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Assessment of Wind Home System's Potential in Coastal Areas ofPakistanMujeebudin Memon, Khanji Harijan, and Mohammad Aslam UqailiCitation:AIP Conf. Proc. 941, 80 (2007); doi: 10.1063/1.2806075View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2806075View Table of Contents: http://proceedings.aip.org/dbt/dbt.jsp?KEY=APCPCS&Volume=941&Issue=1Published by theAIP Publishing LLC.Additional information on AIP Conf. Proc.Journal Homepage: http://proceedings.aip.org/Journal Information: http://proceedings.aip.org/about/about_the_proceedingsTop downloads: http://proceedings.aip.org/dbt/most_downloaded.jsp?KEY=APCPCS

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Assessment of Wind Home System's Potential inCoastal A reas of Pak istanM u j e e b u d i n M e m o n " '* , K h a n j i H a r ij a n '' a n d M o h a m m a d A s l a m U q a i l i"

'^Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering andTechnology, Jamshoro 76062, Pakistan

Ph.D. Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, M ehran University of Engineering andTechnology, Jamshoro 76062, Pakistan

'^Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, M ehran University of Engineering and Technology,Jamshoro 76062, Pakistan

*Corresponding author Tel: +92-22-2772280; Fax: +92-22-2771382,E-mail address: muieeb63(a),hotmail. co m

Abstract . About 50 and 90 percent of the total population of rural coastal areas of Sindh andBalochistan provinces respectively have no access to electricity and meet lighting requirementsthrough kerosene and LPG. The population density in rural coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistanprovinces is about 100-150 and 10-50 persons per km^ respectively. Extension of existing centralizedgrid system to rural areas with very low population density and small-scattered loads is economicallyand technically unfeasible. In this situation, decentralized renewable electricity especially wind powerappears to be one of the viable option. This paper presents the assessment of potential of wind homesystems (WHS) for rural electrification in coastal areas of Pakistan using the wind speed data recordedby Pakistan Metrological Department (PMD) and power curve of a reference wind turbine. Pakistanhas 1050 km long coastline, of which, 250 km is falling in Sindh and 800 km in Balochistan. A 150Wp wind turbine could generate about 345 kWh and 250 kWh of electricity per year in coastal areas ofSindh and Balochistan respectively, which would be sufficient for meeting the electricity demand of arural household. The average theoretical potential of WHS in the coastal area of Sindh and Balochistanis about 2245 and 1800 FLH respectively. The total installed capacity and technical potential of WHSin the coastal area of the country has been estimated as 63.75 MW and 135 GWh/year respectively.Keywords: Win d power, rural electrification, coastal areas, Pakistan"

1. INTRODUCTIONEnergy is a vital input for the economic and social development of any coimtry.Electricity is the most versatile form of energy and is the key to the modem world. InPakistan, only 55 percent population has access to electricity and per capitaconsumption is about 520 kWh. About 68 percent of the coimtry's population lives inrural areas and most of them have no access to electricity. About 50 and 90 percent ofthe total population of rural coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan provincesrespectively have no access to electricity and meet lighting requirements throughkerosene and LPG. Rural villages of Pakistan's coastal areas are scattered over a largearea and located far from the main electric grids. They have low population density,

CP941, Renewable Energy for Sustainable Developmentedited by P. Jennings, G. Ho, K. Mathew, and C. V. Nayar 2007 Am erican Institute of Physics 978-0-7354-0454-0/07/$23.0080

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about 100-150 and 10-50 persons per km^ in Sindh and Balochistan provincesrespectively, and requires small load. The need of electrification of entire country hasbecome essential for our economic revival.In Pakistan, conventional electricity is generated from oil, gas, hydro, coal andnuclear energy. Thermal, hydel and nuclear energy has 66.8 percent, 30 percent and3.2 percent share respectively in total conventional electricity generation in Pakistanduring 2004-05. The indigenous reserves of oil and gas are limited and the coimtryheavily depends on imported oil. Power generation from imported oil increases thecost of electricity and over burdens the national economy. Though Pakistan has hugecoal potential but has not been utihzed to its full potential due to various reasons.Nuclear power has not been developed according to expectation and further growth isimcertain due to high capital cost, safety and security concerns. Power generationfrom fossil fuels is also a major source of environmental degradation.Electricity demand in urban areas is also growing day by day due to rapidurbanization and industrialization, increase in per capita income, improvement in thestandard of living etc. It has been projected that electricity demand in Pakistan will

grow at 7-11 percent per annum. The conventional power is even not sufficient formeeting the growing demand of electricity from the existing customers. Further morethe extension of existing centralized grid system to far away from grid line rural areaswith very low population density and small-scattered loads are economically andtechnically unfeasible. Hence there are remote chances of getting grid connection tomost of the rural population in the near future. This whole situation requires urgentmeasures on priority basis for the development of indigenous, environment friendly,renewable energy sources such as wind energy. This paper presents the assessment ofpotential of WHS for rural electrification in coastal areas of Pakistan using the windspeed data recorded by PMD and power curve of a reference wind turbine.

2. DESCRIPTION OF DATA USEDPakistan's coastline extends 1050 km, 250 km falling in Sindh and 800 km inBalochistan. The continental shelf of the Sindh coast extends to a distance of 150 kmwhereas that of Balochistan only measures 15-40 km. PMD has measured andrecorded the wind speed and direction at 45 locations in the coastal areas of Sindhand Balochistan imder Wind Mapping Project fimded by Ministry of Science andTechnology, Governm ent of Pakistan in 2002. Figure 1 and 2 shows the different

locations in the coastal area of Sindh and Balochistan provinces respectively wherethe wind speed has been measured and recorded by PMD. At all theses locations, oneminute average wind speed was recorded at 10m and 30 m heights.

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a p u r [ Ta n d o Ad a

M i r p u r K h a s- . Ta n d o A l l a h ya r

R A N G E , 1 Tliano Bula Khan H ' ' * , , j L jTonal)a Kor Hyderabad Jamesabad

Naya Chor

Umarkot

25^ 30'

ChachroT H A R

ChailarNohtun jo Goth ^BhorilaD E S E R T

FIGURE 1. Wind mapping locations of coastal area of Sindh.

Hub Ghoki iKarachi ' ^ i*

pmmmPmMt-pniMwiniMinnaSrFIGURE 2. Wind mapping locations of coastal area of Balochistan.

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Average monthly wind speed at 10m height at all locations has been estimatedfrom the recorded data by PMD. The wind duration availability in terms of numbersof hours the wind remained in a particular bin was also calculated by constructing thewind rose diagrams by PMD. In this study, 40 different locations have been selectedand data provided by PMD have been used for the estimation of potential of WHS.Two years data was available with PMD for 37 locations but recording periods weredifferent as shown in Table 1. For the remaining three locations i.e. Jamshoro, Thattaand Defense H ousing Authority (DHA ) Karachi, the data of one year was av ailable.

TABLE 1. Data recording period for different locations.Data Period Sindh BalochistanHawksbay, Hyderabad, Matli, Gharo,Mar 2002 - Feb 2004 Ketibandar, Nooriabad, M irpursakro, Hub choki, Manag iBadin, Chuhar Jamali, Shahbander,Sajwal, Talahar, Thanubolakhan

June 2002 - May 2004 Gharo, Kadhan, GawadarSept 2002 - Aug 2004 Jati, Baghan, Gadda ni, Liari

Aghore, Basol, Hoshab, Ormara,Apr 2002 - Mar 2004 Jiwani, Pasni, Man d, Phore,Pishukan, Tump, WinderAug 2002 - July 2004 Ramra, Turbat, OthalMay 2002 - Apr 2004 MakolaOct. 2002 - Sept. 2004 Nale ntSept 2002 - Aug 2003 Thatta, DH A Karachi, Jamshoro

The mean of wind duration availability in terms of numbers of hours the windremained in a particular bin, of two years for 37 locations has been estimated andused in this study. However, for other three locations the same data provided by PMDhas been used in this study. Two sample wind duration curves have been constructedfor 12 locations and are shown in Figure 3 to 4. Wind duration curves are importantto know the availability of wind speed in terms of numb er of hours the wind remainedbetween certain wind speed intervals during the year.

3. ESTIMATION OF POTENTIAL O F W HS IN COASTALAREA OF PAKISTANSmall wind turbines appear competitive only in areas far from the grid due to theirrelative high initial investment cost. The estimation of the potential of WHS is,therefore, practically the search for non-electrified households which situate in goodwind regions. According to reports, about 50% and 90% of the total population ofrural coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan respectively have no access to electricity.

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The population density in rural coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan provinces isabout 100 - 150 and 10 - 50 persons per km^ respectively. Based on these figures, thenumber of non electrified rural households would be about 300 thousand and 125thousand in coastline of Sindh and Balochistan respectively. A wind turbine of 150Wp would be sufficient for meeting the electricity demand of a rural household inPakistan.

2000 -

1 1500 -oo

Z 1000 -

50 0

0 -

\\ K- -hX- Hawksbay* Nooriabad

Keti Bander ^ ^ Shahbander Jamshoro i Hyderabad

'~~r~*^ i i i i ( i i i i i i K i i 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Wind Speed (ni/s)FIGURE 3. Wind duration curves for different locations of Sindh coastal area.

2500 -

2000 -

1500

1000

500 -

0_ky^^^^^^^^V

Gaddani Jiwani

Phore 1 Orniara

Liari

Basol

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21Wind Speed (ni/s)

FIGURE 4. Wind duration curves for different locations of Balochistan coastal area.

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The theoretical potential of WHS has been estimated by using a wind turbine modelPD 170.6 (150 Wp) of the Research Center of Thermal Equipment and RenewableEnergy Vietnam as reference turbine and the wind duration data, in terms of numberof hours wind remained between certain wind speed intervals during the year. Thetechnical data of this turbine is given in Table 2. Figure 5 shows the power curve ofPD 170.6 wind turbine (Nguyen, 2005).

TABLE 2. Detailed Specifications of the wind turbine.Indicator ValueRotor diameterSwept areaRated PowerStarting wind speedRated wind speedCut-out wind speedNumber of bladesTower height

1.7 m2.27 m2150 kW3 m/s8 m / s16 m/s61 0 m

140

10 -

Jf V"""";""""/ \J \i \

^wind Speed (m/s)

FIG UR E 5. Power curve of wind turbine.

Theoretical electricity in kilowatt-hours, E(kWh) generated by PD 170.6 wind turbineper annum can be estimated using equation (Nguyen, 2005):E{kWH) = Y: fiy)-P(y) (1)

Where f(v) is the wind frequency distribution and P(v) is the turbine power at windspeed V. Theoretical potential in terms of full load hours can be estimated by dividingthe theoretical electricity generated in kWh by rated po wer of the turbine. The energyoutput for each location has been calculated and presented in Table 3 in the form ofkWh and hours of full power. Also, Turbine capacity factor has been estimated bydividing the theoretical electricity generated in kWh by 8760 and is also presented inTable 3.

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Sindh

JamshoroHyderabadGharoKetibanderNooriabadShahbanderMirpursakroJatiBadinBaghanChr. JamaliGolarchiKadhanMatliSajawalTalharT.B KhanThattaDHA KhiHawksbay

Average

TABLE 3 . Theoretical Power Produced Using PD 170.6 Wind Turbine.Power generation

( K W h )524.77492.90452.91572.05648.57501.48330.63248.22173.34167.05236.55156.62141.63613.11178.1881.28

366.84182.93328.10531.15346.5

FL H3498.53286.03019.43813.64323.83343.22203.51654.81155.61113.71577.01044.1944.2408.71188.0541.8

2445.61219.52187.43541.02125.5

TurbineC.F(%)40.037.534.543.549.438.225.218.913.212.718.011.910.84.713.66.2

27.913.925.040.424.3

Balochistan

RamraOrmaraJiwaniPasniGawadarTurbatAghoreBasolGaddaniHoshabHubchokiLiariMakolaManagiMandNalentOthalPhorePishukanWinder

Average

Power generation( MW h )182.05401.70305.84222.37240.86164.48262.27332.00454.53291.2087.63

329.60289.60305.00149.26143.0056.07

310.50204.03254.25250.0

FL H1213.62678.02038.91482.51605.71096.51748.52213.23030.21941.3584.2

2197.31930.62033.2995.1953.2373.8

2070.01360.21695.01662.0

TurbineC.F(%)13.930.623.316.918.312.520.025.334.622.26.7

25.122.023.211.410.94. 3

23.615.519.319.0

The technical potential of WHS can be estimated using the equation:E = Y.RHHJ^.V^.FLH (2)Where E is the wind energy output (kWh/y); RHHwe is the no. of rural householdswith out electricity; Tc is the turbine capacity (Wp); tja is the system efficiency(battery, charge controller, loss in the line, 67.5%) and FLH is the full-load hours.The technical potential of WHS in the coastal area of Pakistan has been estimatedusing eq. (2) and is given in Table 4.

TABLE 4. Technical potential of WH S in coastal areas of Pakistan.ProvinceSindhBalochistanTotal

RHHwe(thousand)30012 5425

InstalledCapacity( M W )45.0018.7563.75

AverageFLH(hrs)21261662

TechnicalPotential(GWh/y)

64.621.185.7

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4. RESUL TS AND DISCUSSIONThe theoretical wind power potential at different locations has been estimated byusing the power curve of a wind turbine model PD 170.6 (150 Wp) of the ResearchCenter of Thermal Equipment and Renewable Energy (RECTERE) Vietnam and thewind duration data, in terms of number of hours wind remained between certain windspeed intervals during the year. The results show that the average theoretical potentialof WHS in the coastal area of Sindh and Balochistan has been estimated as 2126 and1662 FLH respectively. In Sindh, high values of theoretical wind power are foimd atNoriabad, Ketibandar, Hawksbay and Jamshoro sites where as low values are foimdat Matli, Talhar, Kadhan and Golarchi. Similarly in Balochistan, high values oftheoretical wind power are foimd at Gaddani, Ormara, Basol and Phore sites where aslow values are foimd at Othal, Hubchoki, Mand and Nalent sites. The average windturbine capacity factor in Sindh and Balochistan is 25% and 19% respectively, whichshows that the coastal area of Pakistan is suitable for W HS .The installed capacity of WHS in the coastal area of Pakistan has been estimated,

considering about 300 thousand and 125 thousand households in coastline of Sindhand Balochistan respectively without electricity and assuming a wind turbine of 150Wp would be sufficient for meeting the electricity demand of a household, as 63.75MW. The technical potential of WHS in the coastal area of Pakistan has beenestimated as 86 GWh per year, which is about 0.4% of the total electricityconsum ption in the dom estic sector of Pakistan.

5. CONCLUSIONRural villages of Pakistan's coastal areas are scattered over a large area andlocated far from the main electric grids. Most of the villages have no access toelectricity. The extension of existing centrahzed grid system is economically andtechnically unfeasible. Also due to increasing power demand from the existingcustomers, diminishing resources of thermal power generation, increase in the priceof fossil fuels, environmental degradation due to fossil fuels use, there are remotechances of getting grid connection to most of the costline's rural population in thenear future. WHS appears to be one of the viable options for electrification of ruralhouseholds in the coastal areas of P akistan.

The average theoretical potential of WHS in the coastal area of Sindh andBalochistan is about 2126 and 1662 FLH respectively. In Sindh, high values oftheoretical wind power are found at Noriabad, Ketibandar, Hawksbay and Jamshorosites and in Balochistan, high values of theoretical wind power are found at Gaddani,Ormara, Basol and Phore The total installed capacity of WHS has been estimated as63.75 MW. The technical potential of WHS in the coastal area of Pakistan has beenestimated as 86 GWh per year.

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Wind energy is indigenous, free of cost and environment friendly and should bedeveloped for meeting growing power demand in Sindh. The development andutilization of this source for power generation would reduce the pressure on oilimports and deforestation, protect the environment from pollution and improve thesocio-economic conditions of the people of Sindh.

A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T SThe authors wish to acknow ledge P rof S. Rehman, King Fahd University ofPetroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia and Dr. Pallav Purohit, Hamburg Institute ofInternational Economics, Research Programme on International Climate Policy,Neuer Jimgfemstieg, Hamburg, Germany for their help and encouragement. The coauthor K. Harijan also greatly acknowledge the Higher Education Commission,Ministry of Science and Technology, GOP for their financial support to carry out this

research work.R E F E R E N C E S

1. Aqeel, A. and Butt, M. S., "The Relationship between Energy Consumptionand Economic Growth", Asia-Pacific Development Journal, Volume 8, No. 2,December 2001, pp. lOI-lIO.2. HDIP, "Pakistan Energy Yearbook 2005", Hydrocarbon DevelopmentInstitute of Pakistan, 200 6.3. GOP, "Economic Survey of Pakistan 2003-04", Economic Advisor's Wing,Finance Division, Government of Pakistan, 2004.4. GOP, "Housing Units by Source of Water and Lighting" Statistical Division,Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan. Available at:www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/housing_imits_by_waterlighting.pdf (Accessed on 15th December 2006).5. Uqaili, M.A., Harijan, K., Memon, M.D., "Fossil fuel consumption inPakistan: Environmental Problems and Possible Solutions", Paper presented atconference on Renewable Energy Sector, Ministry of Environment,Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan, 1-2 February, 2005.6. PM D, "Wind M apping Project in Coastal Areas of Sindh and Balochistan,Various Technical Reports", Renewable Energy Research Cell, Pakistan

Metrological Department, Government of Pakistan, Karachi, 2005.7. www.wildlifeofpakistan .com/IntroductiontoPakistan/coastlineofPakistan.htm8. Mirza, U.K., Ahmad, N., Majeed, T., and Harijan, K., "Wind EnergyDevelopment in Pakistan", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,DOI:I0.10I6/i.rser.2006.03.003. May 2006.9. Harijan, K., Memon, M . D., and Uqaili, M. A., "Redu cing Dependence o nKerosene for Lighting Using Renewables in Rural Areas of Pakistan",Proceedings, Third International Mechanical Engineering Congress, The

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Institution of Engineers Pakistan, Karachi, Pakistan, 20-21 March, 2006,pp.01-08.10. Uqaili, M. A., Harijan, K., Mirani, M. and Memon M. D., "Renewable EnergyTechnologies for Rural Electrification in Pakistan: Status and Prospects",Proceedings, Electric Supply Industry in Transition: Issues and Prospects forAsia; An International Conference, AIT, Thailand, 14-16 January, 2004.11. Nguyen, Q.K., "Long Term Optimization of Energy Supply and Demand inVietnam with Special Reference to the Potential of Renewable Energy",Dissertation, Faculty of Physics, University of Oldenbu rg, 2005 .12. Rehman, S., "Wind Energy Resources Assessment for Yanbo, Saudi Arabia",Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 45, No. 13/14, pp. 2019-2032,2004.13. Aretz, A., "Analysis and Assessment of the Technical Potential of WindEnergy for Power Generation in China and India Considering itsEnvironmental Benefits", Dissertation, Faculty of Economics and Law,University of Oldenburg, 2002.14. Hoogwijk, M., "On the Global and Regional Potential of Renewable EnergySources", Ph.D. Theses, Utretch University, Department of Science,Technology and Society, Netherland, 2004.15. Byrne, J., Shen, B., Wallace, W., "The Economics of Sustainable Energy forRural Developm ent : A Study of Renewable Energy in Rural China", EnergyPolicy, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 45-54, 1998.16. WWl, "Renewables 2005: Global Status Report", Worldwatch Institute, 2005.Available @ www.ren21.net17. lEA, "Renewables for Power Generation: Status and Prospectus" 2003Edition, International Energy Agency, Paris, France, 2003.

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