apa 2014 exoffender education presentation 8-8-14

8/12/2019 APA 2014 ExOffender Education Presentation 8-8-14

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Addressing Disparities & Institutionalization

through College Education Programs

Christopher R. Beasley, Ph.D

Department of Psychology

Washington College

APA 2014

COMMUNITYENGAGEMENTRESEARCHTEAM


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engagementresearch.org/presentations

Slides



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Incarceration

Education

Employment

Reentry Challenges

Prison Education

Reentry Education

Integrated Programming

Future Directions

Overview



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US Incarceration Prevalence1



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Incarceration Trend2



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Ethnic Disparities3

4.8%0.7% 1.9%



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Felons & Ex-Felons4



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Psychological

Trauma & Clinical Illness5

Institutionalization6

Dependence on structure and contingencies Hyper vigilance, distrust, and suspicion

Emotional over-control, alienation, psychological distancing

Social withdrawal and isolation

Incorporation of exploitive norms of prison culture

Diminished self-worth

Post-traumatic stress reactions

Incarceration Consequences



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Collateral7 Legal restrictions

Stigma & discrimination

Careers

Housing

Education

Public benefits

Financial credit

Immigration Parental rights

Travel

Volunteer opportunities




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Unemployment

National figures notoriously absent

Incarceration reduces employment 10-20%8

10-30% lesser earnings9




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Employers not very willing to hire ex-offenders

40% would probably or definitely11

Small Lower in smaller, financial, service, & customer

contact10

Persists in tight labor markets11

Employer Concerns12

Lack of skills & experience

Untrustworthiness

Fear of negligent hiring

Sympathetic but protective

Employment Barriers



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Factors in Marketability12

Post prison experiences taken into account11

Work experience11

Training and hard skills help College education

Willingness to hire ex-offenders increased 3x13

Desire for soft skills

Communication skills

Interpersonal skills

Work ethic

Employment Barriers



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Education

Education


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

General Formerly

Incarcerated

White Black Hispanic

Postsecondary Educational Attainment14

Some College No College

8.411.411.448.4 5.5


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Recidivism

Reentry Challenges


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Any Multiple

5-Year Recidivism Rates15

Yes No

76.6 42.3


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Recidivism

Reentry Challenges


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

White Hispanic Black Other

3-Year Recidivism Disparity15

Arrests No Arrests

68.8 70.7 74.0 76.6


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Immediate Needs16 Employment

Substance Abuse Treatment

Mental Health

Housing

Transportation

Challenges Institutionalization

Identity

Self-Concept

Environmental Adaptation Built

Technical

Cultural

Reentry



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Programs

Community Colleges

Bard Prison Initiative17

Education Justice Project18 Outcomes

51% lower odds of recidivating19

Prison Postsecondary Education



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Challenges

Security

Administrative Resources

Prison policies and shifting priorities Qualified educators

Limitations

Often do not address transition

Institutionalization still present

Federal funding not available

Prison Postsecondary Education



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Programs

College & Community Fellowship20

College Initiative21

Post Prison Education Program22 Project Rebound23

Returning Student Support Group24

Reentry Education



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Outcomes

College Initiative25

20x less likely to go back to prison compared to national

average

5x more likely to graduate than CUNY GED students

Post Prison Education Program26

0% 1-year recidivism for clients

35% for overflow controls

Reentry Education



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Challenges Student Preparation

Educational attainment

Recent educational experience

Familiarity with systems and technology

Criminal background checks

Continuance of contacts with prison programs

Limitations

Often little coordination with prison programs Recruitment

Student transition

Reentry Education



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Pathways from Prison to PostsecondaryEducation27 5-year Demonstration Project

Michigan

New Jersey

North Carolina

Funding and Technical Assistance Ford Foundation

Sunshine Lady Foundation Open Society Foundations

W.K. Kellogg Foundation

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Prison & Reentry Integration



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Pathways from Prison to Postsecondary

Education27

Postsecondary education and supportive reentry

Links to local employment 2 Years prerelease

2 Years postrelease

RAND Corporation evaluation

Prison & Reentry Integration



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Housing considerations

Living & learning communities

Stigma

College recovery communities

Alumni components

Faces of hope

Hope is related to lesser odds of reincarceration28

Future Directions



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Communicating alternative narratives to

prisoners and greater society

Written stories

Video stories Spoken stories

Policy briefs and statements

Future Directions



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Research Outcomes

Processes Deinstitutionalization

Incarceration conditions, policies, & procedures

Rehabilitation

Replication of outside structure and routine

Opportunities for autonomy

Psychologically and safe settings

Contact with outside world Alternatives to prison culture and norms

Preparation for community release

Services to facilitate reintegration

Future Directions



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Incarceration

Education

Employment

Reentry Challenges

Prison Education

Reentry Education

Integrated Programming

Future Directions

Conclusion



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1. International Cenre for Prison Studies. (2010). World Prison Population List

2. USDOJ (2011). Correctional Populations in the United States, 2010

3. U.S. Census. (2010). Correctional Population in the United States

4. Shannon, S.K.S., Uggen, C., Schnittker, J.,Thompson, M.,Wakefield, S., & Massoglia, M.. (In Progress). Growth in the U.S. Ex-Felon and Ex-Prisoner Population, 1948-2010.

5. Haney, C. (1997). Psychology and the limits to prison pain: Confronting the coming crisis in Eighth Amendment law.

6. Haney, C. (2001). The Psychological Impact of Incarceration: Implications for Post-Prison Adjustment

7. NACDL (2014). Collateral Damage: Americas Failure to Forgive or Forget in the War on Crime

8. CEPR (2010). Ex-Offenders and the Labor Market9. Kling, J. Weiman, D., & Western, B. (2000). The Effects of Mass Incarceration on the Labor Market

10. Holzer, H. J., Raphael, S., Stoll, M. A. (2002). Will Employers Hire Ex-Offenders? Employer Preferences, Background Checks, and TheirDeterminants

11. Holzer, H. J. (2007). Collateral costs: The effects of Incarceration on the employment and earnings of young workers

12. Fahey, J., Roberts, C., & Engel, L. (2006). Employment of Ex-Offenders: Employer Perspectives13. Albright, S. & Denq, F. (1996). Employer Attitudes Toward Hiring Ex-Offenders

14. Harlow, C. (2003). Education and Correctional Populations

15. Cooper, A. D., Durose, M. R., & Snyder, H. (2014). Recidivism Of Prisoners Released In 30 States In 2005: Patterns From 2005 To 2010

16. James, N. (2014). Offender Reentry: Correctional Statistics, Reintegration into the Community, and Recidivism

17. www.bpi.bard.edu

18. www.educationjustice.net19. Davis, L. M., Bozick, R., Steele, J. L., Saunders, J., & Miles, J. N. V. (2013). Evaluating the Effectiveness of Correctional Eduction: A Meta-Analysis

of Programs That Provide Education to Incarcerated Adults.

20. www.collegeandcommunity.org

21. www.collegeinitiative.org

22. www.postprisonedu.org

23. www. asi.sfsu.edu/asi/.../proj_rebound24. www.rssgchicago.org

25. Col lege Initiat ive (2013). Fact Sheet.

26. Lovell, D., Walch, J., & Rhodes, L. A. (n.d.). Preliminary Evaluation: Post-Prison Education Program

27. VERA (n.d.). Pathways from Prison to Postsecondary Education Project

28. Dekhtyar, M., Beasley, C. R., Jason, L. A., Ferrari, J. R. (2012). Hope as a Predictor of Reincarceration Among Mutual-Help

References



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