apa manual chapter 2 summary

8/11/2019 Apa Manual Chapter 2 Summary

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APA MANUAL

SUMMARYCHAPTER 2

SUBMITTED TO: MAAM SUMAIRA GULZAR

SUBMITTED BY:ASMA MASOOD

SUBMISSION DATE: 26THAUG, 2014

MBA 7


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APA MANUAL CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY:

Title:

Avoid using abbreviations in a title; spelling out all terms helps ensure accurate, complete

indexing of the article. The recommended length for a title is no more than 12 words. The title

should be typed in uppercase and lowercase letters, centered between the left and right margins,

and positioned in the upper half of the page.

Author's Name (Byline) and institutional Affiliation:

Beneath the title, type the author's name: first name, middle initial(s), and last name. Do

not use titles (Dr.) or degrees (PhD).

Beneath the author's name, type the institutional affiliation, which should indicate the

location where the author(s) conducted the research.

Include a dual affiliation only if two institutions contributed substantial support to the

study. Include no more than two affiliations per author. When an author has no institutional

affiliation, list the city and state of residence below the author's name.

The authors should appear in the order o f their contributions, centered between the side

margins. For names with suffixes (e.g., Jr. and III), separate the suffix from the rest of the name

with a space instead of a comma. The institutional affiliation should be centered under the

author's name, on the next line.

Abstract:

1 paragraph

Add key words

Accurate

Report rather than evaluate

Use present tense


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Do not use nouns

Use verbs

Clear and concise language

Active voice

Use important words

Do not repeat words

150-250 words

Begin the abstract on a new page and identify it with the running head or abbreviated title

and the page number 2.

The label Abstract should appear in uppercase and lowercase letters, centered, at the top

of the page.

Type the abstract itself as a single paragraph without paragraph indentation.

Introduction:

In introduction following questions need to be answered:

Why is this problem important?

How does the study relate to previous work in the area? If other aspects of this study

have been reported previously, how does this report differ from, and build on, the

Earlier report?

What are the primary and secondary hypotheses and objectives of the study, and

What, if any, are the links to theory?

How do the hypotheses and research design relate to one another?

What are the theoretical and practical implications of the study?

Method:

In method section:

Describe in detail how the study was conducted

Include conceptual definitions of variables

divide the Method section into labeled subsections

2 subsections


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Description of participants or subjects Section describing the procedures used in the

study *

This section includes :

any experimental manipulations or interventions used and how they were delivered

sampling procedures and sample size and precision

measurement approaches (including the psychometric properties of the instruments used)

research design

I.

Participant (subject) characteristics:

Participant (subject) characteristics i.e. sample characteristics need to be described.

Characteristics include:

1. Demographic characteristics

2. Topic-specific characteristics (e.g., achievement level in studies of educational

interventions )

Participant characteristics can be important for understanding the nature of the sample and the

degree to which results can be generalized.

II.

Sampling procedures:Describe the procedures for selecting participants which includes:

the sampling method

the percentage of

the sample approached that participated

the number of participants who selected themselves into the sample

Additional description might include:

setting and locations in which data was collected

payments made to participants

agreements with the institutional review board,

ethical standards met


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safety monitoring procedures

III. Sample size, power, and precision.

Tell about the sample size.

If the known sample differed from population been targeted, state it as well

State how the intended sample size was determined i.e. precision or power analysis

IV. Measures and covariates:

Information that provides definitions of all primary and secondary outcome measures and

covariates, including measures collected but not included in this report are included in

this section.

Include the methods used to collect data like questionnaires, interviews and observations

Include the methods used to enhance the quality of measurements

V.

Research Design

Research design is included in methods section

It answers the following:

If multiple conditions were created, how were participants assigned to conditions,

through random assignment or some other selection mechanism?

Was the study conducted as a between-subjects or a within subject design?

VI.

Experimental manipulations or interventions:

Include the details of the interventions or manipulations intended for each study

condition, including control groups (if any), and describe how and when interventions

(experimental manipulations) were actually administered.

Describe the methods of manipulation and data acquisition

Provide a description o f how participants were grouped during data acquisition (i.e., was

the manipulation or intervention administered individual by individual, in small groups,

or in intact groupings such as classrooms

Describe the smallest unit (e.g., individuals, work groups, classes) that was analyzed to

assess effects

RESULTS:


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bias and other threats to internal validity, (b) the imprecision of measures, (c) the overall

number of tests or overlap among tests, (d) the effect sizes observed, and (e) other

limitations or weaknesses of the study

Acknowledge the limitations of research, and address alternative explanations of the

results.

Discuss external validity or generalizability of research

Ending the discussion section:

End with a justifiable and reasoned commentary.

ending either brief or extensive needs to be tightly reasoned and not overstated

here you can tell why the problem is important

include as well what larger issues hinge on the findings

include the theoretical, clinical or clinical significance of findings

explain that what problems remain unresolved or what new problems might be found due

to these findings

MULTIPLE EXPERIMENTS:

If in one study several studies are presented, the method and logic of each study should

be made clear to reader.

Every study can be given its own short results and discussion section.

REFERENCES: Start the reference list on new page

Word references should be in upper and lowercase letters and centered

Double space all reference entries

Use hanging indent format, meaning that the first line of each reference is set flush left

and subsequent lines are indented.

FOOTNOTES:

Content footnotes:

Should not include complicated, irrelevant, or nonessential information

Should be included only if they strengthen the discussion

Should convey just one idea

Copyright permission:


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Such footnotes used for lengthy quotations, scales and test items

Number all footnotes consecutively in the order in which they appear in the manuscript

with superscript Arabic numerals.

Footnote numbers should be superscripted, like thisll following any punctuation mark

accept a dash.

A footnote number that appears with a dash-like this2-always precedes the dash. (The

number falls inside a closing parenthesis if it applies only to matter within the parentheses, like

this.3)

Do not place footnote numbers in text headings. Subsequent references to a footnote are

by parenthetical note:

The same results (see Footnote 3)

Place each content or copyright permission footnote at the bottom of the page on which it

is discussed

Footnotes may alternatively be placed in consecutive order on a separate page after the

references

Appendices and Supplemental Materials:

If manuscript has only one appendix, label it Appendix

If manuscript has more than one appendix, label each one with a capital letter (AppendixA, Appendix B, etc.) in the order in which it is mentioned in the main text.

Each appendix must have a title

appendix may include headings and subheadings as well as tables, figures, and displayed

equations

Number each appendix table and figure, and number displayed equations if necessary for

later reference

Begin each appendix on a separate page.

Center the word Appendix and the identifying capital letters (A, B, etc., in the order in

which they are mentioned in text) at the top of the page.

Center the title of the appendix, and use uppercase and lowercase letters

Begin the text of the appendix flush left, followed by indented paragraphs

apa manual chapter 2 summary

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