A&PA&P

Chapter 19Chapter 19

Body Structure and FunctionBody Structure and Function

DefinitionsDefinitions

Anatomy Anatomy - the study of the structure of an - the study of the structure of an organismorganism

Physiology Physiology -the study of the function of an -the study of the function of an organismorganism

PathophysiologyPathophysiology – the study of diseases or – the study of diseases or disordersdisorders

HomeostasisHomeostasis – all systems working together to – all systems working together to maintain balancemaintain balance

The Human BodyThe Human BodyLevels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

What is the human body comprised of?What is the human body comprised of?

Atoms Atoms – the smallest chemical unit of matter– the smallest chemical unit of matter Atoms are comprised of protons, neutrons and Atoms are comprised of protons, neutrons and

electronselectrons Examples of atoms : carbon, oxygen, nitrogenExamples of atoms : carbon, oxygen, nitrogen

MoleculesMolecules

The smallest part of a substance called a The smallest part of a substance called a compound that can still be considered that compound that can still be considered that substancesubstance

Molecules Molecules are composed of atoms joined are composed of atoms joined together chemicallytogether chemically

Molecules can be solids, liquids or gasesMolecules can be solids, liquids or gases What atoms make up a molecule of water?What atoms make up a molecule of water?

CellsCells

A A cellcell is one of the most basic units of life is one of the most basic units of life Often described as the basic building blocks of Often described as the basic building blocks of

the human bodythe human body Some cells are organisms unto themselves Some cells are organisms unto themselves

such as a bacterial cellsuch as a bacterial cell Others only function as past of a larger Others only function as past of a larger

organismorganism

Cell StructureCell Structure

Cell membraneCell membrane – the skin of a cell that – the skin of a cell that protects it from he outside environmentprotects it from he outside environment

The cell membrane helps regulate The cell membrane helps regulate movement of water , nutrients and movement of water , nutrients and wastes into and out of the cellwastes into and out of the cell

NucleusNucleus – it is the center of the cell and – it is the center of the cell and contains the cell’s DNAcontains the cell’s DNA

Cell Structure con’tCell Structure con’t

CytoplasmCytoplasm – the substance that fills the cell. It – the substance that fills the cell. It is a jelly like material that is 80% water.is a jelly like material that is 80% water.

TissuesTissues

A group of cells creates a A group of cells creates a tissuetissue Each tissue performs a special functionEach tissue performs a special function There are 4 types of cell tissue:There are 4 types of cell tissue:1.1. Connective tissueConnective tissue

2.2. Epithelial tissue Epithelial tissue

3.3. Muscle tissueMuscle tissue

4.4. Nerve tissueNerve tissue

Body Organs and SystemsBody Organs and Systems

OrgansOrgans – groups of tissues that serve a – groups of tissues that serve a common purpose or functioncommon purpose or function

Examples : lungs, brain , stomach and kidneyExamples : lungs, brain , stomach and kidney SystemSystem – when groups of organs work together – when groups of organs work together

to perform a specific functionto perform a specific function Examples : respiratory, nervous, digestive and Examples : respiratory, nervous, digestive and

circulatorycirculatory

Anatomical locations and positionsAnatomical locations and positions

What is the anatomical position of the body?What is the anatomical position of the body? Figure 19-8Figure 19-8 Directional anatomicalDirectional anatomical terms include; terms include; SuperiorSuperior InferiorInferior Anterior or ventralAnterior or ventral Posterior or dorsalPosterior or dorsal MedialMedial LateralLateral ProximalProximal DistalDistal

Planes of the bodyPlanes of the body

Anatomical planesAnatomical planes are imaginary lines – are imaginary lines – vertical or horizontal – drawn through the vertical or horizontal – drawn through the upright bodyupright body

Coronal plane (frontal plane)Coronal plane (frontal plane) Sagittal plane ( median plane)Sagittal plane ( median plane) Axial plane ( transverse plane)Axial plane ( transverse plane)

Body cavities and abdominal Body cavities and abdominal regionsregions

Cavities contain the organs and visceraCavities contain the organs and viscera 2 main cavities are the ventral and dorsal2 main cavities are the ventral and dorsal The ventral is divided into the The ventral is divided into the thoracicthoracic and and

abdominopelvicabdominopelvic These 2 cavities are separated by the These 2 cavities are separated by the

diaphragmdiaphragm The dorsal cavity is divided into theThe dorsal cavity is divided into the upper upper

portion portion (brain) and the (brain) and the lower portionlower portion (spinal (spinal cord)cord)

ElectrolytesElectrolytes

Electrolyte – a medical term for salt.Electrolyte – a medical term for salt. Body fluids, such as blood, plasma and Body fluids, such as blood, plasma and

interstitial fluid are like sea water and have a interstitial fluid are like sea water and have a high concentration of NaCl.high concentration of NaCl.

Major electrolytes in the human body include Major electrolytes in the human body include potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium calcium, bicarbonate, sulfate and phosphate.calcium, bicarbonate, sulfate and phosphate.

Cells use electrolytes to carry electrical Cells use electrolytes to carry electrical impulses, important for nerve, heart and impulses, important for nerve, heart and muscles.muscles.

Genetics and heredityGenetics and heredity

GeneticsGenetics is the study of the make up of animals or is the study of the make up of animals or plantsplants

DNA carries all the information for protein synthesis DNA carries all the information for protein synthesis and replication of cells.and replication of cells.

DNA is organized in chromosomes in the cell’s nucleusDNA is organized in chromosomes in the cell’s nucleus ““Genetic engineering”Genetic engineering” ““Genetic fingerprint”Genetic fingerprint” Heredity is the genetic transmission from parent to Heredity is the genetic transmission from parent to

child.child.

Critical thinking pg 359Critical thinking pg 359

1.1. Where is the epigastric region?Where is the epigastric region?

2.2. How do you position a patient into the How do you position a patient into the supine position?supine position?

3.3. Which quadrant would the pain be Which quadrant would the pain be localized in?localized in?