APA Formatting TutorialOhio Christian University

“Does not wisdom call out? Does not understanding raise her voice?” (Proverbs 8:1, NIV)

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What is APA?APA stands for American

Psychological Association. It is a writing format developed by that association for organizing information in a term paper, thesis, or essay.

APA guidelines show how to cite (give credit to) or document information within the body of a paper that was directly quoted, summarized, or paraphrased from a source. It is also used for citing facts, statistics, and visuals.

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APA PapersOCU requires APA format for all

written assignments. This is common with many colleges and universities across the country.

APA is discussed in detail on pages 494-549 of Hacker and Sommers’ (2011) A Writer’s Reference with Exercises (7th Edition).

The contents of this tutorial are based primarily on that book, the required grammar guide for OCU students.

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Developing the Paper

Title Page

Let’s start with the title page.

Turn to page 540 in the Hacker & Sommers (2011)

text for an example of a title page.

However, Ohio Christian University

has a standard title page for all

students to use with papers. If you do not

have this, contact your facilitator or the

Student Services Coordinator (Michelle

Blanton mblanton@ohiochristian.edu) to obtain

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AbstractTurn to page 541 in the Hacker (2010) text for an example of an abstract.

An abstract is basically an overview or summary of your term paper/essay. It appears directly after the title page. It should be a single paragraph, around 150-250 words in length with no indentation.

Most of OCU’s courses do not require students to include an abstract in their assignments because they are undergraduate courses. However, it is important to know what an abstract is because it is usually found in professional writings such as journal/periodical articles, master’s theses, and doctoral dissertations.

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APA Paper ElementsElements of an APA paper include:

The title page (see previous)

The body of a paper, which includes:

an introduction, section headings, and

a conclusion.

References

Note: Sources quoted from or referred to in the body of the

paper must be cited according to APA guidelines. The only exceptions to this rule are classical works and personal communications.

See pages 540-548 in Hacker and Sommers (2011) for an example of an

APA paper. You may also go to http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/writersref6e/Player/Pages/Main.aspx

Click on Model Papers, scroll to APA Papers, and download:Mirano’s “Can Medication Cure Obesity in Children? A Review of the Literature”

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Formatting the Paper• Double-space between lines, including block quotes and references.

• There should two spaces after each punctuation mark.

• Use one inch margins around your paper.

• The left margin should be even.

• The right margin should be ragged or uneven.

• Words are not to be divided between lines.

See pages 536-539 in the Hacker and Sommers text (2011) for formatting details and more expectations.

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Section HeadingsSee page 542 in the Hacker and Sommers (2011) text for an example of section headings.

Page 537 in the Hacker and Sommers text (2011) tells us that the first heading level is typically enough in undergraduate writing. However, APA recognizes five levels of headings.

Utilizing section headings helps organize your written assignments. It also enables your instructor to move through your paper more easily and efficiently.

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Long (Block) QuotesSee the middle of page 547 for an example and page 537 for expectations in the Hacker and Sommers (2011) text.

Block quotes:

• Are often used when a writer feels that a lengthy quote adds to his or her paper. However, like any quote, be careful to use them sparingly.

• Consist of 40 words or more.

• Are introduced with a signal phrase and are started on a new line.

• Are indented ½ inch from the left margin of your paper.

• Are double-spaced.

• Quotation marks are not used around this type of quote, but double quotation marks are used for any quote within a block quote.

• The citation appears after the block quote. It is not included within the last sentence of a quote as with shorter quotes.

Including Visuals in APA PapersSee page 545 in the Hacker and Sommers (2010) text for an example of a Table 1.

Occasionally there will be a need to

include a visual in your APA paper.

These include:

• Tables• Figures• Photos• Charts• Graphs• Drawings

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Guidelines for Including VisualsPage 538 in the Hacker and Sommers (2011) text gives some general guidelines for visuals.

• Visuals should be simple (condense information).

• Each visual should be labeled with an arabic numeral (i.e., Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3).

• Include a title for each visual.

• Indicate the source below the visual.

• Discuss or give an overview of the visual within the text/body of your paper.

Citations (in-text)

Citations vs. ReferencesThese two terms are often confused. So what’s the difference?

“An in-text citation usually gives the author of the source (often in a signal phrase), the year of publication, and at times a page number in parentheses. At the end of the paper, a list of references provides publication information about the source” (Hacker & Sommers, 2011, p. 510).

In-text citation example (used only in the body of the paper):

As researchers Yanovski and Yanovski (2002) have explained, obesity was once considered “either a moral failing or evidence of underlying psychopathology” (p. 592).

Reference example (used only in a reference list at the end of a paper):

Yanovski, S.Z., & Yanovski, J.A. (2002). Durg therapy: Obesity. The New England Journal of Medicine, 346, 591-602.

CitationsAPA utilizes in-text citations for documenting (giving credit to) authorsand their works. The Hacker and Sommers (2011) text gives examples of citations for different types of sources. These appear on pages 511-515.

Citations consist of:

A signal phrase. Includes the author’s last name and publication date

in parentheses.

The page number appears (also in parentheses) at the end of a quote.

Page numbers are not needed when summarizing or paraphrasing

information, but are often used.

Citation ExampleExample:

According to Johnson and Johnson (2006), “A group

may be defined as a number of individuals who jointogether to achieve a goal” (p. 5).

The period goes after the citation at the end of a sentenceunless you have used a block quote.

Note: Use “pp.” when more than one page is listed in acitation. Use “n.d.” when a publication date is not given.

Signal Phras

e

More on Signal Phrases

“Note that APA requires using verbs in the past tense or the present perfect tense (explained or has explained) to introduce source material” (Hacker & Sommers, 2011, p. 506).

Example: In his study on adult learning Adams (2008) indicated …

Note: Use all quotes sparingly. Summarize or write in your own words as

much information as possible in your papers.

Signal Phras

e

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Citations for Internet SourcesNote: Internet citations are done a little differently from

citations from hard copy sources. They usually include the section name and paragraph number. See the Hacker and Sommers (2011) text on pages 514-515 for more information.

Example of an Internet Citation:

(Jones, 2007, Overseas Ministry section, para. 4)

Brackets within Quotations“Brackets allow you to insert your own words into quoted material. You can insert words in brackets to clarify a confusing reference or to keep a sentence grammatical in your context” (Hacker and Sommers, 2011, p. 504). [ ]

Brackets are also used to indicate an error within a quotation from a source. The letters sic (in italics) enclosed in brackets are placed next to that error. [sic]

Example: The hymn was writtin [sic] well over two hundred years ago.

The Ellipsis Mark

. . .From time to time you will come across a quote you want to use, but feel it is much longer than you need for your paper. “To condense a quoted passage, you can use the ellipsis mark (three periods, with spaces between) to indicate that you have omitted words. What remains must be grammatically complete” (Hacker & Sommers, 2011, p. 504).

Personal CommunicationsSee page 514 in the Hacker and Sommers (2011) text.

Personal communication citations areused for:

• Interviews (Face-to-face or via telephone)• E-mails• Memos• Letters Note: Personal communications are notincluded on the reference page.

Example of an In-Text PersonalCommunication Citation:

(P. Hanson, personal communication, December5, 2008)

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Indirect SourcesSometimes you will use information in your paper that comes from a secondary source. In other words, one author quoted or summarized the works of another author and included that information in his or her work.

In that case, the citation is done a little differently.

• The original source should appear in the signal phrase.

• The citation will include the secondary source. The secondary source should appear on your reference page (Hacker & Sommers, 2011, p. 515).

Example Citation for Indirect SourcesPaul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard (1977) developed the theory of Situational Leadership. They concluded from their study at Ohio State University “that most leadership activities can be classified into two distinct behavioral dimensions: initiation of structure (task actions) and consideration of group members (relationship of maintenance actions)” (as cited in Johnson & Johnson, 2006, p. 197).

References (Reference Page)

ReferencesAny time information is cited within a body of a paper, a reference must be listed for that source on the reference page(s). See pages 515-523 in the Hacker and Sommers (2011) text for examples of physical references.

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Review pages 515-523 to properly reference:

• Books

• Journal/Periodical Articles

• Popular Magazine Articles

• Government Documents

• Etc.

Example of an APA ReferenceBlanchard, K., & Hodges, P. (2005). Lead like Jesus: Lessons from the

greatest leadership role model of all time. Nashville, TN: Thomas

Nelson, Inc.

Note: Initials are used for the first and middle names of the authors. The publication date goes next to the author’s/authors’ name(s). The book title is in italics. Only the first word and all proper nouns are

capitalized in a title or subtitle. Use a hanging indent with your references. Alphabetize references according to the authors. Double-space individual references. Include the city and state where a resource was published.

References for Electronic Sources See pages 524-532 in the Hacker and Sommers (2011) text for guidance and examples of Internet references.

Internet or electronic references are a little different from other references. The Digital Object Identifier (DOI) or the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) are often included in them. These links will lead the reader to the exact location where the information was found on the Internet. When possible, a DOI is preferred over a URL. Generally, a retrieval date should only be included if the link will probably change.

Note: While the web is a great place to find information for a paper,

the disadvantage of using an electronic source is that web sites often

change their information and some sources are only available for a

certain period of time.

Example of an Electronic Reference

Alimo-Metcalfe, B., & Ablan-Metcalfe, J. (2005).

Leadership: Time for a new direction? Leadership Research & Development

Ltd, 1, 51- 71. Retrieved from

http://lea.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/1/1/51

Writing Academically

Writing MechanicsThe Hacker and Sommers (2011) text provides in a nutshell all the essential aspects required of an excellently prepared academic paper. Please observe the breakdown of the book below and utilize often as you write.

1. Composing and Revising: pages 1-66

2. Academic Writing: pages 67-112

3. Sentence Style: pages 113-148

4. Word Choice: pages 149-190

5. Grammatical Sentences: pages 191-252

6. Multilingual Writers and ESL Challenges: pages 253-290

7. Punctuation and Mechanics: pages 291-354

8. Basic Grammar: pages 355-380

9. Researching: pages 381-420

10. APA Formatting: pages 493-549

Other ResourcesAmerican Psychological Association. (2010).

Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Purdue University APA Format Information http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

American Psychological Association

http://www.apastyle.org/manual/index.aspx

Don’t be afraid to ask questions!

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If you have questions on any of the APA guidelines or writing mechanics, please don’t hesitate to ask your instructor. We are here to help!

For “we are God’s fellowworkers…” (1

Corinthians3:9, NIV).

ReferencesAmerican Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the

American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Blanchard, K., & Hodges, P. (2005). Lead like Jesus: Lessons from the greatest leadership role model of all time. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, Inc.

Hacker, D., & Sommers, N. (2011). A writer’s reference with exercises (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s.

Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, F. P. (2006). Joining together: Group theory and group skills. Boston: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.

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