing company.

The issuing company shall arrange to place the CPs on private placement basis with the inventors. The issuing company shall disclose to the potential investor its financial position. After the deal is confirmed, the issuing company shall issue physical certificates to the investor. Investors shall be given a copy of IPA certificate to the effect that the issuing company has a valid agreement with the IPA and documents are in order. Every issue of CP should be reported to RBI through the IPA within three days from the date of completion of issue.

Apex Auto Ltd (Unit II) has setup in Telcon Premises so as we know earlier that Apex Unit II is having only one customer that is Telcon so for short distance there is no need of logistic department in Apex Unit II it is handled by Purchase department incharge is Parmod Singh.

Financial Inventory Management

Already we saw about Logistic Inventory Management. Let us see how Apex valuates the old and rejected stocks in financial terms and also have a look on the inventory ratios.

Valuation method for Old and Rejected Stocks:

Old Stock:This old stock means excess of materials from specific order. As already viewed in Physical Inventory Process that, always purchase department purchases 20% more than its order. So that remained or excess materials are said to be Buffer Stock

These Old stock are in the form of Raw Materials then valuate it according to purchasing of those materials. If these old stock are after Finishing of production process. Then these are valuating on selling price of same products to the customer.

In easy words it can be said that if materials are Raw, then taking as Purchasing value for valuation purpose. If materials are Finished Goods then taking Selling Price as a value for valuation of Old Stock in Godown.

Rejected Stocks:

Again these are divides into three parts. Rejection of Raw Materials i.e., before sending to Production Process. Rejection of Materials during the Production Process and Rejection of Materials after the Production Process that is, Rejection of Finished Goods.

Rejection of Raw Materials is valuating on Purchase value of those materials. Rejection of WIP Materials then valuate as Purchase Value Plus its partly incurred Costs like Labour, Overhead Costs etc., And for Rejection of Finished Goods valuate at Purchase Value and Fully incurred Costs as said now.Holding or Ordering Cost

These costs are every important in manufacturing companies to minimize the cost. This is not applicable to Apex by virtue of its Business activities. Because, let us have a broad view on statement by following points:

In Apex, they purchase the materials only from multiple supplier. Because to fulfill the requirements in required time limit. Apex orders the materials to suppliers only at once and according to the schedule supplier will supply the materials.

Yes, Depending on Shorter order cycle Apex can hold entire stock well before order starts and also Apex can have a full stock at a time before starting process of product of that specific order. EOQEOQ applicability due to the nature of Business as above said is not possible.

Reorder Point:

This is the point is also not having much importance because of nature of Business.Lead TimeApex purchases materials from multiple supplier and by on schedule basis to supply materials. So this is also not applicable in this type of business.

Financial Ratios related to Inventory.Raw material turnover ratio:Raw material turnover ratio is velocity at which raw material converted into goods ready for sale. If raw material turnover ratio is high then company is efficiency converting into finished goods.Formula: Material consumed / Average raw materialRaw Material Turnover Ratio

YearRaw material consumed (Rs)Avg R.MRatio

2014576,484,92253,608,08210.75

2013371,223,87336,137,26610.27

2012230,779,236132,002,4901.74

Ratio 024681012201420132012YearsRatio Form above graph we come know that raw material turnover ratio is increased rapidly in 2013 from 1.74 in 2012 to 10.27 for 2013. Indicates that company is converting raw material into finished or semi finished goods very quicklyHolding period of raw material:It refers to the number of days taken for the production unit to convert raw material to finish goods.Formula: 360 /Raw material turnover ratio Holding period of raw material

YearTotal DaysRatioDays

201436010.7533

201336010.2735

20123601.74206

Raw material holding Period050100150200250201420132012YearsDAYSRHPAs the raw material turnover ratio is increasing form to 10.27 for 2013 it indicates that firm is taking less days for conversion as compared to 2012. In 2012 conversion period was 206 days but in decreased to 35 days for 2013. This is shown in above graph. Before 2013 there was no production process they were converting semi finished goods into finished products hence to start their own production process they hold the raw material in 2012 Work in Process Turnover ratio:Work in process turnover ratio is velocity at which W.I.P converted into goods ready for sale. If W.I.P turnover ratio is high then company is efficiency converting into finished goods.Formula:Cost of production Average W.I.P

W.I.P turnover ratio

YearCost of productionAvg W.I.PRatio

2014849,054,44236,720,70223.12

2013555,094,50015,010,34736.98

2012361,110,1979,755,83937.01

Work in Process Turnover ratio0510152025303540201420132012YearsDAYSRatioForm above graph we came to know that Work in process turnover ratio is decreasing from 37.01 in 2012 to 23.12 2014. The ratio was high in 2006 as compared to 2013 and 2014. The ratio was 37.01. Indicates that company is converting semi finished into finished goods quickly

Holding period of W.I.P:It refers to the number of days taken for the production unit to convert semi finished goods into finish goods.

Formula: 360 W.I.P turnover ratioHolding period of W.I.P

YearTotal DaysRatioDays

201436023.1215.57

201336036.989.73

201236037.019.72

Holding period of W I P024681012141618201420132012YearsDAYSRatio

As the work in process turnover ratio is increasing form 9.72. in 2012 To 15.57 for 2014 it indicates that firm is taking less days for conversion. Which shown in above graphFinished goods turnover ratio:Finished goods turnover ratio is velocity at which finished goods converted into for sale. If finished goods turnover ratio is high then company is efficient.Formula:Cost of goods sold Average finished goods

Finished goods turnover ratio

Yearcost of goods soldAvg F.GRatio

2014849,054,44226,243,33932.35

2013555,094,50019,858,48227.95

2012361,110,19710,940,00833.01

Finished Goods Turnover Ratio25262728293031323334201420132012YearsDAYSRatioForm above graph we came know that finished goods turnover ratio is decreasing from 33.01 in 2012 to 27.95 for 2013. Indicates that company is selling goods little slowly as compared to 2012 but it is bit fast as compared to 2014. Where the ratio for that particular period was 32.35 decreased to 11.20 for 2014 it is satisfactory. Which shown in above graph. Inventory to capital employed:This ratio indicates the relationship between the total capitals employed and inventories it shows how much capital utilized to invest in the inventories other than the other assets. The normal manufacturing firms have low ratio of inventory total capital employed in the organization.Inventory to capital employed

YearInventory Total capital employedPercentage

2014197,465,069301,443,21565.50

2013121,558,000145,492,59983.54

201267,994,62398,333,32469.14

Formula: Inventory / Total capital employed

Inventory to capital employed0102030405060708090201420132012YearsPERCENTAGEICE By observing above graph we can say that the firm investing huge amount in inventories compared to other assets. It invested 83.54% of its capital in inventory in 2013 where as it reduced to 65.50% in 2014Inventory to current asset ratio:This ratio indicates the relationship between the inventory and current assets. It shows the percentage of inventory to current assets, which helps the organizations in deciding the current assets policy which also affect the liquidity position of the organization.Formula: Inventory / Current assets

Inventory to current asset ratio

YearInventorycurrent assetsPercentage

2014197,465,069331,314,50459.60

2013121,558,000237,687,68451.14

201267,994,623117,022,62558.10

Inventory to current asset ratio464850525456586062201420132012YearsPERCENTAGERatio

The inventory to current assets ratio in the year 2012 was 58.10% and it decreased to 51.14% in the year 2013 but again it increased to 59.60% in 2014. It shows that the firm investing 59.60% of its investment is for inventory only.Inventory to total assets:This ratio indicates the relationship between the inventory and total assets. The significance of this ratio is it reflects the portion the inventory as a percentage of the total assets, which helps the management deciding the utilization remaining resources profitably, since the inventory will lock up the huge funds and reduces the profitability of the organizationFormula: Inventory / Total assets Inventory to total assets

YearInventoryTotal assetsPercentage

2014197,465,069990,329,08719.93

2013121,558,000540,916,08822.47

201267,994,623414,901,23416.38

Inventory to total assets0510152025201420132012YearsPERCENTAGERatio

During the year 2012 the rate of inventory to total assets was 16.38% it increased to 22.47% in 2013. But again it reduced to 19.93% in 2014. It indicates that firm investing only 19.93% in inventory out of total assets.Inventory to working capital:This ratio indicates the relationship between inventory to working capital and it also indicates the amount to inventory tied up in the working capital and it also shows the efficiency of inventory management.Formula:Inventory Working capitalInventory to working capital

YearInventoryWorking capitalPercentage

2014197,465,069199,345,12399.05

2013121,558,000146,097,21083.20

201267,994,62346,338,277146.45

Inventory to working capital020406080100120140160201420132012YearsPERCENTAGERatio

In the year the ratio was 146.45% in 2012. It decreased to 83.20% for 2013 but it increased it to 99.05% in 2014. It indicates that firm investing huge amount in inventoryFINDINGS:

1. Raw material turnover ratio is increased rapidly in 2013 from 1.74 in 2012 to 10.27 for 2013.

2. As the raw material turnover ratio is increasing form to 10.27 for 2013 it indicates that firm is taking less days for conversion as compared to 2012.

3.Work in process turnover ratio is decreasing from 37.01 in 2012 to 23.12 2014. The ratio was high in 2012 as compared to 2013 and 2014.

4.As the work in process turnover ratio is increasing form 9.72. in 2006 To 15.57 for 2014 it indicates that firm is taking less days for conversion

5.Finished goods turnover ratio is decreasing from 33.01 in 2012 to 27.95 for 2013. Indicates that company is selling goods little slowly as compared to 2012 but it is bit fast as compared to 2014.

6.Company is selling goods little slowly as compared to 2012 but it is bit fast as compared to 2014. Where the ratio for that particular period was 32.35

7.The inventory to current assets ratio in the year 2013 was 58.10% and it decreased to 51.14% in the year 2014 but again it increased to 59.60% in 2014. It shows that the firm investing 59.60% of its investment is for inventory only.

8.During the year 2013 the rate of inventory to total assets was 16.38% it icreased to 22.47% in 2014. But again it reduced to 19.93% in 2015. It indicates that firm investing only 19.93% in inventory out of total assets. 9.In the year the ratio was 146.45% in 2012. It decreased to 83.20% for 2013 but it increased it to 99.05% in 2014. It indicates that firm investing huge amount in inventory.

10.As the finished goods turnover ratio is increasing form 10.87 in 2013 to 12.86 for 2014 it indicates that firm is taking less days for sale. In 2014 conversion period was 12.86 days but in decreased to 11.20 for 2014 it is satisfactory.

SUGGESTIONS:a) From the findings it is came to know that in the year 2012 the number of days for holding Raw material is more, it is not good for the company because it eats unnecessary investment. To avoid this problem the following points will help. Purchase Raw Materials at the time when the stock reaches the minimum level. The purchases should not cross the Maximum limit otherwise the stock kept in stores idle. Quantity should be ordered as per the demand. We can assume the demand for the goods from past experience. We can have more Raw materials which are imported from other countries but carry reasonable stocks which are available locally.b) If we purchase less quantity of materials at a time it will reduce the carrying cost but increases the ordering cost and vise versa. Therefore optimum ordering quantity is necessary, which minimizes the cost.c) The company should maintain a safety level and also reordering point so that they come to know at what time they should order for the supply of material and need not to suffer from short fall of required material.

CONCLUSIONAfter the study, we can came to a conclusion that, effectiveness of inventory management should improve in all the aspects, hence the industry can still strengthen its position by looking into the following.

The inventory should be fast moving so that warehouse cost can be reduced. The finished goods have to be dispatched in feasible time as soon as manufacturing is completed. Optimum order quantity should be maintained, hence cost can be minimized. Proper inventory control techniques are employed by the inventory control organization within the framework of one of the basic models like ABC, HML and VED etc.

BIBIIOGRAPHY

BOOKS Financial Management : I.M.Panday

Production Management : K. Ashwatappa

WEBSITESwww.apexautoltd.comwww.google.com

BSPATILPage 6