apa style guide 7th edition (version 22 may 2021)

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APA Style Guide 7th edition (version 22 May 2021)

A. Citing References in the Text

Type of Citation First citation in

text

Subsequent

citations in text

First parenthetical

citation in text

Subsequent

parenthetical

citation in text

One author Walker (2007) Walker (2007) (Walker, 2007) (Walker, 2007)

Two authors Walker and Allen

(2004)

Walker and Allen

(2004)

(Walker & Allen,

2004)

(Walker & Allen,

2004)

Three and more authors Wasserstein et al.

(2005)

Wasserstein et al.

(2005)

(Wasserstein et al.,

2005)

(Wasserstein et al.,

2005)

Groups with abbreviation

National Institute of

Mental Health

(NIMH, 2003)

NIMH (2003)

(National Institute of

Mental Health

[NIMH], 2003)

(NIMH, 2003)

Groups without abbreviation University of

Pittsburg (2005)

University of

Pittsburg (2005)

(University of

Pittsburg, 2005)

(University of

Pittsburg, 2005)

Legal or Government

document

European

Commission (2012)

European

Commission (2012)

(European

Commission, 2012)

(European

Commission, 2012)

Unpublished Legal or

Government document

European

Commission (2004)

European

Commission (2004)

(European

Commission, 2004)

(European

Commission, 2004)

Acts (only in USA, Acts from

other countries treat as Legal

or Government document)

Mental Health

Systems Act (1988)

Mental Health

Systems Act (1988)

(Mental Health

Systems Act, 1988)

(Mental Health

Systems Act, 1988)

Cases Lessard v. Schmidt

(1975)

Lessard v. Schmidt

(1975)

(Lessard v. Schmidt,

1975)

(Lessard v. Schmidt,

1975)

Treaty/Convention/

Pact/Constitution/

International Agreement

Treaty of Amsterdam

(1997)

Treaty of Amsterdam

(1997)

(Treaty of

Amsterdam, 1997)

(Treaty of

Amsterdam, 1997)

Official Journal of the

European Union

Commission

Regulation of 10 April

2002 (2002)

Commission


2002 (2002)

(Commission


2002, 2002)

(Commission


2002, 2002)

Reference with single page

number/chapter, etc. Hedetoft (2013, p. 2) Hedetoft (2013, p. 2) (Hedetoft, 2013, p. 2) (Hedetoft, 2013, p. 2)

Reference with page range de Haan (2005, pp.

36-37)

de Haan (2005, pp.

36-37)

(de Haan, 2005, pp.

36-37)

(de Haan, 2005, pp.

36-37)

Reference with several

discontinuous pages

Dahl (2006, pp. 105,

109, 112-114)

Dahl (2006, pp. 105,

109, 112-114)

(Dahl, 2006, pp. 105,

109, 112-114)

(Dahl, 2006, pp. 105,

109, 112-114)

In press/forthcoming Taylor (in press) Taylor (in press) (Taylor, in press) (Taylor, in press)

Same author, two works

from different years Todres (2011, 2012) Todres (2011, 2012) (Todres, 2011, 2012) (Todres, 2011, 2012)

Same author, two works

from same year

Derryberry and Reed

(2005a, 2005b)

Derryberry and Reed

(2005a, 2005b)

(Derryberry & Reed,

2005a, 2005b)

(Derryberry & Reed,

2005a, 2005b)

Republished books Fanon (1952/1967) Fanon (1952/1967) (Fanon, 1952/1967) (Fanon, 1952/1967)

2

Newspaper article/

Newsletter (unknown

author)

“Prairie farmers

reap” (2001)

“Prairie farmers

reap” (2001)

(“Prairie farmers

reap,” 2001)

(“Prairie farmers

reap,” 2001)

Personal Communication/

Interview/Unpublished

material (phone calls,

memos, lecture notes, etc.)

J. Robbins (personal

communication,

January 4, 2001)

J. Robbins (interview,

January 4, 2001)

(J. Robbins, interview,

January 4, 2001)

(J. Robbins, personal

communication,

January 4, 2001)

Letters from private

collections (not disclosed to

the public)

Zacharius (1953) Zacharius (1953) (Zacharius, 1953) (Zacharius, 1953)

Archival source with author Hicks (1956) Hicks (1956) (Hicks, 1956) (Hicks, 1956)

Archival source without

author

“Psychoanalysis

institute,” 1948

“Psychoanalysis

institute,” 1948

(“Psychoanalysis

institute,” 1948)

(“Psychoanalysis

institute,” 1948)

Social Media (Facebook,

Twitter) Gaiman (2012) Gaiman (2012) (Gaiman, 2012) (Gaiman, 2012)

Dictionary Heuristic (n.d.) Heuristic (n.d.) (Heuristic, n.d.) (Heuristic, n.d.)

Movie Davidson and

Davidson (1999)

Davidson and

Davidson (1999)

(Davidson & Davidson,

1999)

(Davidson &

Davidson, 1999)

Full Special Issue Jenkins and Astley

(2012)

Jenkins and Astley

(2012)

(Jenkins & Astley,

2012)

(Jenkins & Astley,

2012)

Full Special Issue (unknown

editors)

“Ennui or Not Ennui”

(2012)

“Ennui or Not Ennui”

(2012)

(“Ennui or Not Ennui,”

2012)

(“Ennui or Not

Ennui,” 2012)

Full Special Section Jenkins and Astley

(2012)

Jenkins and Astley

(2012)

(Jenkins & Astley,

2012)

(Jenkins & Astley,

2012)

Full Special Section

(unknown editors)

The German Federal

Constitutional

Court’s PSPP

Judgment (2020)

The German Federal

Constitutional

Court’s PSPP

Judgment (2012)

(The German Federal

Constitutional Court’s

PSPP Judgment, 2020)

(The German Federal

Constitutional Court’s

PSPP Judgment,

2020)

Secondary source

Wright (as cited in

Bragdon, 2013, p.

223)

Fong’s 2003 study (as

cited in Bertram,

2009)

(Wright as cited in

Bragdon, 2013, p.

223)

(Fong, 2003, as cited

in Bertram, 2009)

Title of source (part of a

greater whole): journal

article, book chapter, etc.

“The New World of Crises and Crisis Management: Implications for Policymaking and Research”

Title of source (stand-alone):

journal, book, reports

Journal of European Public Policy

The Role of the Prime Minister in France, 1981–1991

Exceptions:

- Titles of video games

- Titles of surveys (unless this is the title of a book)

- Names of websites

Idem, ibidem, op. cit. These are not used in APA style. Always use the Author (Year) and (Author, Year) formats.

Important Notes:

1. Each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list and vice-versa.

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2. When citing two or more works together, arrange the in-text citations alphabetically in the same order in which they

appear in the reference list:

Past research (Gogel, 1990, 2006, in press) demonstrates that…

Recent research in developmental psychology has explored this issue (e.g., Bergstrom et al., 2006; Clément, 2010; Harris &

Corriveau, 2011; Harris & Koenig, 2006; Heyman, 2008; Heyman & Legare, in press; Koenig & Harris, 2005).

(Allern & Bale, 2012; Allern et al., 2019) [if the second author’s surname in the Allern et al. citation is after Bale]

(Allern et al., 2019; Allern & Bale, 2012) [if the second author’s surname in the Allern et al. citation is before Bale]

3. If you want to include several different citations in one set of brackets, they should be in alphabetical order, separated by a

semi-colon:

(Durie, 2003; McShane & Travaglione, 2007; Ministry of Education, 1996)

4. To cite more than one work by the same author(s), list the surname of the author(s) and then each different year of

publication, separated by a comma:

(Ministry of Education, 1996, 1999)

For groups of authors with the same lead author and different co-authors, also separate the citations with a comma, unless

they have the same year of publication:

According to previous research (see Whiteley et al., 2010, 2013) there is…

Styles can be combined:

(Durie, 2003; Ministry of Education, 1996, 1999; Whiteley et al., 2010)

5. Quoting two almost identical sets of authors with the same year of publication, spell out as many author names as necessary in the in-text citation to tell them apart:

First citation in text:

(Marewski, Gaissmaier, & Gigerenzer, 2010)

(Marewski, Gaissmaier, Schooler, et al., 2010)

Subsequent citations in text:

(Marewski, Gaissmaier, & Gigerenzer, 2010)

(Marewski, Gaissmaier, Schooler, et al., 2010)

Notes: Only use “et al.” if there is more than one author missing from the in-text citation. List as many authors as necessary to distinguish between references.

6. When citing a multi-volume work that has been published over the course of a number of years, use the date range as the

publication date in both the in-text citation and reference list:

In-text citation:

(World Health Organization, 2000–2006)

Entry in references list:

World Health Organization. (2000–2006). WHO annual report. Geneva: World Health Organization.

7. Citing different authors with the same surname, include the necessary initials after the surname in all in-text citations, regardless of the year of publication:

(L.-J. Chen, 1993)

(Y. G. Chen, 2001)

(D. Jackson, 2018; M. C. Jackson et al., 2017)

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Notes: Never include initials for subsequent authors in in-text citations. Entries in the final list of references are written normally. Names in in-text citations must be organized according to the final list of references.

8. Citing different authors with the same surname and first name initial, include these authors’ full first names in the in-text citations, regardless of the year of publication:

(Laura Green, 2009)

(Lorenzo Green, 2003)

(Leonard Green & Myerson, 2013)

Notes: Never include the full first name of subsequent authors in in-text citations. Names in in-text citations must be organized according to the final list of references.

9. When making a general mention to a website (including, but not limited to, social media) it is not required that you include

an in-text citation and entry in the references list. Simply add the general URL:

News agencies like CNN provide breaking news coverage to millions of people every day on their website

(http://www.cnn.com) and Twitter account (http://twitter.com/CNN). In our first investigation, we analyzed the

content of CNN’s Twitter feed during the year 2012.

10. When quoting or summarizing a particular passage, include the specific page or paragraph number as well:

The painting was assumed to be by Matisse (Powell, 1989, Chapter 6), but later analysis showed it to be a forgery (Murphy,

1999, p. 85).

The patient wrote that she was unimpressed by the doctor’s bedside manner (Smith, 2006, para. 2)

11. You should italicize the name of a newspaper, magazine, or journal no matter where they appear in your manuscript, so

that it will always be The Economist, New York Times, etc., both in the text and reference list.

12. Use secondary sources sparingly, for instance, when the original work is out of print, unavailable through usual sources, or

not available in English. The words “as cited in” in the parenthetical reference indicate you have not read the original

research. Only include the secondary source in the reference list; the original work is merely cited in the text.

13. Always separate in-text citations from parenthetical text with commas around the year and never with squared brackets.

structures (see Ellis et al. [2008] for recent meta-analyses).

✓ structures (see Ellis et al., 2008, for recent meta-analyses).

14. Use a shortened title (the first three words, or the full title if it is short) as the author in works without authors (e.g.,

newspaper articles ).

As discussed in “Economics nudging” (2017), governments…

(“All 33 Chile miners,” 2010)

15. An alternative to “et al.” in in-text citations is “and colleagues”, but this alternative can never been used in parenthetical

citations

Harris and colleagues (1989)…

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B. The Reference List

Type of Reference Format Examples

Journal Article (1 author) Lastname, A. (year). Title of the article in

sentence case. Journal in Title Case,

Volume(Issue), Firstpage-Lastpage. doi

Attention:

Comma between the journal and the

volume should never be italics. No space

between volume and issue.

The issue number is not compulsory.

If the journal article has an article

number instead of a page range, include

the word “Article” and then the article

number instead of the page range.

Journal articles (but also other types of

references, such as books) can have a

doi or url at the end, but that is not

compulsory.

Paivio, A. (1975). Perceptual comparisons through the

mind’s eye. Memory & Cognition, 3(1), 635–647.

Jerrentrup, A. (2018). Teaching medicine with the help of

“Dr. House.” PLoS ONE, 13(3), Article e0193972.

Butler, J. (2017). Where access meets multimodality: The

case of ASL music videos. Kairos: A Journal of Rhetoric,

Technology, and Pedagogy, 21.

http://technorhetoric.net/21.1/topoi/butler/index.html

Andreff, W. (2000). The evolving European model of

professional sports finance. Journal of Sports Economics, 1,

257–276. https://doi.org/10.1177/152700250000100304

Mounier-Kuhn, P. (2012). Computer science in French

universities: Early entrants and latecomers. Information &

Culture: A Journal of History, 47(4), 414–456.

Journal Article (2-7

authors)

Lastname, A., & Lastname, B. (year).

Title of the article in sentence case.

Journal in Title Case, Volume(Issue),

Firstpage-Lastpage. doi

The notes under Attention in ‘Journal

Article (1 author)’ also apply

Becker, L. J., & Seligman, C. (1981). Welcome to the energy

crisis. Journal of Social Issues, 37(2), 1–7.

Cheryan, S., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2015). Cultural stereotypes

as gatekeepers. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, Article

e0214466. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00049

Frischlich, L., Hahn, L., & Rieger, D. (2021). The promises

and pitfalls of inspirational media: What do we know, and

where do we go from here? Media and Communication,

9(2), 162–166. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i2.4271

Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J.

(2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of

storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the

United States. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8,

207–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185

Journal Article (more than

20 authors)

Lastname, A., Lastname, B., Lastname,

C., Lastname, D., Lastname, E.,

Lastname, F., Lastname, G., Lastname,

H., Lastname, I., Lastname, J., Lastname,

K., Lastname, L., Lastname, M.,

Lastname, N., Lastname, O., Lastname,

P., Lastname, Q., Lastname, R.,

Lastname, S., . . . Lastname, Z. (year).


Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly,

R. S., Turner, S. T., Lewis, F., Nelson, T. P., Cox, G., Harris, H.

L., Martin, P., Gonzalez, W. L., Hughes, W., Carter, D.,

Campbell, C., Baker, A. B., Flores, T., Gray, W. E., Green, G.,

. . . Lee, L. H. (2018). National character does not reflect

mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures. Science, 3(10),

96–100.

6


Firstpage-Lastpage. doi

Attention:

Write only the names of the first 19

authors and the last author. Use space

dot space dot space dot-space instead of

the usual ellipsis.

The notes under Attention in ‘Journal

Article (1 author)’ also apply

Wiskunde, B., Arslan, M., Fischer, P., Nowak, L., Van den

Berg, O., Coetzee, L., Juárez, U., Riyaziyyat, E., Wang, C.,

Zhang, I., Li, P., Yang, R., Kumar, B., Xu, A., Martinez, R.,

McIntosh, V., Ibáñez, L. M., Mäkinen, G., Virtanen, E., . . .

Kovács, A. (2019). Indie pop rocks mathematics: Twenty

One Pilots, Nicolas Bourbaki, and the empty set. Journal of

Improbable Mathematics, 27, 1935–1968.

https://doi.org/10.0000/3mp7y-537

Book Lastname, A. (year). Title of the book in

sentence case (edition, Volume).

Publisher. doi

Attention:

The edition, volume, and DOI are not

compulsory.

The volume number is not compulsory.

When a book has more than one

publisher separate them with semi-

colons.

In book publishers delete surplus

information like Inc., Co., Lda.

If the publisher is the same as the

author, then omit the publisher name.

Strunk, W., Jr., Becker, E., & White, E. B. (1979). The guide

to everything and then some more stuff (3rd ed.)

Macmillan.

von der Lippe, T. L. (Ed.). (2016). Student affairs for

academic administrators. Stylus Publishing; ACPA Books.

Kearney, D. J., & Simpson, T. L. (2020). Concise guides on

trauma care. Mindfulness-based interventions for trauma

and its consequences. American Psychological Association.

https://doi.org/10.1037/0000154-000

Florian, L. (Ed.). (2014). The SAGE handbook of special

education (2nd ed., Vol. 1). SAGE Publications.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and

statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).

doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.744053

Book Chapter Lastname, A. (year). Title of the chapter

in sentence case. In B. Lastname, C.

Lastname, & D. Lastname (Eds.), Title of

the book in sentence case (Volume, pp.

firstpage-lastpage). Publisher. doi

The notes under Attention in ‘Book’ also

apply

Bergquist, J. M. (1992). German Americans. In J. D. Buenker

& L. A. Ratner (Eds.), Multiculturalism in the United States:

A comparative guide to acculturation and ethnicity (Vol. 3,

pp. 53–76). Greenwood.

Belsey, C. (2006). Poststructuralism. In S. Malpas & P.

Wake (Eds.), The Routledge companion to critical theory

(pp. 51–61). Routledge.

Baker, F. M., & Lightfoot, O. B. (1993). Psychiatric care of

ethnic elders. In A. C. Gaw (Ed.), Culture, ethnicity, and

mental illness (pp. 517-552). American Psychiatric Press.

Scott, D. (2005). Colonial governmentality. In J. X. Inda

(Ed.), Anthropologies of modernity (pp. 21–49). Retrieved

from http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-

bin/bookhome/117909832

Newspaper Article /

Newsletter (known

author, in paper)

Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title of

the article in sentence case. Title of the

Newspaper/Newsletter in Title Case,

Firstpage-Lastpage.

Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects

economic, social status. The Washington Post, 1–4.

7

Attention:

Printed newspapers are sometimes

divided into sections, which are

identified by a letter before the page

number (e.g. A1, B4)

Woodman, D. (2018, May 16). Internships have much to

offer but provisions are necessary to ensure the young

truly benefit. The Australian, 29.

Tillett, A. (2018, May 9). Australians encouraged to age at

home. The Australian Financial Review, 5.

Newspaper Article /

Newsletter (known

author, online)



Newspaper/Newsletter in Title Case.

www.website.com



Newspaper in Title Case, Firstpage-

Lastpage.

Carey, B. (2019, March 22). Can we get better at

forgetting? The New York Times.

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/22/health/memory-

forgetting-psychology.html

Kaplan, K. (2013, October 22). Flu shots may reduce risk of

heart attacks, strokes and even death. Los Angeles Times.

https://www.latimes.com

Rochester Regional Health. (2014, Winter). Rochester

General to provide sports medicine support to RIT.

Physician Connection Newsletter.

http://www.rochestergeneral.org/healthcare-

professionals/physican-connection

.

Newspaper Article /

Newsletter (unknown

author)


(year, month day). Title of the

Newspaper in Title Case.

www.website.com


(year, month day). Title of the

Newspaper in Title Case, Firstpage-

Lastpage.

Prairie farmers reap conservation’s rewards. (2001, August

27). The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com

Learning to write using APA writing style. (2009, October).

APA Writing Newsletter.

http://www.indwes.edu/ocls/APA/newsletter.pdf

Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. (2005,

December 28). The Country Today, 1–2.

Economics nudging people away from war. (2017,

December 16). The Age, 33.

Report or Working Paper Author. (year). Title of the report in

sentence case (Number of the Report or

Working Paper if available). Publisher if

different to author. www.website.com if

available

Hershey Foods Corporation. (2001). 2001 Annual report

(Working Paper No. 3). Wiley.

Queensland Department of Innovation and Tourism

Industry Development. (2016). Advancing tourism 2016.

https://www.publications.qld.gov.au/dataset/advancing-

tourism/resource/df997cf7-14fc-47b1-ac99-ddc7f0975967

Petition Lastname, A. (year). Title of the petition

[Petition]. www.website.com

LATINDADD. (2003). The Evian challenge: A civil society call

for the EU to withdraw its GATS water requests [Petition].

https://www.citizen.org/wp-

content/uploads/evianchallenge.pdf

Press Release Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title of

the press release in sentence case [Press

Release]. www.website.com

American Psychological Association. (2018, January 31).

Dishonest individuals perceived as less capable [Press

release]. http://www.apa.org/news/press/dishonest-

individuals.aspx

8

Website Lastname, A. (year). Title of the website

article in sentence case. Name of the

Website in Title Case. www.website.com

Cain, K. (2012). The negative effects of Facebook on

communication. Social Media Today.

http://socialmediatoday.com

Book Review Lastname, A. (year). Title of the book

review in sentence case [Review of the

book Title of the book in sentence case,

by A. Author]. Journal, Volume(Issue),

Firstpage-Lastpage.

Dent-Read, C., & Zukow-Goldring, P. (2001). Is modeling

knowing? [Review of the book Models of cognitive

development, by K. Richardson]. American Journal of

Psychology, 114, 126–133.

Published Thesis or

Dissertation

Lastname, A. A. (year). Title of thesis in

sentence case [Doctoral or Master’s

thesis or dissertation, Name of the

Institution]. Repository.

www.website.com

Kelly, C. B. D. (2018). The art of coffee roasting [Doctoral

thesis, The University of Waikato]. The University of

Waikato Research Commons.

https://hdl.handle.net/10289/11614.

Unpublished Thesis or

Dissertation

Lastname, A. A. (year). Title of thesis in

sentence case [Unpublished doctoral or

Master’s thesis or dissertation].

University.

Imber, A. (2003). Applicant reactions to graduate

recruitment and selection [Unpublished doctoral

dissertation]. Monash University.

Conference paper,

keynote address, poster

presentation, etc.

(unpublished)

Lastname, A. (Year, Month Day-Day).

Title of paper in sentence case [Type of

material]. Name of Conference, City,

Country.

Whipple, S. (2018, March 6-9). Control beliefs as a

moderator of stress on anxiety [Paper presentation].

Southeastern Psychological Association 64th Annual

Meeting, Charleston, SC, United States.

Conference paper in

Proceedings (published as

a book)

Lastname, A. B. (Year). Title of paper. In

A. Lastname (Ed.; if applicable),

Proceedings book title in sentence case

(pp. firstpage-lastpage). Publisher.

Cismas, S. C. (2010). Educating academic writing skills in

engineering. In P. Dondon & O. Martin (Eds.), Latest trends

on engineering education (pp. 225-247). WSEAS Press.

Conference paper in

Proceedings (published as

a journal issue)

Lastname, A. B. (Year). Title of paper.


Firstpage-Lastpage.

Chaudhuri, S., & Biswas, A. (2017). External terms-of-trade

and labor market imperfections in developing countries.

Proceedings of the Academy of Economics and Economic

Education, 20(1), 11-16. https://search-proquest-

com.elibrary.jcu.edu.au/docview/1928612180?accountid=

16285

Legal or Government

document

Author. (year). Title of the

legal/government document

(Number/Code of the document).

Publisher.

Attention: If the publisher is the same as

the author, then omit the publisher

name.

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training

in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-

1679). US Government.

Ontario Ministry of Health. (1994). Selected findings from

the mental health supplement of the Ontario Health

Survey.

Unpublished Legal or

Government document

Author. (year). Title of the

legal/government document

(Number/Code of the document).

Unpublished document

European Commission. (2004). Meeting document,

Permanent Representation Committee, 2075th meeting on

1 and 3 December 2004 (DS/817/1/04 [soc]). Unpublished

document.

Acts (only in USA, Acts

from other countries treat

as Legal or Government

document)

Name of Act, Volume Source § section

number (year).

Mental Health Systems Act, 42 U.S.C. § 9401 (1988).

Case Name v. Name, Case ID (year). Lessard v. Schmidt, 349 F. Supp. 1078 (1972).

9

Treaty/Convention/

Pact/Constitution/

International Agreement

Title of Agreement, Year, Extra Details if

Applicable (e.g., volume number volume

name page number).

Police Convention, 1920, 127 L.N.T.S. 433.

Treaty of Amsterdam Amending the Treaty on European

Union, the Treaties Establishing the European

Communities and Certain Related Acts, 1997.

Official Journal of the

European Union

Title of document. (Year). Official

Journal of the European Union, Series

Issue number.

Commission Regulation (EC) No 614/2002 of 10 April 2002

fixing the export refunds on olive oil. (2002). Official

Journal of the European Union, L 094.

Republished Book Name, S. (year). Title in sentence case.

Publisher. (Original work published year)

Freud, S. (1961). The standard edition of the complete

psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, pp. 3–66).

Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1923)

Unpublished Manuscript

(not submitted for

publication)

Lastname, A. (year the draft was

written). Title of the manuscript in

sentence case. Unpublished manuscript.

Enikolopov, R., Makarin, A., & Petrova, M. (2018). Social

media and protest participation: Evidence from Russia.

Unpublished manuscript.

Manuscript in Preparation Lastname, A. (year the draft was


sentence case. Manuscript in

preparation.

Brändström, A. (2015). Crisis accountability: Ministerial

resignations in Sweden. Manuscript in preparation.

Manuscript Submitted for

Publication (not accepted

yet)

Lastname, A. (year the draft was


sentence case. Manuscript submitted for

publication.

Boin, A. (2016). The new world of crises and crisis

management: Implications for policymaking and research.

Manuscript submitted for publication.

Manuscript Accepted for

Publication (Article)

Lastname, A. (in press). Title of the

manuscript in sentence case. Journal in

Title Case.

Hindmoor, A., & McConnell, A. (in press). Why didn’t they

see it coming? Warning signs, acceptable risks and the

global financial crisis. Political Studies.

Manuscript Accepted for

Publication (Working

Paper/Report)

Lastname, A. (in press). Title of the

manuscript in sentence case (Number of

the Report). Publisher.

Fallov, M. A., Jørgensen, A., Nielsen, R. S., & de Neergaard,

M. (in press). Report on policy analysis (COHSMO Working

Paper No. D4.6 Denmark). Aalborg University.

Manuscript available

online first

Advance online

publication

Lastname, A. (year). Title of the

manuscript in sentence case. Journal in

Title Case. Advance online publication.

doi

Attention: If there is no doi number

available, use the url instead

Muldoon, K., Towse, J., Simms, V., Perra, O., & Menzies, V.

(2012). A longitudinal analysis of estimation, counting

skills, and mathematical ability across the first school year.

Developmental Psychology. Advance online publication.

https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028240

Preprint article (e.g., in

ArXiv)

Hampton, S., Rabagliati, H., Sorace, A., & Fletcher-Watson,

S. (2017). Autism and bilingualism: A qualitative interview

study of parents’ perspectives and experiences. PsyArXiv.

https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/76xfs

Archival source with

author

Author, A. (year, month day). Title of the

material. [Description of material].

Name of collection (call number,

identifier or box/folder/item number).

Name and City of repository.

Hicks, H. D. (1956, October 24). Correspondence from

Henry Davies Hicks to the Annapolis County electorate.

Henry Davies Hicks fonds (MS-2-511, Box 15, Folder 9).

Dalhousie University Archives, Halifax, Nova Scotia,

Canada.

Frank, L. K. (1935, February 4). [Letter to Robert M.

Ogden]. (GEB series 1.3, Box 371, Folder 3877). Rockefeller

Archive Centre, Tarrytown, NY, USA.

10

Archival source without

author

Title of the material. (year, month day).

[Description of material]. Name of

collection (call number, identifier or

box/folder/item number). Name and city

and country of repository.

Johnny can read, better than ever. (1958). Unidentified

newspaper clipping (Series 10, File 01165). Photographic,

Sound, Film, and Biographical Records, Department of

Special Collections and University Archives, Marquette

University, Milwaukee, WI, USA.

Psychoanalysis institute to open in the new year. (1948,

September 18). [Clipping from an unidentified Dayton, OH

newspaper]. Copy in possession of the author.

Letters from private

collections (not disclosed

to the public)

Name, A. (Year). [Letter to Name of the

Recipient]. Copy in possession of Name.

Zacharius, G. P. (1953). [Letter to William Rickel]. Copy in

possession of Hendrika Vande Kemp.

Facebook Author, A. [First Name]. (year, month

day). Post (up to the first 40 words) as

the title in sentence case [Facebook

status update]. www.website.com

Gaiman, N. [Neil]. (2012, February 29). Please celebrate

Leap Year Day in the traditional manner by taking a writer

out for dinner. It’s been four years since many authors had

a good dinner. We are waiting. Many of us have our forks

or chopsticks at the [Facebook status update].

https://www.facebook.com/neilgaiman/posts/101505741

85041016

Comment on Facebook

Post

Author of the comment, A. (Year). First

sentence of the comment [Facebook

comment on the Month Day, Year, post

by Author of the Post].

www.website.com

Wangail, T. (2017). Since Kashmir mass uprising, all Wimax

connections were suspended almost for more than three

months [Facebook comment on the January 23, 2017, post

by N Rigzin].

https://www.facebook.com/groups/904515826309195/pe

rmalink/1291073837653390/?comment_id=12935056007

43547

Twitter Author, A. [Twitter handle]. (year,

month day). Tweet (up to the first 20

words) as the title [Tweet]. Twitter.

www.website.com

Gates, B. [BillGates]. (2013, February 26). #Polio is 99%

eradicated. Join me & @FCBarcelona as we work to finish

the job and #EndPolio. VIDEO: http://b-gat.es/X75Lvy

[Tweet]. Twitter.

https://twitter.com/BillGates/status/30619534584566579

2

Brochure, Pamphlet, or

Painting

Author. (Year). Title of document [Type

of document]. Publisher.

Canadian Opthalmological Association. (2007). Diabetes

and the eye [Pamphlet]. Canadian Opthalmological

Association.

Ministry of the Environment. (2007). Conserving water in

Ontario [Brochure]. Ministry of the Environment.

Wyeth, A. (1948). Christina’s world [Painting]. Museum of

Modern Art.

Data set Author. (Year). Title of document [Data

set]. Website. www.website.com

Attention: You can also have a doi

number instead of the website

Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Knutsen, C. H., Lindberg, S. I.,

Teorell, J., Altman, D. (2019). V-Dem country-year dataset

v9 [Data set]. V-Dem. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemcy19

O’Donohue, W. (2017). Content analysis of undergraduate

psychology textbooks (ICPSR 21600; Version V1) [Data set].

ICPSR. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR36966.v1

Dictionary or

Encyclopedia (online with

Lastname, A. (year). Title of the chapter



Hurthouse, R., & Pettigrove, G. (2016). Virtue ethics. In E.

Zalta (Ed.), Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy.

11

author) the book in sentence case.

www.website.com

https://plato.stanford.edu

Dictionary or

Encyclopedia (online

without author)

Word. (year). In Title of dictionary in

sentence case. www.website.com

Heuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary.

http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/heuristic

Dictionary or

Encyclopedia (print)

Lastname, A. (year). Title of the chapter



the book in sentence case (pp. firstpage-

lastpage). City: Publisher.

American Psychological Association. (2015). Mood

induction. In APA dictionary of psychology (2nd ed., p.

667). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

PowerPoint presentation Author, A. (year). Title of document

[Powerpoint presentation].

www.website.com

Attention: If the presenter is the only

source for the Powerpoint presentation,

cite as a personal communication

(meaning that there will only be An in-

text citation, and it is not included in the

reference list

Park, L. (2011). Effective working teams [PowerPoint

presentation]. http://www.company.meetings/teams

Television broadcast or

Television series

Author, A. (Producer). (Date of

Broadcast). Program [Program type].

Production Company.

Smith, K. G. (Producer). (1999, September 19). Every day

News [Television broadcast]. West Broadcasting.

Engel, R. (Producer). (2004). Oliver [TV series episode]. KLC.

Single episode from

television series

Script Writer, A. (Writer), Director, A.

(Director). (Date of Broadcast). Title of

the episode in sentence case (Season

Number, Episode Number) [TV series

episode]. In A. Producer (Executive

producer), Title of the television series in

sentence case. Production Company.

Egan, D. (Writer), Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to

communicate (Season 4, Episode 17) [TV series episode]. In

D. Shore (Executive producer), House. Fox Broadcasting.

Movie Producer, A. (Producer), & Director, A.

(Director). (Release Year). Title of motion

picture [Motion picture]. Production

Company.

Davidson, F. (Producer), & Davidson, J. (Director). (1999).

B. F. Skinner: A fresh appraisal [Motion picture]. USA:

Davidson Films.

Journal supplement Lastname, A., & Lastname B. (year). Title

of the article in sentence case. Journal in

Title Case, Volume(Suppl. X), Firstpage-

Lastpage.

Vahey, D., Aiken, L., & Vargas, D. (2004). Nurse burnout

and patient satisfaction. Medical Care, 42(Suppl. 2), 57–66.

Full Special Issue Lastname, A., & Lastname B. (Eds.).

(year). Title of the special issue in

sentence case [Special issue]. Journal in

Title Case. Volume(Issue).

Attention: in case of issues published by

Cogitatio, use Thematic issue instead of

Special issue

Jenkins, L., & Astley, R. (Eds.). (2012). What’s up with Nyan

Cat? [Special issue]. International Journal of Memes, 32(3).

Full Special Issue

(unknown editors)

Title of the special issue in sentence case

[Special issue]. Journal in Title Case.

Volume(Issue).

Ennui or not ennui? Henri versus Keyboard Cat [Special

issue]. (2012). Meme World, 19(3).

12

Full Special Section Lastname, A., & Lastname B. (Eds.).

(year). Title of the special section in

sentence case [Special section]. Journal

in Title Case. Volume(Issue), Firstpage–

Lastpage.

Jenkins, L., & Astley, R. (Eds.). (2012). Beyond the LOLcats:

Maru, Nyan Cat, and more [Special section]. International

Journal of Memes, 32(2), 415–565.

Full Special Section

(unknown editors)

Title of the special section in sentence

case [Special issue]. Journal in Title Case.

Volume(Issue), Firstpage–Lastpage.

The German Federal Constitutional Court’s PSPP judgment

[Special section]. (2020). German Law Journal, 21(5), 944–

1127.

Speech You do not reference the speech itself,

but rather the source you found the

speech in (for example, a book, video

recording, orwww.website).

The in-text citation includes the

surname of the author (or editor) of the

source document and the year of

publication (not the speaker’s name or

the year of the speech). The reference

list includes all information appropriate

for the source.

Example: Martin Luther King’s speech

Dr. King declared: “I have a dream that one day this nation

will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed”

(Smith, 2009).

Smith, J. (Ed.). (2009). Well said! Great speeches in

American history. Washington, DC: E & K Publishing.

Software or Video Game Author. (Year). Title of Software

[Computer software]. Location:

Company.

Title of Video Game [Video game].

(Year). Location: Company.

Attention: if the Software or Video

Game does not have an author, use the

second version.

Esolang, A. N. (2014). Obscure Reference Generator

[Computer software]. Washington, DC: E & K Press.

Bethesda Game Studios. Skyrim [Video game]. (2011).

Bethesda: Bethesda Softworks.

YouTube Video Author. (year, month day). Title of video

[Video]. http://xxxxx

Attention: if the user’s real name is not

available, include only the screen name.

Apsolon, M. (2011, September 9). Real ghost girl caught on

Video Tape 14 [Video].

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nyGCbxD848

Bellofolletti. (2009, April 8). Ghost caught on surveillance

camera [Video].

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dq1ms2JhYBI&feature

=related

Personal Communication/

Interview/Bible passages/

Unpublished material

(phone calls, memos,

lecture notes, etc.)

Do not include in the reference list

Important Notes:

Each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list and vice-versa.

Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author.

During, J. (2005).

Escalas, J. (2013).

Jacobus, M., Keller, E. F., & Shuttleworth, S. (Eds.). (2013).

Scott, A. J. (2012).

13

If authors have the same surname, alphabetize them according to their first initial.

Johnson, A. (2004).

Johnson, I. (2002).

If there are entries with identical authors, order them chronologically, earliest first.

Escalas, J. (n.d.).

Escalas, J. (2013).

Escalas, J. (2014).

Escalas, J. (in press).

If there are entries with identical authors published in the same year, organize them in the reference list alphabetically by the

title of the article or chapter. Then assign letter suffixes to the year (a, b, c, etc.).

Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age…

Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects…

Johnson, I. (in press-a). Publishing…

Johnson, I. (in press-b). United…

If different entries begin with the same author, entries that have only that one author come before entries with more than

one author.

Johnson, I. (2004).

Johnson, I., & Chen, C. (2000).

If different entries begin with the same author, alphabetize by the second author. If the second author is the same, use the

third, and so forth.

Berndt, T. J., Keefe, K., & Smith, A. (1995).

Berndt, T. J., Sharp, C., Burley. K. (Eds.). (2000).

Berndt, T. J., Sharp, C., Garcia, A., & Burley. K. (2001).

Berndt, T. J., Zwitter, B. (2000).

Referencing works by two different authors with the same surname and first name initial, include their full first name in

square brackets after the initials in the references list. This is applicable to first authors only:

Green, L. [Laura]. (2009). Morphology and literacy: Getting our heads in the game. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in

Schools, 40, 283–285. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2009/08-0091)

Green, L. [Leonard], & Myerson, J. (2013). How many impulsivities? A discounting perspective. Journal of the Experimental

Analysis of Behavior, 99, 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.1

Add space between different initials (exception: hyphenated names, in such cases use a hyphen).

Pavlik, J. P., Dennis, E. D.-B., Mersey R., & Gengler, R.

Erdal, I.-V., Kjetil, O., & Westlund, O. A.

After colon (:) and em-dash (—) always use uppercase.

Optimizing content with A/B headline testing: Changing newsroom practices. Media and Communication, 7(2), 3-15.

Conducting research on the world’s changing mediascape—Principles and practices. London: Sage.

Do not use acronyms/abbreviations of organization that are authors in the final references list, use only the full version of the

name (exception: if in the text only the acronym is used, then use it as well in the final references list). There is always a full

stop at the end of the name of the organization.

European Association for International Education. (2014).

International Organization for Migration. (2018).

The capitalization of surnames beginning with a particle (e.g., de, d’, van, or von) depends on the origin of the name (usually,

Dutch names with lower case, Belgian/Flemish names with upper case). Always confirm in the author’s institutional page.

Barnard, R., de Luca, R., & Li, J. (2015).

14

De Ville, F., & Siles-Brügge, G. (2015).

von Thiele Schwarz, U., Lindfors, P., & Lundberg, U. (2008).

When having two or more works by the same author and year, for which in the references list the full date is provided (ex:

newspaper articles, Tweets, press releases,…) use the letters a,b,c,… to distinguish the different works. In the in-text citation

use only the year, do not add the month and day.

V4 Prime Ministers. (2004a, May 12). Declaration of Prime Ministers on cooperation of the Visegrad Group countries. Kromeriz.

V4 Prime Ministers. (2004b, December 8). Meeting of Prime Ministers of the Visegrad Group countries. Warsaw.

As seen previously (V4 Prime Ministers, 2004a, 2004b)…

Non-Latin scripts cannot be used in the references list, so the title needs to be transliterated:

Tan, J. G. (2011). 中國社工與志愿者合作的模式 [Partnership model between Chinese social workers and volunteers].

廣東青年干部學院學報, 25(26), 12-18.

✓ Tan, J. G. (2011). Zhongguo shegong yu zhiyuanzhe hezuo de moshi [Partnership model between Chinese social workers

and volunteers]. Guangdong qingnian ganbu xueyuan xuebao, 25(26), 12-18.

An English translation for all references that are not in English must be provided within square brackets after the original and

without any italics (exception: do not translate journal and newspaper names).

Le Heuzey, M.-F. (2012). Les réseaux sociaux, les enfants et le pédiatre [Social media, children and pediatricians]. Archives de

Pédiatrie, 19, 92-95.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (1997, June 12). Peru jiken chosa iinkai no hokoku ni tsuite no Ikeda Gaimu Daijin no kishakaiken

[Press interview with Foreign Minister Ikeda on the report of the investigation committee on the Peru Incident]. Tokyo: Ministry

of Foreign Affairs of Japan. http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/hoka/peru/ index.html

Najm, Y. (1966). Al-qissah fi al-adab Al-Arabi al-hadith [The novel in modern Arabic literature]. Beirut: Dar Al-Thaqafah.

15

C. Abbreviations

Abbreviation Meaning Position in a reference Example

ca. Circa

(approximately)

Before the year, both in the

in-text and in the reference,

and always inside squared

brackets

Federal Emergency ManagementAgency [ca. 2011]

(Federal Emergency Management Agency, [ca. 2011])

Federal Emergency Management Agency. [ca. 2011]. Fire

safety [Facebook status update].

https://www.facebook.com/FEMA?sk=app_10442206389

Chapter Chapter Do not abbreviate (with

sentence case)

Yet, there remain methodological difficulties for studying

emotions, particularly in the context of war and conflict

(Åhäll & Gregory, Chapter 17).

doi Digital object

identifier

At the end of the reference.

Always use the format

“https://doi.org/…”

Linhares, A., & Brum, P. (2007). Understanding our

understanding of strategic scenarios: What role do chunks

play? Cognitive Science, 31(6), 989-1007.

https://doi.org/10.1080/03640210701703725

Ed./Eds. Editor Between brackets after the

name of the editor.

Kasdorf, W. E. (Ed.). (2003). The Columbia guide to digital

publishing. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

ed. Edition Between brackets after the

title of the book. The

brackets can include other

kind of information,

separated by a comma.

Friedl, S. (2003). Society and sex roles. In J. P. Spradley &

D. W. McCurdy (Eds.), Conformity and conflict: Readings

in cultural anthropology (11th ed., pp. 261-289). Boston,

MA: Allyn and Bacon.

f./ff. Following

pages

pp. 258f. refers to pages 258-259 and pp. 258ff. refers to undetermined number of

pages following page 258. This is not APA style! Use the full page range (i.e., firstpage-

lastpage) instead.

n.d. No date Instead of the year. Browne, J. D. (n.d.). Forensic science as a career. London:

Tower Publishing.

No. Number After the title, between

brackets.

Holst, C., & Molander, A. (2014). Epistemic democracy

and the accountability of experts. In C. Holst (Ed.),

Expertise and democracy (ARENA Report No. 14, pp. 13-

35). Oslo: University of Oslo.

p./pp. page After the title, between

brackets.

In in-text citations, after the

year, separated by a

comma.

Always include the full

range of page numbers.

Herbatschek, N., Bergkamp, L., & Mihova, M. (2013). The

REACH programmes and procedures. In L. Bergkamp (Ed.),

The European Union REACH regulation for chemicals. Law

and practice (pp. 82-170). Oxford: Oxford University

Press.

para. Paragraph Same as pages (see above). Basu and Jones (2007) suggest the need for a new

“intellectual framework in which to consider the nature

and form of regulation in cyberspace” (para. 4).

Jr., Sr., II For author, always after

initials, separated by

commas.

For Editors, at the end of

the name

Jones, H., Jr., & Jones, H. W., II. (1941). My adventures in

Alexandretta. Journal of Fictional Archeology, 1, 1–19.

Belloq, R. (1926). Shiny things. In B. C. Explorateur Jr.

(Ed.), Artifacts lost and found (pp. 210–223). Paris:

Gaxotte Publishing.

16

Jr., III, or other suffixes are

not included with in-text

citations, only in the

references list.

apa style guide 7th edition (version 22 may 2021)

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