ap world review. test format exam last 3 hours and 5 minutes 55 minutes for 70 multiple choice...

AP World ReviewAP World Review

Test Format Test Format Exam last 3 Hours and 5 MinutesExam last 3 Hours and 5 Minutes 55 Minutes for 70 Multiple Choice 55 Minutes for 70 Multiple Choice

QuestionsQuestions BreakBreak 50 Minutes for Document Based 50 Minutes for Document Based

Question (10 minutes for Reading and Question (10 minutes for Reading and Evaluating Documents)Evaluating Documents)

40 Minutes for Change Over Time Essay40 Minutes for Change Over Time Essay 40 Minutes for Comparative Essay 40 Minutes for Comparative Essay

QuestionQuestion

Grading Grading 70 Multiple Choice Questions = 1/2 70 Multiple Choice Questions = 1/2

ScoreScore

Document Based Question = Document Based Question = 16.66% of Score16.66% of Score

Change Over Time Essay = 16.66% Change Over Time Essay = 16.66% of Scoreof Score

Comparative Essay = 16.66% of Comparative Essay = 16.66% of ScoreScore

Essays Graded on Scale of 0 to 9Essays Graded on Scale of 0 to 9

What do the questions look likeWhat do the questions look like

The questions fall into 6 basic The questions fall into 6 basic categories, which are as follows:categories, which are as follows:– IdentificationIdentification (35-40% of the test) - (35-40% of the test) -

simply test whether you know a simply test whether you know a fact, or facts. fact, or facts.

– AnalyticalAnalytical (20-25% of the test) - (20-25% of the test) - makes you think about makes you think about relationships, see connections, relationships, see connections, place in order. place in order.

– Quotation BasedQuotation Based (10% or less of (10% or less of the test) - match the quote with the test) - match the quote with the appropriate person. the appropriate person.

– Image InterpretationImage Interpretation (10% or less (10% or less of the test) - determine images of the test) - determine images relevance, purpose, or meaning. relevance, purpose, or meaning.

– Map Based QuestionsMap Based Questions (10% or less (10% or less of the test) - identify what a map of the test) - identify what a map shows, or interpret it's purpose. shows, or interpret it's purpose.

– Graph & Chart InterpretationGraph & Chart Interpretation (10% (10% or less of the test) - interpret or less of the test) - interpret answer from data given in chart answer from data given in chart form. form.

Six ThemesSix Themes1. The impact of interaction among 1. The impact of interaction among

major societies. Such as Trade, major societies. Such as Trade, International Exchange, War, and International Exchange, War, and DiplomacyDiplomacy

2. The Relationship of Change and 2. The Relationship of Change and Continuity across the periods of Continuity across the periods of World HistoryWorld History

3. Impact of Technology and 3. Impact of Technology and Demography on People and the Demography on People and the Environment; Including Population Environment; Including Population change, Manufacturing, Agriculture, change, Manufacturing, Agriculture, etc. etc.

Six ThemesSix Themes

4. Systems of Organization and 4. Systems of Organization and Gender StructureGender Structure

5. Cultural and Intellectual 5. Cultural and Intellectual Development and Interactions Development and Interactions among Societiesamong Societies

6. Change over time in functions 6. Change over time in functions and structures of Political and structures of Political StatesStates

Time FramesTime Frames– Prehistory to 600 C.E: 19-20% of Prehistory to 600 C.E: 19-20% of

QuestionsQuestions

– 600 C.E-1450 C.E: 22 % of 600 C.E-1450 C.E: 22 % of QuestionsQuestions

– 1450 C.E- 1750 C.E: 19-20% of 1450 C.E- 1750 C.E: 19-20% of QuestionsQuestions

– 1750 C.E- 1914 C.E: 19-20% of 1750 C.E- 1914 C.E: 19-20% of QuestionsQuestions

– 1914-Present: 19-20% of Questions1914-Present: 19-20% of Questions

Bookends of Foundation PeriodBookends of Foundation Period8000 BCE – 600 CE8000 BCE – 600 CE

8000 BCE marks the Neolithic 8000 BCE marks the Neolithic civilization and the development of civilization and the development of four river valley civilizationsfour river valley civilizations

600 CE marks the time which 600 CE marks the time which classical empires fallclassical empires fall

Building Blocks of Building Blocks of CivilizationCivilization

What is a Civilization?What is a Civilization?– Economic SystemEconomic System– Political OrganizationPolitical Organization– Moral Code (Religion)Moral Code (Religion)– Written Language and Written Language and

Intellectual TraditionIntellectual Tradition– Division of laborDivision of labor

PreHistoryPreHistory History History Presence of a written languagePresence of a written language Writing is essential for record keeping, Writing is essential for record keeping,

bureaucracy, commerce, and accumulating bureaucracy, commerce, and accumulating knowledge; knowledge;

it makes possible more varied cultural forms. it makes possible more varied cultural forms. Writing also led to new social divisions based Writing also led to new social divisions based

on selective literacy.on selective literacy.– ScribesScribes– Scholarly gentryScholarly gentry

Dark AgeDark Age– Art of writing has developed and been lostArt of writing has developed and been lost

Environmental determinismEnvironmental determinism Relationship between culture of a Relationship between culture of a

civilization, success and stabilitycivilization, success and stability How does the culture react to the How does the culture react to the

environment or environmental environment or environmental changechange

TechnologyTechnology Movement of peoples into and out Movement of peoples into and out

of the areaof the area Crossroads vs. isolationCrossroads vs. isolation

River Valley CivilizationsRiver Valley Civilizations ChinaChina

– Yellow River valleyYellow River valley– Shang China: first dynastyShang China: first dynasty– Develop in isolation w/ minimal Develop in isolation w/ minimal

contact with India and Middle Eastcontact with India and Middle East

River Valley CivilizationsRiver Valley Civilizations ChinaChina

– Became the subject of many Became the subject of many legends in later Chinese historylegends in later Chinese history

– MonarchyMonarchy– Bronze work, silk making, pottery, Bronze work, silk making, pottery,

jade, elaborate intellectual life, jade, elaborate intellectual life, writing, interest in science and writing, interest in science and technologytechnology

Political structure tied to social order Political structure tied to social order and culture by Confucianismand culture by Confucianism

Confucianism emphasized order, Confucianism emphasized order, hierarchy, and deference, including hierarchy, and deference, including specific injunctions to obey the specific injunctions to obey the emperor.emperor.

Bureaucracy aimed to alleviate Bureaucracy aimed to alleviate political instability, difficulties of political instability, difficulties of centrally controlling outlying centrally controlling outlying provinces, and related competition provinces, and related competition among landed aristocrats for power among landed aristocrats for power and influence.and influence.

Classical Civilizations Classical Civilizations and great empiresand great empires

MesoamericanMesoamerican

AndeanAndean

HanHan

GuptaGupta

Change from River Valleys to Change from River Valleys to Classical CivsClassical Civs

~1000 BCE~1000 BCE Location—China, India, Mediterranean WorldLocation—China, India, Mediterranean World New/renewed civs that were durableNew/renewed civs that were durable Left the most substantial impacts and Left the most substantial impacts and

legacieslegacies Set in motion key values and institutions Set in motion key values and institutions

that extend well beyond the classical periodthat extend well beyond the classical period All 3 built on achievements of the River All 3 built on achievements of the River

valley civs.valley civs.

Classical civs not a continuation of ancient Classical civs not a continuation of ancient river valleysriver valleys– Change political centersChange political centers– Improve technologyImprove technology– Est. More elaborate philosophical and religious Est. More elaborate philosophical and religious

traditionstraditions– Expand science and mathExpand science and math– Set up methods for territorial expansion and Set up methods for territorial expansion and

embraced a diverse group of peopleembraced a diverse group of people– Integrated aspects of their institutions and Integrated aspects of their institutions and

traditionstraditions– Each civ operated separately despite contacts Each civ operated separately despite contacts

with each otherwith each other Greece/India—Alexander the GreatGreece/India—Alexander the Great Rome/China—Silk RoadRome/China—Silk Road

MesoamericaMesoamerica

MesoamericaMesoamerica The area from north central Mexico to NicaraguaThe area from north central Mexico to Nicaragua

Beginning about 5,000 BCE, domesticated certain Beginning about 5,000 BCE, domesticated certain plants – beans, peppers, avocados, and squash.plants – beans, peppers, avocados, and squash.

Maize dominated the diet of these agricultural Maize dominated the diet of these agricultural peoplespeoples

Later innovations such as pottery took place around Later innovations such as pottery took place around 2000 BCE.2000 BCE.

MesoamericaMesoamerica When Shang dynasty ruled in China, When Shang dynasty ruled in China,

permanent sedentary villages based on permanent sedentary villages based on some agriculture appeared. There were some agriculture appeared. There were small, modest settlements without much small, modest settlements without much hierarchy or social differentiation and a hierarchy or social differentiation and a lack of craft specialization.lack of craft specialization.

Numbers of villages rose proliferated and Numbers of villages rose proliferated and population densities rose.population densities rose.

OlmecOlmec

OlmecOlmec

1400 BCE to 500 BCE1400 BCE to 500 BCE Suddenly appearedSuddenly appeared They had irrigated agriculture, They had irrigated agriculture,

impressive drainage systems, impressive drainage systems, monumental sculpture, urbanism and monumental sculpture, urbanism and beginnings of calendar and writing beginnings of calendar and writing systems (carved inscriptions).systems (carved inscriptions).

OlmecOlmec

Giant stone heads were found in Giant stone heads were found in ruins. No one knows how the 40-ton ruins. No one knows how the 40-ton sculptures were moved from the sculptures were moved from the quarries without wheeled vehicles or quarries without wheeled vehicles or draft animals. draft animals. All of these attest All of these attest to a high degree of social to a high degree of social organization and artistic skill.organization and artistic skill.

Called the Called the Mother Civilization of Mother Civilization of MesoamericaMesoamerica

OlmecOlmec

OlmecOlmec They provided the basis of a They provided the basis of a state ruled state ruled

by a hereditary elite by a hereditary elite in which the in which the ceremonialism of a complex religious ceremonialism of a complex religious dominated life.dominated life.– Powerful class of priests and aristocrats stood Powerful class of priests and aristocrats stood

at top of societyat top of society Most important – tradition of priestly Most important – tradition of priestly

leadership and religious devotion that leadership and religious devotion that became a basic part of later Middle became a basic part of later Middle American civilization. American civilization.

Did not build true cities – built ceremonial Did not build true cities – built ceremonial centers made of pyramid shaped temples centers made of pyramid shaped temples and other buildingsand other buildings

OlmecOlmec

People came for nearby farming People came for nearby farming villages to work on the temples or villages to work on the temples or attend religious ceremoniesattend religious ceremonies

Through trade, Olmec influence Through trade, Olmec influence spread over a wide areaspread over a wide area

Great carvers of jade and traded or Great carvers of jade and traded or conquered to get it.conquered to get it.

OlmecOlmec Know one knows what happened to Know one knows what happened to

cause their decline – mystery. cause their decline – mystery.

Some scholars think they are Some scholars think they are ancestors to the great Maya ancestors to the great Maya civilizations that followed.civilizations that followed.

Andean WorldAndean World

From the coast to the From the coast to the Andes MountainsAndes Mountains

Potatoes and maize grown; Potatoes and maize grown; grazing for llamas and alpacasgrazing for llamas and alpacas

ChavinChavin

ChavinChavin

850 BCE built a huge temple complex – 850 BCE built a huge temple complex – stone carving and pottery show the Chavin stone carving and pottery show the Chavin people worshipped a god that was a part people worshipped a god that was a part jaguar and part human with grinning jaguar and part human with grinning catlike featurescatlike features

Artisans worked in ceramics, textiles, and Artisans worked in ceramics, textiles, and gold characterized. gold characterized.

Used animals as decorations, often along Used animals as decorations, often along scenes of war and violence.scenes of war and violence.

ChavinChavin

Some similarities with Olmecs (possible Some similarities with Olmecs (possible Amazonian lowland origin for both)Amazonian lowland origin for both)

Warfare seems to indicate a general Warfare seems to indicate a general process – with the development of process – with the development of agriculture and a limited amount of arable agriculture and a limited amount of arable land, it becomes necessary to organize land, it becomes necessary to organize irrigation and create political authority and irrigation and create political authority and eventually states that could mobilize to eventually states that could mobilize to protect or expand the available land.protect or expand the available land.

Influenced later peoples of PeruInfluenced later peoples of Peru

ChavinChavin

By 300 BCE Chavin in declineBy 300 BCE Chavin in decline Andean world became characterized Andean world became characterized

by regional centers – without political by regional centers – without political unity but great art.unity but great art.

Wide variety of crops, domestication Wide variety of crops, domestication of the llama and related animals, of the llama and related animals, dense populations, and hierarchal dense populations, and hierarchal societies could be found in many societies could be found in many places.places.

NazcaNazca

NazcaNazca WeaversWeavers Great figures of various Great figures of various

animals, which cover 100s of feet animals, which cover 100s of feet and can be seen only from the airand can be seen only from the air

Also great straight lines or paths that Also great straight lines or paths that cut across plains and seem to go cut across plains and seem to go towards mountains or celestial points towards mountains or celestial points – no one know why they were drawn– no one know why they were drawn

MochicaMochica

MochicaMochica

Skilled farmers developing terracing, Skilled farmers developing terracing, irrigation, and fertilization of the soilirrigation, and fertilization of the soil

Leaders built roads and organized Leaders built roads and organized networks of relay runners to carry networks of relay runners to carry messagesmessages

To build one temple – had to produce 130 To build one temple – had to produce 130 million bricksmillion bricks

Textile, goldworking, woodcarvingTextile, goldworking, woodcarving Potters decorated with scenes of everyday Potters decorated with scenes of everyday

life including battle, music, and textile life including battle, music, and textile produced on small looms.produced on small looms.

MochicaMochica

Han DynastyHan Dynasty

Han DynastyHan Dynasty Strongest and longest dynastyStrongest and longest dynasty Expansionist EmpireExpansionist Empire

– Postal systemPostal system– Roads Roads – Defensive fortificationsDefensive fortifications

Weak Leadership caused collapseWeak Leadership caused collapse– Corruption and leadership issuesCorruption and leadership issues

Had to protect the expanding borders Had to protect the expanding borders some that encouraged trade along some that encouraged trade along the silk roadthe silk road

Silk road brought “bandits” that Silk road brought “bandits” that threatened the outer borders of the threatened the outer borders of the Han dynastyHan dynasty

Silk RoadSilk Road

Han DeclineHan Decline

100 CE100 CE Nomadic tribes topple Han ChinaNomadic tribes topple Han China Central government control Central government control

diminished and corrupt bureaucracydiminished and corrupt bureaucracy Local landlords took up the slack by Local landlords took up the slack by

ruling their own neighborhoodsruling their own neighborhoods People heavily taxed People heavily taxed Increased social unrestIncreased social unrest

Han DeclineHan Decline

Daoist revolutionary effort 184 CE Daoist revolutionary effort 184 CE “Yellow Turbans” promised a golden “Yellow Turbans” promised a golden age that would come via divine age that would come via divine magicmagic

30,000 students demonstrated 30,000 students demonstrated against decline of government against decline of government moralitymorality

Failed BUT decline continued into Failed BUT decline continued into civil war.civil war.

Factors of the Han DeclineFactors of the Han Decline

Political ineffectivenessPolitical ineffectiveness Spread of devastating epidemic - Spread of devastating epidemic -

killed ½ of population leading to killed ½ of population leading to three centuries of chaosthree centuries of chaos

IndiaIndia AryansAryans

– Nomadic Group “invaded” IndiaNomadic Group “invaded” India– Earliest EuropeansEarliest Europeans– Conquered the Dravidians (Dark Skinned Conquered the Dravidians (Dark Skinned

Indians)Indians)– Established Warrior AristocracyEstablished Warrior Aristocracy– Established SanskritEstablished Sanskrit– Vedic Era and Early Vedic Era and Early

Hindu faithHindu faith Don’t forget about Don’t forget about

the Caste System!!!the Caste System!!!

Mauryan EmpireMauryan Empire

India ContinuedIndia Continued Based on regionalismBased on regionalism Open to influences from the westOpen to influences from the west 600BCE 16 major regional states all 600BCE 16 major regional states all

with different types of gov’t.with different types of gov’t. Mauryan empire 322BCEMauryan empire 322BCE

– Began by Chandragupta MauryaBegan by Chandragupta Maurya 11stst dynasty to unite most of the Indian dynasty to unite most of the Indian

subcontinentsubcontinent– Ashoka: famous EmperorAshoka: famous Emperor– Extended control to Southern tip of Extended control to Southern tip of

IndiaIndia– Converted to BuddhismConverted to Buddhism– Collapsed from outside attacksCollapsed from outside attacks– Laws of ManuLaws of Manu– Empire falls due to lack of durable rootsEmpire falls due to lack of durable roots

Gupta EmpireGupta Empire


320 CE320 CE Greatest period of political stabilityGreatest period of political stability Negotiated with local princes, Negotiated with local princes,

intermarry with their families and intermarry with their families and expand influence w/o constant expand influence w/o constant fightingfighting


Created a demanding taxation Created a demanding taxation systemsystem

No bureaucracy and allowed regional No bureaucracy and allowed regional leaders to maintain controlleaders to maintain control– There was a Gupta rep. at each local There was a Gupta rep. at each local

princes court to ensure loyaltyprinces court to ensure loyalty Promoted SanskritPromoted Sanskrit Uniform law codesUniform law codes ““Golden Age” Golden Age”

Gupta Empire Gupta Empire Political Culture Political Culture

Not elaborateNot elaborate RegionalRegional Buddhism provides ethnic codeBuddhism provides ethnic code Tightly knit villagesTightly knit villages Caste system – provided a way for Caste system – provided a way for

conquered and conquerors to live togetherconquered and conquerors to live together Caste system limited political development Caste system limited political development

b/c of strict social rules – loyalty to caste b/c of strict social rules – loyalty to caste above allabove all

Decline of Gupta EmpireDecline of Gupta Empire

Between 200 and 600 BCE suffered Between 200 and 600 BCE suffered outside invasionsoutside invasions

Gupta overthrown by Huns – b/c Gupta overthrown by Huns – b/c hadn’t solved tendency to dissolve hadn’t solved tendency to dissolve into political fragmentationinto political fragmentation

Emperors having trouble controlling Emperors having trouble controlling local princes since 5local princes since 5thth century century

Gupta DeclineGupta Decline

N. India affected by constant N. India affected by constant nomadic invasionsnomadic invasions

Eventually push further into central Eventually push further into central India destroying the empireIndia destroying the empire

Nomads became integrated into the Nomads became integrated into the warrior caste and regional control warrior caste and regional control resumedresumed

Societal comparisonSocietal comparison China's society featured less rigid China's society featured less rigid

structure, structure, slightlyslightly more opportunity for more opportunity for mobility although there was some mobility mobility although there was some mobility within casteswithin castes

different rules and cultural enforcementsdifferent rules and cultural enforcements Law of Manu vrs. ConfucianismLaw of Manu vrs. Confucianism different regard for merchants and specific different regard for merchants and specific

contrasts in the definition and function of contrasts in the definition and function of "mean people" versus untouchables."mean people" versus untouchables.– Dharma encouraged merchants in GuptaDharma encouraged merchants in Gupta– Merchants brought outside cultures and were Merchants brought outside cultures and were

not socially accepted not socially accepted

Environmental DeterminismEnvironmental Determinism India was more open to contact and India was more open to contact and

invasion and less internally coherent invasion and less internally coherent (interior mountains etc), which helps (interior mountains etc), which helps explain the differences in openness to explain the differences in openness to influence, and political stabilityinfluence, and political stability

India absorbed other cultures while India absorbed other cultures while China remains ethnically China remains ethnically homogeneous (90 % of all Chinese homogeneous (90 % of all Chinese trace their ancestry back to the Han trace their ancestry back to the Han dynasty)dynasty)

Post Classical & Post Classical & Middle AgesMiddle Ages

600-1450600-1450AmericasAmericas

East to WestEast to WestMongoliansMongoliansConnectionsConnections

The BookendsThe Bookends 600- great classical empires have fallen.600- great classical empires have fallen.

632- Coming of Islam632- Coming of Islam

1000- trade increases both by land 1000- trade increases both by land and sea.and sea.

1450- Fall of Constantinople and decline 1450- Fall of Constantinople and decline of Silk roadsof Silk roads

1450- Europe looks westward toward 1450- Europe looks westward toward the Atlanticthe Atlantic

IncasIncas

IncasIncas

PeruPeru 1400s-15351400s-1535

Inca GovernmentInca Government Government – emperor is the Inca Government – emperor is the Inca

god-king owned all the land, herds, god-king owned all the land, herds, mines, and peoplemines, and people

Nobles ruled the provinces along with Nobles ruled the provinces along with local chieftains whom the Inca had local chieftains whom the Inca had conqueredconquered

Below them officials carried out taxes Below them officials carried out taxes and lawsand laws

IncaInca

Own language and religionOwn language and religion Great road system -12,000 Great road system -12,000

miles, bridges, steps (more miles, bridges, steps (more impressive than Rome’s)impressive than Rome’s)

It moved armies and news It moved armies and news using relay runners to using relay runners to carry messages carry messages

Kept soldiers at outposts to Kept soldiers at outposts to crush rebelscrush rebels

Inca capitalInca capital

Cuzco - CapitalCuzco - Capital Temple of the Sun (no mortar, Temple of the Sun (no mortar,

survived earthquakes) is theresurvived earthquakes) is there

Inca Daily LifeInca Daily Life Farming - terraces; Farming - terraces;

government took government took possession of harvests possession of harvests and divided itand divided it

MetalworkingMetalworking Medical advances – Medical advances –

antiseptics and anesthesiaantiseptics and anesthesia Religion Religion

– polytheistic linked to nature; polytheistic linked to nature; – religion tied to daily life religion tied to daily life – Inti – Chief god - Sun godInti – Chief god - Sun god

MayaMaya

MayaMaya

Influenced by the OlmecInfluenced by the Olmec Yucatan in Mexico through much of Yucatan in Mexico through much of

Central AmericaCentral America 600- 900600- 900

MayaMaya

Farming – cleared rainforest and built Farming – cleared rainforest and built raised fields and channels to drain raised fields and channels to drain excess water; grew corn and other excess water; grew corn and other cropscrops

Temples and palaces - Very tall; used Temples and palaces - Very tall; used for sacrifices to gods; carvings for sacrifices to gods; carvings recorded history recorded history

MayaMaya Social classes – each city had own ruling Social classes – each city had own ruling

chiefchief Nobles – military and officials (collected Nobles – military and officials (collected

taxes, enforced laws)taxes, enforced laws) Women occasionally governed on own or Women occasionally governed on own or

in name of sonin name of son Priests – great power only they could Priests – great power only they could

conduct religious ceremoniesconduct religious ceremonies Farmers – corn, beans, squash, fruit, Farmers – corn, beans, squash, fruit,

cotton, flowers; paid taxes in food and cotton, flowers; paid taxes in food and helped build templeshelped build temples

MayaMaya

Hieroglyphic writing style – scribesHieroglyphic writing style – scribes

Expert mathematicians and Expert mathematicians and astronomersastronomers

365-day calendar365-day calendar

Numbering system and understood Numbering system and understood concept of zeroconcept of zero

Maya declineMaya decline

Around 900 CE, abandoned cities to Around 900 CE, abandoned cities to be swallowed up by junglesbe swallowed up by jungles

Why??? Possibly warfare, Why??? Possibly warfare, overpopulation led to soil exhaustion, overpopulation led to soil exhaustion, revoltsrevolts

AztecsAztecs

AztecsAztecs

Toltecs 1000 – 1200Toltecs 1000 – 1200 In 1200s, band of nomadic people In 1200s, band of nomadic people

(the ancestors to the Aztecs) migrated into (the ancestors to the Aztecs) migrated into the Valley of Mexico from the north and the Valley of Mexico from the north and destroyed Toltecsdestroyed Toltecs

Settled at Lake Texcoco due to Settled at Lake Texcoco due to legend (eagle on a cactus with legend (eagle on a cactus with a snake in beak)a snake in beak)

Aztecs 1200s-1521Aztecs 1200s-1521

AztecsAztecs

AztecsAztecs

Shifted from hunting to farming and Shifted from hunting to farming and built Tenochititlan (Mexico City)built Tenochititlan (Mexico City)

used military and ideological force to used military and ideological force to dominate a large part of ancient dominate a large part of ancient Mexico Mexico

actually multiethnic actually multiethnic The Aztecs had a highly centralized, The Aztecs had a highly centralized,

tribute state based on the extraction tribute state based on the extraction of labor and goods from conquered of labor and goods from conquered populationspopulations

Aztecs continue the culture of the classical Aztecs continue the culture of the classical Mesoamerican civilization and the ToltecsMesoamerican civilization and the Toltecs– Toltecs considered givers of civilizationToltecs considered givers of civilization– shared same languageshared same language– use of human sacrificeuse of human sacrifice– establishment of empire centered on central Mexicoestablishment of empire centered on central Mexico– militarism of societymilitarism of society– concept of nobility tied to Toltec lineage initiallyconcept of nobility tied to Toltec lineage initially– use of city-state organizationuse of city-state organization– temple complexes associated with state; many temple complexes associated with state; many

deities of pantheon of gods deities of pantheon of gods – tribute based on sedentary agricultural systemtribute based on sedentary agricultural system– cyclical view of history and calendar system cyclical view of history and calendar system

AztecAztec Farming –built chinampas – artificial Farming –built chinampas – artificial

islands that are anchored to the lake islands that are anchored to the lake bed. Floating gardens - corn, bed. Floating gardens - corn, squash, and beanssquash, and beans

Filled in parts of lake Filled in parts of lake and made canals and made canals for transportationfor transportation

TenochtitlanTenochtitlan Urban commercial centerUrban commercial center Central zone of palaces and temples Central zone of palaces and temples

surrounded by residential districts, smaller surrounded by residential districts, smaller palaces, and marketspalaces, and markets

Heart of the empire and drew tribute and Heart of the empire and drew tribute and support from allies and dependantssupport from allies and dependants

AztecsAztecs

1400s, greatly expanded territory 1400s, greatly expanded territory through war and alliancesthrough war and alliances

By 1500 – 30 million peopleBy 1500 – 30 million people

Aztec GovernmentAztec Government

Single Ruler chosen by a council of Single Ruler chosen by a council of nobles and priestsnobles and priests

Nobles served as officials, judges, and Nobles served as officials, judges, and governorsgovernors

Warriors – rise to noble status by Warriors – rise to noble status by killing or capturing enemy soldierskilling or capturing enemy soldiers

Commoners who farmedCommoners who farmed Slaves – criminals or prisoners of warSlaves – criminals or prisoners of war

Aztec ReligionAztec Religion

Priests are a class apartPriests are a class apart Performed rituals for gods to keep away Performed rituals for gods to keep away

droughtsdroughts Chief God– sun godChief God– sun god To give sun strength to rise – To give sun strength to rise –

massive human sacrificesmassive human sacrifices Warfare is used to get Warfare is used to get

sacrificial victimssacrificial victims

Aztec Human SacrificesAztec Human SacrificesTo give sun strength to rise – massive human sacrificesTo give sun strength to rise – massive human sacrifices

– greatly exaggerated by the Spanish as a means of greatly exaggerated by the Spanish as a means of validating European conquest and cultural superiorityvalidating European conquest and cultural superiority

– religious act essential to the grant of rain, sun, and religious act essential to the grant of rain, sun, and other blessings of the gods other blessings of the gods

– an intentional use of a widespread practice to an intentional use of a widespread practice to terrorize their neighbors and to keep the lower terrorize their neighbors and to keep the lower classes subordinateclasses subordinate

– form of population control to lower population form of population control to lower population densitydensity

– response to a lack of protein and the absence of response to a lack of protein and the absence of large mammals associated with animal sacrifice. large mammals associated with animal sacrifice.

Aztec LearningAztec Learning

Priests keepers of knowledgePriests keepers of knowledge Ran schools for sons of noblesRan schools for sons of nobles Accurate calendarAccurate calendar Herbs and medicinesHerbs and medicines

AztecAztec

1519 – Spanish reached Tenochtitlan 1519 – Spanish reached Tenochtitlan with Corteswith Cortes

Allies from conquered peopleAllies from conquered people Defeated by SpanishDefeated by Spanish

Incas and Aztec EmpiresIncas and Aztec EmpiresPolitical StructuresPolitical Structures

Similarities: Similarities: – each had emperor supported by nobility that served as each had emperor supported by nobility that served as

personnel of statepersonnel of state– both based on tribute system with imperial redistribution both based on tribute system with imperial redistribution

of goods of goods – both were militaristic both were militaristic – each recognized indigenous rulers in return for each recognized indigenous rulers in return for

recognition of imperial sovereigntyrecognition of imperial sovereignty Differences: Differences:

– Inca empire more integrated Inca empire more integrated – Aztec empire based more on concept of city-states Aztec empire based more on concept of city-states – Aztec empire more open to trade Aztec empire more open to trade – Inca empire almost entirely relied on state redistribution Inca empire almost entirely relied on state redistribution

of goods of goods – Aztec use of human sacrifice as weapon of political terrorAztec use of human sacrifice as weapon of political terror

East AsiaEast Asia Era of Division: (6 Dynasties Period)Era of Division: (6 Dynasties Period)

– dominated by political division among dominated by political division among many small warring states often ruled many small warring states often ruled by nomadic invadersby nomadic invaders

– period of Buddhist dominanceperiod of Buddhist dominance

– growth of monastic movementgrowth of monastic movement

– loss of imperial centralizationloss of imperial centralization– loss of dominance of scholar-gentry loss of dominance of scholar-gentry

in favor of militarized in favor of militarized aristocracy (dark age).aristocracy (dark age).

Sui-TangSui-Tang

return to centralized administration, return to centralized administration, unified empireunified empire– reconstruction of bureaucracyreconstruction of bureaucracy– reconstruction of Confucian scholar-reconstruction of Confucian scholar-

gentry at expense of both Buddhists and gentry at expense of both Buddhists and aristocracyaristocracy

– restoration of Confucianism as central restoration of Confucianism as central ideology of stateideology of state

Tang and Song DynastiesTang and Song Dynasties

Tang and Song ChinaTang and Song China(China’s Golden Age)(China’s Golden Age)

Restoration of imperial government Restoration of imperial government implied strengthening of traditional implied strengthening of traditional schools of Confucianism and resuscitation schools of Confucianism and resuscitation of scholar-gentryof scholar-gentry

Confucians attacked Buddhism as a Confucians attacked Buddhism as a foreign innovation in Chinaforeign innovation in China

convinced emperors that monastic control convinced emperors that monastic control of land represented an economic threatof land represented an economic threat

persecution of Buddhists introduced in persecution of Buddhists introduced in 840s. 840s.

Elements of Tang-Song Elements of Tang-Song economic prosperityeconomic prosperity

– The full incorporation of southern China into The full incorporation of southern China into the economy as a major food-producing the economy as a major food-producing region, center of traderegion, center of trade

– commercial expansion with West, southern commercial expansion with West, southern Asia, southeast AsiaAsia, southeast Asia

– establishment of Chinese merchant marineestablishment of Chinese merchant marine– development of new commercial development of new commercial

organization and credit per acreorganization and credit per acre– expanded urbanization throughout Chinaexpanded urbanization throughout China

Satellite Cultures of ChinaSatellite Cultures of China Why was China unable to assimilate Why was China unable to assimilate

the Vietnamese despite direct rule for the Vietnamese despite direct rule for almost a millennium? almost a millennium? – Vietnamese culturally different from the Vietnamese culturally different from the

outset: outset: different languagedifferent languagetradition of local authority inherent in village tradition of local authority inherent in village

leadersleadersemphasis on nuclear family rather than emphasis on nuclear family rather than

typically Chinese extended familiestypically Chinese extended familieshigher status accorded to women higher status accorded to women

Satellite Cultures of ChinaSatellite Cultures of China– Chinese able to exert some influence on: Chinese able to exert some influence on:

introduction of central administration based on introduction of central administration based on Confucian exam systemConfucian exam system

some introduction of extended family and some introduction of extended family and ancestor worshipancestor worship

use of Chinese military organization use of Chinese military organization

ultimate failure based on inability to impact ultimate failure based on inability to impact Vietnamese peasantry who remained Vietnamese peasantry who remained significant on local levelsignificant on local level

only Buddhism impacted peasantry only Buddhism impacted peasantry

Chinese culture in relation to its satellite Chinese culture in relation to its satellite civilizations civilizations – Chinese culture extended only within semi-Chinese culture extended only within semi-

closed East Asian cultural systemclosed East Asian cultural system– unlike Islam that spread from the Middle East unlike Islam that spread from the Middle East

to Africa and to South and Southeast Asiato Africa and to South and Southeast Asia– unlike common cultural exchanges between unlike common cultural exchanges between

Islam and post-classical WestIslam and post-classical West– East Asian cultural exchange occurred in semi-East Asian cultural exchange occurred in semi-

isolation from other global cultures. isolation from other global cultures.

The Mongolian EmpireThe Mongolian Empire

Mongol expansionMongol expansion KhanatesKhanates

– GhengisGhengisbrought all the nomadic tribes of brought all the nomadic tribes of

Mongolia under the rule of himself Mongolia under the rule of himself and his family and his family

rigidly disciplined military staterigidly disciplined military stateturned his attention toward the settled turned his attention toward the settled

peoples beyond the borders of his nomadic peoples beyond the borders of his nomadic realmrealm

began the series of campaigns of plunder and began the series of campaigns of plunder and conquest that eventually led to the conquest that eventually led to the establishment of the great Mongol Empire.establishment of the great Mongol Empire.

Mongol expansionMongol expansion

The four most significant The four most significant legacies of Chinggis Khan are:legacies of Chinggis Khan are:–tolerance of many religionstolerance of many religions–creation of the Mongols' first scriptcreation of the Mongols' first script–support for trade and craftssupport for trade and crafts–creation of a legal code specific to creation of a legal code specific to the Mongols' pastoral-nomadic way the Mongols' pastoral-nomadic way of lifeof life

– KhubilaiKhubilaiConquest of China Conquest of China

“Yuan Dynasty”“Yuan Dynasty”– Grandson of Chinggis KhanGrandson of Chinggis Khan– Khubilai Khan was an Khubilai Khan was an

important transitional figure in important transitional figure in Mongol historyMongol history

– sought to rule — and not merely sought to rule — and not merely conquer — the vast domains that conquer — the vast domains that the Mongols had subjugatedthe Mongols had subjugated

Mongol AdvancesMongol Advances– Stirrup Stirrup

A special wood-and-leather saddle A special wood-and-leather saddle allowed the horses to bear the weight allowed the horses to bear the weight of their riders for long periods of their riders for long periods

permitted the riders to retain a firm seat permitted the riders to retain a firm seat a sturdy stirrup enabled horsemen to a sturdy stirrup enabled horsemen to

be sturdier and thus more accurate in be sturdier and thus more accurate in shooting when mountedshooting when mounted

– Advance horse warfareAdvance horse warfare the horses were fast and flexiblethe horses were fast and flexible Used hit-and-run raidsUsed hit-and-run raids The Mongols had developed a composite bow made The Mongols had developed a composite bow made

out of sinew and horn and were skilled at shooting it out of sinew and horn and were skilled at shooting it while ridingwhile riding

gave them the upper hand against ordinary foot gave them the upper hand against ordinary foot soldierssoldiers

range of more than 350 yards, the bow was superior range of more than 350 yards, the bow was superior to the contemporaneous English longbow, whose to the contemporaneous English longbow, whose range was only 250 yardsrange was only 250 yards

Inclusion of conquered peoplesInclusion of conquered peoples– Included Muslim scholars in their courtsIncluded Muslim scholars in their courts– Willingness to rely on advisers particularly Willingness to rely on advisers particularly

those who had worked with the Chinesethose who had worked with the Chinese Fall of MongolsFall of Mongols

– Became too Chinese and sedentary—removed Became too Chinese and sedentary—removed from nomadic traditionsfrom nomadic traditions

– Tried to invade Japan--failedTried to invade Japan--failed Golden Horde and Il’ Khan (Persia)Golden Horde and Il’ Khan (Persia)

– Conflict over religionConflict over religion Islam the majority religion oppressed by the Islam the majority religion oppressed by the

Buddhist leadersBuddhist leadersEventually will convert to IslamEventually will convert to Islam

Mongol dynasty of China (the Yuan) Mongol dynasty of China (the Yuan) attempt to alter the traditional Chinese attempt to alter the traditional Chinese social structuresocial structure– refused to reinstate the Confucian examination refused to reinstate the Confucian examination

system-- attempt to destroy the social and system-- attempt to destroy the social and political dominance of the scholar-gentrypolitical dominance of the scholar-gentry

– seconded by dividing the Chinese social seconded by dividing the Chinese social structure ethnically structure ethnically

Mongols and Islamic allies on topMongols and Islamic allies on top northern Chinese secondnorthern Chinese second ethnic Chinese and minorities at bottomethnic Chinese and minorities at bottom in addition Mongols promoted social advance of in addition Mongols promoted social advance of

artisans and merchants, who had been discriminated artisans and merchants, who had been discriminated against in traditional Chinese society. against in traditional Chinese society.

political impact of the Mongol conquests of political impact of the Mongol conquests of Russia and the Islamic heartland Russia and the Islamic heartland similaritiessimilarities– traditional political structure was removed and traditional political structure was removed and

the path was smoothed for new political the path was smoothed for new political organization to take placeorganization to take place

– In Russia, Kievan superiority was forever In Russia, Kievan superiority was forever destroyed and Moscow was able to achieve destroyed and Moscow was able to achieve political dominance among the petty kingdoms political dominance among the petty kingdoms through its control of tribute and by becoming through its control of tribute and by becoming the seat of Russian Orthodoxythe seat of Russian Orthodoxy

– In Islam, the Abbasid dynasty was ended and In Islam, the Abbasid dynasty was ended and the Seljuk Turks who had ruled through its the Seljuk Turks who had ruled through its additions was devastated opening the way for additions was devastated opening the way for the rise of the Mameluks in Egypt and the the rise of the Mameluks in Egypt and the Ottoman Turks in Asia Minor. Ottoman Turks in Asia Minor.

MongoliansMongolians Territorial extent of the Mongol empire Territorial extent of the Mongol empire

at its largest. How did this affect inter-at its largest. How did this affect inter-cultural exchange? cultural exchange? – permitted free exchange of goods and permitted free exchange of goods and

ideas between global cultures along ideas between global cultures along traditional routes of trade. traditional routes of trade.

RenaissanceRenaissanceEntrance into Modern WorldEntrance into Modern World

1300 - 16001300 - 1600

Cultural Cultural DevelopmentsDevelopments

HumanismHumanism

Scientific Scientific RevolutionRevolution

Humanism vs. EnlightenmentHumanism vs. Enlightenment1280ish to late 1600s vs. 1650 to 1750ish1280ish to late 1600s vs. 1650 to 1750ish

Humanism (Age of Questioning)Humanism (Age of Questioning)– Emphasis on individualEmphasis on individual– Classical worksClassical works– Centered in N. Italian city-states and traveled Centered in N. Italian city-states and traveled

throughout worldthroughout world– Elements include voluntary participation in Elements include voluntary participation in

civic affairscivic affairs– Spurred questioning attitude – cultural Spurred questioning attitude – cultural

advancements, scientific revolution, age of advancements, scientific revolution, age of exploration, reformationexploration, reformation

Enlightenment (application of humanism) Enlightenment (application of humanism) Age of ReasonAge of Reason– Belief in human perfectibility, Belief in human perfectibility, – application of scientific discoveries to application of scientific discoveries to

improvement of human condition; improvement of human condition; – reason was key to truth, while religion was reason was key to truth, while religion was

afflicted with superstition; afflicted with superstition; – changes in economy reflected in mass changes in economy reflected in mass

consumerism; consumerism; – growth of reading clubs, coffee houses, and growth of reading clubs, coffee houses, and

popular entertainment. popular entertainment. – Voltaire father of EnlightenmentVoltaire father of Enlightenment

Islamic EmpiresIslamic Empires Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

– Major leader, Sultan Suleiman the MagnificentMajor leader, Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent– Took over ConstantinopleTook over Constantinople– Long declineLong decline

Safavid EmpireSafavid Empire– PersiaPersia– Shiite MuslimShiite Muslim

Mughal EmpireMughal Empire– IndiaIndia– Hindu Majority ruled by MuslimsHindu Majority ruled by Muslims

All Three “Gunpowder Empires” – came from All Three “Gunpowder Empires” – came from Mongols/ChineseMongols/Chinese

Japan:Japan:From Gempei Wars to Tokugawa ShogunateFrom Gempei Wars to Tokugawa Shogunate

Gempei Wars - culmination of a decades-Gempei Wars - culmination of a decades-long conflict between the two clans over long conflict between the two clans over dominance of the Imperial court dominance of the Imperial court – marked dominance of provincial military marked dominance of provincial military

aristocracy over imperial courtaristocracy over imperial court– Minamoto family established first Minamoto family established first

dominance with military government (or dominance with military government (or Bakufu) at KamakuraBakufu) at Kamakura

– decline of central administration and decline of central administration and scholar-gentry scholar-gentry

– Hojo family dominated BakufuHojo family dominated Bakufu

Japan:Japan:From Gempei Wars to From Gempei Wars to Tokugawa ShogunateTokugawa Shogunate

– finally Kamakura government finally Kamakura government overthrown by Ashikaga Shogunateoverthrown by Ashikaga Shogunate

– all central authority dissipated all central authority dissipated during Onin War from 1467-1477 during Onin War from 1467-1477 initiated a long, drawn-out struggle for initiated a long, drawn-out struggle for

domination by individual daimyo, resulting in a domination by individual daimyo, resulting in a mass power-struggle between the various mass power-struggle between the various houses to dominate the whole of Japan houses to dominate the whole of Japan

– country divided up into 300 small country divided up into 300 small kingdoms ruled by daimyos.kingdoms ruled by daimyos.

– Introduction of Portuguese in 1400s Introduction of Portuguese in 1400s

Japanese ShogunateJapanese Shogunate Japanese feudalismJapanese feudalism

– Shogun (leader)Shogun (leader)– Daimyo (powerful lords—shogun Daimyo (powerful lords—shogun

usually chosen from this group)usually chosen from this group)– Samurai (warriors)Samurai (warriors)– Bushido (feudal law)Bushido (feudal law)

ShogunatesShogunates– Most Famous is Tokugawa Most Famous is Tokugawa

ShogunateShogunateDictatorship, Highly centralizedDictatorship, Highly centralized

governmentgovernmentConfucian IdeasConfucian IdeasClosed Ports to trade caused economic collapseClosed Ports to trade caused economic collapse

Japanese Contact with Japanese Contact with WestWest– First step taken was First step taken was

persecution of Christians, persecution of Christians, then banning of Christianity then banning of Christianity in 1614in 1614

– after 1616 foreign merchants after 1616 foreign merchants limited to few portslimited to few ports

– by 1640s, only Dutch and by 1640s, only Dutch and Chinese admitted at Chinese admitted at Deshima (Nagasaki Bay)Deshima (Nagasaki Bay)

– in eighteenth century Neo-Confucian in eighteenth century Neo-Confucian philosophy abandoned in favor of school philosophy abandoned in favor of school of "National Learning" based on of "National Learning" based on indigenous Japanese cultureindigenous Japanese culture

– differed from Chinese in adopting differed from Chinese in adopting European technological developments. European technological developments.

East Asian Exploration and Isolation (Xenophobic)East Asian Exploration and Isolation (Xenophobic) MingMing

– returned to use of Neo-Confucian philosophy as returned to use of Neo-Confucian philosophy as basis of culturebasis of culture

– restored position of scholar-gentryrestored position of scholar-gentry– reinstituted examination system as basis of civil reinstituted examination system as basis of civil

service. service. – Early emperors attempted to curtail power of Early emperors attempted to curtail power of

scholar-gentryscholar-gentry– potential rivals to succession exiled potential rivals to succession exiled

to provincesto provinces– greatest economic reform was greatest economic reform was

Zhenghe voyages to distant marketsZhenghe voyages to distant markets

WomenWomen

Different status for Elite and Working Different status for Elite and Working womenwomen

Think noble versus serf/peasantThink noble versus serf/peasant

WomenWomen

During middle ages, new limits on During middle ages, new limits on the conditions of womenthe conditions of women

In some respects, women in the west In some respects, women in the west had higher status than their sisters in had higher status than their sisters in IslamIslam– Less segregated in religious services Less segregated in religious services

(although could not lead them)(although could not lead them)– Less confined to the householdLess confined to the household

WomenWomen Still women’s voices in the family may Still women’s voices in the family may

have declined in the Middle Ageshave declined in the Middle Ages Urban women played important roles in Urban women played important roles in

local commerce and even operated some local commerce and even operated some craft guilds, but found themselves craft guilds, but found themselves increasingly hemmed in by male-increasingly hemmed in by male-dominated organizationsdominated organizations

Patriarchal structures take deeper root.Patriarchal structures take deeper root.

World EconomyWorld Economy

During the postclassical millennium, During the postclassical millennium, 45-1450 CE, a few areas contributed 45-1450 CE, a few areas contributed raw materials (including labor power raw materials (including labor power – slaves) to more advanced societies – slaves) to more advanced societies – China and the Islamic world.– China and the Islamic world.

The supply areas included western The supply areas included western Europe and parts of Africa and Europe and parts of Africa and southeast Asiasoutheast Asia

World EconomyWorld Economy

Although economic relationships Although economic relationships were unequal, they did not affect the were unequal, they did not affect the societies that produced raw material societies that produced raw material too much since international trade too much since international trade was not sufficient to do so.was not sufficient to do so.

World Economy – Middle AgesWorld Economy – Middle Ages

Population growth encouraged Population growth encouraged further economic innovation – new further economic innovation – new people =new marketspeople =new markets

Towns expanded and agriculture Towns expanded and agriculture increasedincreased

Crusades exposed west to new Crusades exposed west to new cultural and economic influence from cultural and economic influence from the Middle East. This included a thirst the Middle East. This included a thirst for trade.for trade.

East meets westEast meets west

– Three major manufacturing zones: Three major manufacturing zones: Arab producing carpets, tapestry, glass; Arab producing carpets, tapestry, glass; Indian producing cotton textiles; Indian producing cotton textiles; China producing porcelain, paper, silks. China producing porcelain, paper, silks.

– No central control of Indian Ocean trade No central control of Indian Ocean trade system, no use of military force. system, no use of military force.

– Portuguese brought use of military force Portuguese brought use of military force into systeminto system

– added new routes including route added new routes including route around Cape of Good Hope to Europearound Cape of Good Hope to Europe

– introduction of concept of sea power introduction of concept of sea power and military forceand military force

– introduction of Christianity, tribute introduction of Christianity, tribute kingdomskingdoms

Other Trade RoutesOther Trade Routes

Bantu peoples moved along Congo River Bantu peoples moved along Congo River and further south and east in Africa. and further south and east in Africa. (Evidence-Bantu languages)(Evidence-Bantu languages)

Vikings moved along rivers and oceans Vikings moved along rivers and oceans into Europe and even the new world. into Europe and even the new world. (Viking ships= horses of other nomads)(Viking ships= horses of other nomads)

Turks and Mongols moved southward and Turks and Mongols moved southward and westward from the steps of Asia bringing westward from the steps of Asia bringing bubonic plague to China and Europe.bubonic plague to China and Europe.

Global trade and core and Global trade and core and peripheral nationsperipheral nations

Core areas were those areas of the world economy Core areas were those areas of the world economy typified by production of manufactured goods, typified by production of manufactured goods, control of shipping, monopoly of banking and control of shipping, monopoly of banking and commercial services. commercial services.

Core areas were located primarily in northwestern Core areas were located primarily in northwestern Europe Britain, France, and Holland. Europe Britain, France, and Holland.

Dependent zones (peripheral) were regions typified Dependent zones (peripheral) were regions typified by production of raw materials, supply of bullion, by production of raw materials, supply of bullion, plantation agriculture of cash crops produced by plantation agriculture of cash crops produced by coercive labor systems. coercive labor systems.

Dependent zones surrounded the European core Dependent zones surrounded the European core including southern and eastern Europe, Asia, and the including southern and eastern Europe, Asia, and the colonial discoveries of the European explorers.colonial discoveries of the European explorers.

Global NetworkGlobal Network

East Asia, particularly China and Japan East Asia, particularly China and Japan remained outside of global trade network; remained outside of global trade network;

Mughal India only minimally involved; Mughal India only minimally involved; Ottoman Empire restricted trade to European Ottoman Empire restricted trade to European

enclaves in cities; enclaves in cities; Russia also remained outside system; outside Russia also remained outside system; outside

of slave regions, Africa not involved. of slave regions, Africa not involved. After 1600, India increasingly dominated by After 1600, India increasingly dominated by

France and England; France and England; Eastern Europe brought into system as Eastern Europe brought into system as

supplier of grain to West. supplier of grain to West.

Changes and ContinuitiesChanges and Continuities

Change: Classic empires have fallen and new Change: Classic empires have fallen and new ones have been created.ones have been created.

Change: Migrations of nomadic peoples cause Change: Migrations of nomadic peoples cause major international changes and diffusion of ideas major international changes and diffusion of ideas and diseasesand diseases

Continuity: Religion continues to be important and Continuity: Religion continues to be important and continues to spread.continues to spread.

Continuity: Trade routes continue to grow in Continuity: Trade routes continue to grow in importanceimportance

Continuity: Societies continue to be PatriarchalContinuity: Societies continue to be Patriarchal

1450-17501450-1750European Atlantic EmpiresEuropean Atlantic EmpiresWest becomes dominantWest becomes dominant

GunpowderGunpowderMughalsMughals

OttomansOttomansNeo-ConfucianismNeo-Confucianism

African ContributionsAfrican Contributions

BookendsBookends

1450- Beginning of European Atlantic 1450- Beginning of European Atlantic empiresempires

1450-Beginning of Global trade1450-Beginning of Global trade 1492- End of Islam in Europe1492- End of Islam in Europe 1433- end of Chinese treasure ship 1433- end of Chinese treasure ship

expeditionsexpeditions 1750- beginning of industrialization1750- beginning of industrialization 1750-western hemisphere 1750-western hemisphere

colonization peakscolonization peaks

Six things to RememberSix things to Remember Americas are included in world trade for Americas are included in world trade for

the first time.the first time. Improvements in shipping and Improvements in shipping and

gunpowder technology continuesgunpowder technology continues Populations are in transitionPopulations are in transition New social structures emerge based on New social structures emerge based on

race and genderrace and gender Traditional beliefs are threatened in Traditional beliefs are threatened in

Europe but reinforced in ChinaEurope but reinforced in China Empires are both land-based and cross Empires are both land-based and cross

oceanicoceanic

Changes in Changes in WeaponryWeaponry

ChangesChanges– Calvary/mounted knights & infantryCalvary/mounted knights & infantry– Lance Lance → arquebus (portable long barreled gun → arquebus (portable long barreled gun

fired by a wheel and lock) and pike → musket fired by a wheel and lock) and pike → musket with bayonetwith bayonet

– Calvary charge → rows/columns of uniformed Calvary charge → rows/columns of uniformed soldierssoldiers

– Simple medieval wall with gates and towers → Simple medieval wall with gates and towers → elaborate fortification systems designed to stop elaborate fortification systems designed to stop canon firecanon fire

– Military leaders as battle chiefs →Military leaders as battle chiefs →management expertsmanagement experts

– Performance learned on a drill fieldPerformance learned on a drill field

Knights and GunsKnights and Guns

Infantry had already proven to be Infantry had already proven to be more successful than cavalrymore successful than cavalry– Ex. 1415 Agincourt—long bows—Ex. 1415 Agincourt—long bows—

mow down knights of France mow down knights of France on horsebackon horseback

Origin of the GunOrigin of the Gun

Chinese and Arabs used gunpowder Chinese and Arabs used gunpowder since 8since 8thth century century

Mongols 13Mongols 13thth century (1240) Poland century (1240) Poland and Hungary 1and Hungary 1stst experience gunfire experience gunfire

Ironworks in Europe soon learned Ironworks in Europe soon learned how to make a gunhow to make a gun– Iron tube in which gunpowder is Iron tube in which gunpowder is

exploded to fire a missileexploded to fire a missile

1400 Ottomans construct cannons to 1400 Ottomans construct cannons to forge through the Balkansforge through the Balkans– 1453 helped to take out Constantinople1453 helped to take out Constantinople

Gun becomes premiere tool for Gun becomes premiere tool for explorers, conquerors and merchantsexplorers, conquerors and merchants

Knights couldn’t withstand heavier Knights couldn’t withstand heavier armor to survive gun shot—death of armor to survive gun shot—death of knighthoodknighthood

New formations and mass, unison, New formations and mass, unison, precise gunfire could halt a charging precise gunfire could halt a charging armyarmy

Big GunsBig Guns

Smaller at first inaccurate Smaller at first inaccurate and bad for long distanceand bad for long distance

Big guns—cannons—Big guns—cannons—better for breaking down wallsbetter for breaking down walls

Beasts of burden used to bring Beasts of burden used to bring them to town/castle walls to fire them to town/castle walls to fire cannon after cannon to break defensescannon after cannon to break defenses

Soldiers then raped and pillaged Soldiers then raped and pillaged town/castletown/castle– 11stst done by France –Charles VII in 1450 done by France –Charles VII in 1450

Problem: siege tactics Problem: siege tactics cost many innocent cost many innocent lives; therefore, new lives; therefore, new type of fortificationtype of fortification– Bastions—thicker walls Bastions—thicker walls

that protected people that protected people and town withinand town within

– Very expensive to buildVery expensive to build—Michelangelo —Michelangelo and da Vinci some of and da Vinci some of the first designersthe first designers

• Advent of professional Advent of professional armies—Italy, Swedenarmies—Italy, Sweden

Switzerland, England, Switzerland, England, France, PrussiaFrance, Prussia

Changes in WarChanges in War

““Wars no longer a test of strength, to be Wars no longer a test of strength, to be decided by “mere battles”, “rather they decided by “mere battles”, “rather they depend on losing or gaining friends and depend on losing or gaining friends and allies, and it is to this end that good states allies, and it is to this end that good states men turn all their attention and energymen turn all their attention and energy

Rise of DiplomacyRise of Diplomacy– Ambassadors develop out of medieval heralds Ambassadors develop out of medieval heralds

and/or messengersand/or messengers– Enjoyed personal security from both partiesEnjoyed personal security from both parties– Authorized to conduct negotiations, i.e. Authorized to conduct negotiations, i.e.

diplomacydiplomacy

ExpenseExpense– Cost is huge—ruler provided equipment Cost is huge—ruler provided equipment

(ammunition, amour, weapons)(ammunition, amour, weapons)– Wives and children, spare horsesWives and children, spare horses– Armies sometimes 1600 strongArmies sometimes 1600 strong

Warfare on ships (river or sea)Warfare on ships (river or sea)– Cannons prove to be very effective on Cannons prove to be very effective on

shipsships

MM

UU

GG

HH

AA

LL

EEMMPPIIRREE

Mughal RulersMughal Rulers all fabulously wealthyall fabulously wealthy empire covered 2/3 of present-day Indiaempire covered 2/3 of present-day India Babur 1526-1530Babur 1526-1530

– Charismatic leaderCharismatic leader– Related to Gengis Khan and Related to Gengis Khan and

TamerlaineTamerlaine– Took over AfghanistanTook over Afghanistan– Builder of gardensBuilder of gardens– Brought the Persian culture Brought the Persian culture

to Indiato India– Brought first cannons to India-Brought first cannons to India-

helped him to successfully invadehelped him to successfully invade

Humayan 1530-1556Humayan 1530-1556– Underachiever, son of BaburUnderachiever, son of Babur– SuperstitiousSuperstitious– Loved booksLoved books– Spent entire reign consolidating Spent entire reign consolidating

the empirethe empire Akbar 1556-1605Akbar 1556-1605

– StatesmanStatesman– Encouraged religious toleranceEncouraged religious tolerance– Brought Muslim culture to IndiaBrought Muslim culture to India– Married a Hindu princessMarried a Hindu princess– Ran the country with a good Ran the country with a good

infrastructureinfrastructure– Came to power at 13 – Came to power at 13 –

general who was loyal kept the general who was loyal kept the empire in tact for him until of ageempire in tact for him until of age

Jahangir 1605-1627Jahangir 1605-1627– DrunkardDrunkard– Loved precious jewels…it was Loved precious jewels…it was

an obsessionan obsession– Hunter; boasted about hunting Hunter; boasted about hunting

abilities and number of killsabilities and number of kills Shah Jehan 1627-1658Shah Jehan 1627-1658

– most famous to western worldmost famous to western world– built Taj Mahal, Red Fort, built Taj Mahal, Red Fort,

and Friday Mosque (largest in India)and Friday Mosque (largest in India)– ruthless—killed male heirs of ruthless—killed male heirs of

extended familyextended family– imprisoned the last 9 years by his sonimprisoned the last 9 years by his son

Taj MahalTaj Mahal

Friday MosqueFriday Mosque

Red FortRed Fort

Auranzeb 1658-1707Auranzeb 1658-1707– religious fanatic required all to be religious fanatic required all to be

MuslimsMuslims– enforced Muslim law which begins to enforced Muslim law which begins to

break up the empire—Hindus upset with break up the empire—Hindus upset with the lawthe law

– Eleven more rulers to follow, Eleven more rulers to follow, yet the empire continues yet the empire continues to declineto decline

Mughal ArchitectureMughal Architecture

formed from the Persian and Indian formed from the Persian and Indian style of artstyle of art

consisted of archs, domes, towers, consisted of archs, domes, towers, indentures, and carvingsindentures, and carvings

To show the greatness of the Mughal To show the greatness of the Mughal architecture, the buildings tended to architecture, the buildings tended to be tall and enormous. be tall and enormous.

The Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman Empire

Ottoman empire (1289-1923) Ottoman empire (1289-1923) Founded by Osman Bey in 1289, who Founded by Osman Bey in 1289, who

led Muslim religious warriors (led Muslim religious warriors (ghazi)ghazi) Ottoman expansion into Byzantine Ottoman expansion into Byzantine

empire empire – Seized city of Bursa, then into the Balkans Seized city of Bursa, then into the Balkans – Organized Organized ghazi ghazi into formidable military into formidable military

machine machine – Central role of the Janissaries (slave troops) Central role of the Janissaries (slave troops) – Effective use of gunpowder in battles and siegesEffective use of gunpowder in battles and sieges

Ottoman Empire (1289-1923) Ottoman Empire (1289-1923) Mehmed the Conqueror (reigned Mehmed the Conqueror (reigned

1451-1481) 1451-1481) – Captured Constantinople in 1453; it Captured Constantinople in 1453; it

became Istanbul, the Ottoman capital became Istanbul, the Ottoman capital – Absolute monarchy-- Absolute monarchy--

centralized state centralized state – Expanded to Serbia, Greece, Expanded to Serbia, Greece,

Albania; Albania; attacked Italy attacked Italy

Tokapi Palace—main Tokapi Palace—main residence in Istanbulresidence in Istanbul

Ottoman empire (1289-1923) Ottoman empire (1289-1923)

Suleyman the Magnificent (1520-1566) Suleyman the Magnificent (1520-1566) – Sultan Selim the Grim (1512-1520) Sultan Selim the Grim (1512-1520)

occupied Syria and Egypt occupied Syria and Egypt – Suleyman the Magnificent expanded Suleyman the Magnificent expanded

into southwest Asia and into southwest Asia and central Europe central Europe

– Suleyman also built Suleyman also built a navy powerful a navy powerful enough to challenge enough to challenge European fleetsEuropean fleets

Ottoman empire (1289-1923)Ottoman empire (1289-1923) Dynasty endured for more than 600 yearsDynasty endured for more than 600 years Too large to be maintainedToo large to be maintained the empire's communication technology was not the empire's communication technology was not

developed enough to reach all territories developed enough to reach all territories the circumstances surrounding the Ottoman Empire's the circumstances surrounding the Ottoman Empire's

fall closely paralleled those surrounding the fall of the fall closely paralleled those surrounding the fall of the Roman EmpireRoman Empire– ongoing tensions between the empire's different ethnic ongoing tensions between the empire's different ethnic

groupsgroups– various governments' inability to deal with these tensions various governments' inability to deal with these tensions

Built on war and steady territorial expansionBuilt on war and steady territorial expansion Possibilities for new lands ran out and lands began to Possibilities for new lands ran out and lands began to

be lost to enemiesbe lost to enemies Means to maintain oversized bureaucracy and army Means to maintain oversized bureaucracy and army

shrankshrank

Ottoman empire (1289-1923)Ottoman empire (1289-1923)

Decline in effectiveness of the Decline in effectiveness of the administrative system = corruption administrative system = corruption among officialsamong officials

Poor regulated central gov’t allowed local Poor regulated central gov’t allowed local officials to be corrupt which sparked officials to be corrupt which sparked rebellions = further drain on resourcesrebellions = further drain on resources

Other issue Other issue →→successors were not successors were not prepared to ruled instead basically prepared to ruled instead basically imprisoned = weak rulers = pawnsimprisoned = weak rulers = pawns

Civil strife increased and the discipline and Civil strife increased and the discipline and leadership of the armies deterioratedleadership of the armies deteriorated


Began to lose on the battle field (change Began to lose on the battle field (change to light field artillery by European powers)to light field artillery by European powers)

Not dominate on the sea (defeated by Not dominate on the sea (defeated by Spanish and Italian navies at Battle of Spanish and Italian navies at Battle of Lepanto)Lepanto)

Goods not going to Europe through Goods not going to Europe through Muslim trading centers lost revenue for Muslim trading centers lost revenue for Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

Inflation caused by Spanish silver into Inflation caused by Spanish silver into Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire


Long standing belief that little of Long standing belief that little of what happened in Europe was what happened in Europe was important –not take seriously the important –not take seriously the changes that transformed Europechanges that transformed Europe

Ends up being “Sick Man”Ends up being “Sick Man” Independence movements in BalkansIndependence movements in Balkans Defeated in 1918 and divided Defeated in 1918 and divided

between Britain and Francebetween Britain and France

Neo-ConfucianismNeo-Confucianism the revival of the various strands of the revival of the various strands of

Confucian philosophy and political culture Confucian philosophy and political culture that began in the middle of the 9th Century that began in the middle of the 9th Century and reached new levels of intellectual and and reached new levels of intellectual and social creativity in the 11th Century in the social creativity in the 11th Century in the Northern Song Dynasty. Northern Song Dynasty.

movement included speculative movement included speculative philosophers, painters, poets, doctors, social philosophers, painters, poets, doctors, social ethicists, political theorists, historians, local ethicists, political theorists, historians, local reformers and government civil servants. reformers and government civil servants.

14th C.--the teaching of the way or the 14th C.--the teaching of the way or the teaching of principle, became the standard teaching of principle, became the standard curriculum for the imperial civil service curriculum for the imperial civil service examination system examination system – dominance of the civil service continued until dominance of the civil service continued until

the whole system was abolished in 1905. the whole system was abolished in 1905. – In the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) there In the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) there

was a further reaction against the speculative was a further reaction against the speculative philosophy of the learning of Han arose philosophy of the learning of Han arose to combat what were taken to be the to combat what were taken to be the grave mistakes grave mistakes

– also know as the school of evidential research also know as the school of evidential research because of its commitment to historical and because of its commitment to historical and philological research in contradistinction to philological research in contradistinction to the Song and Ming fascination with the Song and Ming fascination with speculative metaphysics and personal moral speculative metaphysics and personal moral self-cultivation. self-cultivation.

Neo-Confucian masters where also Neo-Confucian masters where also teachers of various forms of personal teachers of various forms of personal moral self-cultivationmoral self-cultivation– sought to promote a unified vision of sought to promote a unified vision of

humane flourishing that would end with humane flourishing that would end with a person becoming a sage or worthy by a person becoming a sage or worthy by means of various forms of self-means of various forms of self-cultivation. cultivation.

became an international movement became an international movement and spread to Korea, Japan, and and spread to Korea, Japan, and VietnamVietnam

African Contributions to the African Contributions to the Cultures of AmericaCultures of America

SlaverySlavery Music – Jazz; gospelMusic – Jazz; gospel Religion - While the dominant religions Religion - While the dominant religions

on the Caribbean islands are all on the Caribbean islands are all variants of Christianity, a few religions variants of Christianity, a few religions are the result of African slaves are the result of African slaves combining their spiritual practices with combining their spiritual practices with the beliefs of their captors. Most the beliefs of their captors. Most common are voodoo and Santería. common are voodoo and Santería.

Changes and ContinuitiesChanges and Continuities

ChangeChange: The Americas are added to world : The Americas are added to world trade networktrade network

ChangeChange: Europe becomes a Maritime area: Europe becomes a Maritime area ContinuityContinuity: Trade is really important: Trade is really important ContinuityContinuity: Religions continue to adapt to : Religions continue to adapt to

new times, but very importantnew times, but very important ContinuityContinuity: Diffusion of ideas and diseases : Diffusion of ideas and diseases

as people come into contact with each as people come into contact with each other.other.

Age of RevolutionAge of Revolution1750-19141750-1914

Mexican, Haitian, Mexican, Haitian, and Chinese and Chinese RevolutionsRevolutions

Three Things to RememberThree Things to Remember

Industrialization caused true world-Industrialization caused true world-wide interdependence. Intensification wide interdependence. Intensification of core-periphery conceptof core-periphery concept

Populations grew and people moved Populations grew and people moved from the country into the cities to from the country into the cities to work in factories. work in factories.

Women gained some economic Women gained some economic opportunities with the rise of factory opportunities with the rise of factory work, but they did not gain political or work, but they did not gain political or economic parity.economic parity.

Three more things to Three more things to RememberRemember

Western culture influenced Asia Western culture influenced Asia and Africa, especially because of and Africa, especially because of imperialismimperialism

Rise of the Proletariat as a social forceRise of the Proletariat as a social force Revolutions were inspired because of Revolutions were inspired because of

the Enlightenment ideals of the social the Enlightenment ideals of the social contract and natural rights.contract and natural rights.

The BookendsThe Bookends

1750- beginning of industrialization 1750- beginning of industrialization with the water frame in Manchester with the water frame in Manchester EnglandEngland

1776-First enlightenment revolution.1776-First enlightenment revolution. 1800’s nationalism1800’s nationalism 1800’s Imperialism1800’s Imperialism 1860 Emancipation of serfs and slaves1860 Emancipation of serfs and slaves 1914 Eve of World War I1914 Eve of World War I

Classic RevolutionsClassic Revolutions Haitian Revolution-August 22, 1791 - 1804Haitian Revolution-August 22, 1791 - 1804 Mexican Revolution -September 16, 1810 – 1821Mexican Revolution -September 16, 1810 – 1821

– 22ndnd Revolution 1908 Revolution 1908 Greek Revolution - 1821 - 1829 Greek Revolution - 1821 - 1829 French Revolution -1789-1799French Revolution -1789-1799 American Revolution 1775-1781 (how was this American Revolution 1775-1781 (how was this

revolution different)revolution different) Russian Revolution 1917-1921Russian Revolution 1917-1921 Chinese Revolution 1911 – 1921Chinese Revolution 1911 – 1921

– 22ndnd Revolution and civil war 1949 Revolution and civil war 1949

Latin American IndependenceLatin American Independence

Sources of DiscontentSources of Discontent

1. 1. Discontent among social hierarchyDiscontent among social hierarchy– PeninsularsPeninsulars– CreolesCreoles– MestizosMestizos– MulattoesMulattoes– Native AmericansNative Americans– Enslaved AfricansEnslaved Africans


Sources of DiscontentSources of Discontent

2.2. Enlightenment ideasEnlightenment ideas

- read workers- read workers

- North America & creoles read Dec. - North America & creoles read Dec. of Independence and Constitutionof Independence and Constitution

- Women hosted salon (tertulias) - Women hosted salon (tertulias) where independence and revolution where independence and revolution were discussedwere discussed


3. 3. Napoleon’s invasion of SpainNapoleon’s invasion of Spain- Joseph on throneJoseph on throne- Latin American leaders saw Spain’s Latin American leaders saw Spain’s

weakness as an opportunity to get rid weakness as an opportunity to get rid of them.of them.

Mexican IndependenceMexican Independence

Mexican Revolution -September 16, 1810 – Mexican Revolution -September 16, 1810 – 18211821

Creole Priest, Creole Priest, Father Miguel HidalgoFather Miguel Hidalgo raised raised cry for freedom (Sept. 15, 1810)cry for freedom (Sept. 15, 1810)

Speech – Speech – ““el Grito e Deloresel Grito e Delores” –” – the cry of Dolores the cry of Dolores

It called Mexican to fightIt called Mexican to fight for for independence and libertyindependence and liberty


Ragged army of mestizos and Native Ragged army of mestizos and Native Americans marched to outskirts of Americans marched to outskirts of Mexico CityMexico City

11stst creoles supported but soon creoles supported but soon rejected his call to end slavery and rejected his call to end slavery and reforms for NAreforms for NA

Less than a year, Hidalgo was Less than a year, Hidalgo was captured and executed.captured and executed.

Mexican IndependenceMexican Independence Father Jose MorelosFather Jose Morelos – mestizo – called – mestizo – called

for wide ranging social and political for wide ranging social and political reform- improve conditions, abolish reform- improve conditions, abolish slavery, give vote to all men slavery, give vote to all men

For 4 years, led forces then For 4 years, led forces then captured and shot. (1815)captured and shot. (1815)

Mexican IndependenceMexican Independence Agustin de IturbideAgustin de Iturbide – conservative Creole – conservative Creole

who fought revolutionaries – worried about who fought revolutionaries – worried about new Spanish government in 1820new Spanish government in 1820

In 1821, backed by creoles, mestizos, and In 1821, backed by creoles, mestizos, and Native Americans, he overthrow the Native Americans, he overthrow the Spanish viceroySpanish viceroy

Mexico independentMexico independent Iturbide took title – Iturbide took title –

Emperor Agustin IEmperor Agustin I Toppled and set up Republic Toppled and set up Republic

of Mexicoof Mexico


New government but for most little New government but for most little changedchanged

Military leaders dominated Military leaders dominated governmentgovernment

Next 100 years contains struggles to Next 100 years contains struggles to improve conditions for Mexicansimprove conditions for Mexicans

Mexican Revolution #2Mexican Revolution #2

Dictator Porfiro DiazDictator Porfiro Diaz ruled ruled for almost 35 years winning for almost 35 years winning as president again and againas president again and again

Prosperity for wealthy landowners, Prosperity for wealthy landowners, businessmen, and foreign investors businessmen, and foreign investors but most Mexicans were peasants but most Mexicans were peasants who lived in povertywho lived in poverty

Factory workers, miners, and Factory workers, miners, and middle class liberals opposed him. middle class liberals opposed him.

MexicoMexico

Francisco MaderoFrancisco Madero demanded demanded free elections in 1910.free elections in 1910.

He was imprisoned and by He was imprisoned and by Diaz and then began encouraging revoltDiaz and then began encouraging revolt

Diaz resigned in 1911Diaz resigned in 1911 Madero became president but Madero became president but

was murdered within 2 years.was murdered within 2 years.

MexicoMexico

Several leaders emerged includingSeveral leaders emerged including North -North -Francisco “Pancho” VillaFrancisco “Pancho” Villa – –

personal powerpersonal power South - South - Emiliano ZapataEmiliano Zapata – peasant revolt – peasant revolt

(Zapatistas)(Zapatistas) Decade of fightingDecade of fighting Women soldiers called Women soldiers called

soldaderassoldaderas cooked, tended cooked, tended wounded and even fought.wounded and even fought.

MexicoMexico 1917 Venustiano elected and approved a 1917 Venustiano elected and approved a

constitution (today's)constitution (today's)– Land – broke up large estates, restricted Land – broke up large estates, restricted

foreigners owning land and allowed foreigners owning land and allowed nationalization of natural resourcesnationalization of natural resources

– Religion – Church land made “the property of Religion – Church land made “the property of the nation”the nation”

– Labor – min. wage and protected right of Labor – min. wage and protected right of workers to strikeworkers to strike

– Suffrage only to men but gave women some Suffrage only to men but gave women some protection (equal pay, married women to draw protection (equal pay, married women to draw up contracts, take part in legal suits, equal up contracts, take part in legal suits, equal authority with men in spending family funds)authority with men in spending family funds)

Mexican Independence 2Mexican Independence 2

1920s – after government restored 1920s – after government restored order finallyorder finally– Helped some Indian communities regain Helped some Indian communities regain

landland– Supported labor unionsSupported labor unions– Schools and libraries set upSchools and libraries set up– Teachers spread ideas of nationalismTeachers spread ideas of nationalism

Mexico became first LA to pursue Mexico became first LA to pursue reformsreforms

Revolutions in HaitiRevolutions in Haiti

• Slave RevoltSlave RevoltToussaint L’OuvertureToussaint L’Ouverture

The Louisiana Territory and The Louisiana Territory and Napoleon’s Empire Napoleon’s Empire

Balanced Precariously on Balanced Precariously on an ex-slavean ex-slave

Slave revolt because of brutal slave Slave revolt because of brutal slave systemsystem

St. Dominique (Haiti) whites decided St. Dominique (Haiti) whites decided to fight for freedom from France b/c to fight for freedom from France b/c of a law passed that gave all those of of a law passed that gave all those of color with 2 free parents their color with 2 free parents their freedom.freedom.

1793 Toussaint joined fight1793 Toussaint joined fight National Convention abolished National Convention abolished

slavery in St. Dominiqueslavery in St. Dominique 1794 France1794 France’’s National Assembly s National Assembly

abolished slavery in coloniesabolished slavery in colonies

After war with Britain and Spain, Toussaint After war with Britain and Spain, Toussaint supported French govsupported French gov’’tt

Toussaint was made lieutenant governor of Toussaint was made lieutenant governor of St. Dominique St. Dominique

He distrusted all foreigners, believing only He distrusted all foreigners, believing only black leadership could assure autonomous black leadership could assure autonomous St. DominiqueSt. Dominique

Toussaint made commander-in-chief of island by Toussaint made commander-in-chief of island by French ConventionFrench Convention

Resolved to quickly establish autonomous Resolved to quickly establish autonomous black stateblack state

After defeat of Spanish & British began moving After defeat of Spanish & British began moving toward independence from France toward independence from France

Wanted to be on equal footing with France and Wanted to be on equal footing with France and other major powersother major powers

Toussaint was inspired by French & US Toussaint was inspired by French & US revolutions revolutions – Some of his officers had fought with Some of his officers had fought with

French army in US War for IndependenceFrench army in US War for Independence 1799 Napoleon1799 Napoleon’’s s coup dcoup d’’etatetat in France in France Wanted Toussaint outWanted Toussaint out Wanted to reestablish slaveryWanted to reestablish slavery 1800 Toussaint became military dictator1800 Toussaint became military dictator Re-imposed plantation systemRe-imposed plantation system

Constitution gave Napoleon a reason for Constitution gave Napoleon a reason for sending French troops to take oversending French troops to take over– Technically a French colony, acting as an Technically a French colony, acting as an

independent stateindependent state Toussaint Toussaint ““liberatedliberated”” St. Dominique St. Dominique

from Frenchfrom French Toussaint never formally severed its bond Toussaint never formally severed its bond

with Francewith France Toussaint defeated and sent to prison Toussaint defeated and sent to prison

in Francein France 1804 Toussaint1804 Toussaint’’s successor (one of his s successor (one of his

lieutenants) declared St. Dominique the lieutenants) declared St. Dominique the independent country of Haitiindependent country of Haiti

1911 Revolution in China1911 Revolution in China Last emperor Pi Yu abdicates the throneLast emperor Pi Yu abdicates the throne

– Mutiny by imperial soldiersMutiny by imperial soldiers– Scattered secret society upheavalsScattered secret society upheavals– Organized plots, etc.Organized plots, etc.

Republic 1912-1949Republic 1912-1949– January 1, 1912 is the first official day of January 1, 1912 is the first official day of

the Republic of Chinathe Republic of China– Provisional president is Sun Yat-senProvisional president is Sun Yat-sen– He is soon pushed aside which begins a 15 He is soon pushed aside which begins a 15

year period of military strongmen designated year period of military strongmen designated as President—warlord periodas President—warlord period

– Politically it resembled the last few years of the Politically it resembled the last few years of the Qing ruleQing rule

Meji RestorationMeji Restoration

Japanese ModernizationJapanese Modernization– New Constitution based on US New Constitution based on US – Parliament formed (Diet)Parliament formed (Diet)– Mostly an OligarchyMostly an Oligarchy

ZaibatsuZaibatsu– State Sponsored businesses State Sponsored businesses – Industry and Private EnterpriseIndustry and Private Enterprise– Poor Working Conditions for PoorPoor Working Conditions for Poor

Increased UrbanizationIncreased Urbanization Beginnings of Japanese expansionismBeginnings of Japanese expansionism

Japanese expansionismJapanese expansionism Sino-Japanese WarSino-Japanese War

– Japan wants part of Chinese TradeJapan wants part of Chinese Trade– Takes over Korea and trading portTakes over Korea and trading port– Used U.S Open Door Policy to justify actionsUsed U.S Open Door Policy to justify actions

Russo-Japanese WarRusso-Japanese War– Caused by competition over ManchuriaCaused by competition over Manchuria– Surprise Attack by Japanese on Russian Surprise Attack by Japanese on Russian

positionspositions– Japan WinsJapan Wins

Begins to warn World of Japan’s Imperial Begins to warn World of Japan’s Imperial LeaningsLeanings

Asia for the AsiansAsia for the Asians

Details-Cultural and Details-Cultural and Intellectual expressionsIntellectual expressions

African and Asian influences of African and Asian influences of European art.European art.

Western intellectual thought- especially Western intellectual thought- especially science and the enlightenment - were science and the enlightenment - were highly influential to Asian and African highly influential to Asian and African areas.areas.

Traditional religious teachings continue to Traditional religious teachings continue to be influential and often form the backbone be influential and often form the backbone to anti-imperial activities.to anti-imperial activities.

Art SampleArt Sample

Picasso’s encounter with Picasso’s encounter with African masks (1907)African masks (1907)

WomenWomen

IR – cut into women’s traditional work IR – cut into women’s traditional work Expanded educational opportunitiesExpanded educational opportunities Some new work roles and feminism Some new work roles and feminism

developed by 1914developed by 1914 Elevated women’s position in home Elevated women’s position in home

and set up more demanding tasksand set up more demanding tasks New attitudes of middle and lower-New attitudes of middle and lower-

class womenclass women

By 1900 feminist movements had By 1900 feminist movements had arisen – sought legal and economic arisen – sought legal and economic gains for womengains for women

Won support from middle-class Won support from middle-class womenwomen

Several American states and Several American states and Scandinavian countries extended Scandinavian countries extended vote by 1914 and the pattern spreadvote by 1914 and the pattern spread

WomenWomen Emmile PankhurstEmmile Pankhurst – English – fought – English – fought

for women’s rights and became for women’s rights and became radicalradical

WomenWomen

Asian and African -European Asian and African -European imperialism set up missionary imperialism set up missionary schools that became respectableschools that became respectable

Women became more prominent in Women became more prominent in nationalist movements nationalist movements

Changes and ContinuitiesChanges and Continuities ChangeChange: Industrialization changed : Industrialization changed

almost everything- the way people almost everything- the way people worked, lived, traveled, related to worked, lived, traveled, related to their families and communicated.their families and communicated.

ChangeChange: rise of the middle class and : rise of the middle class and new governmental structuresnew governmental structures

ContinuityContinuity: Religion continues to be : Religion continues to be a force for conservatisma force for conservatism

ContinuityContinuity: Patriarchal gender : Patriarchal gender structure remainsstructure remains

2020thth Century Century

World WarsWorld Wars

Conflict of Conflict of IdeologyIdeology

Trends in 20Trends in 20thth CenturyCentury

World War IWorld War I Causes (NIMS)Causes (NIMS)

– Competition between EmpiresCompetition between Empires– Secret AlliancesSecret Alliances– Tensions in the BalkansTensions in the Balkans– Assassination of Arch Duke Francis FerdinandAssassination of Arch Duke Francis Ferdinand

Central Powers and AlliesCentral Powers and Allies WarfareWarfare

– Trench warfare on Western FrontTrench warfare on Western Front– Naval Warfare and SubmarinesNaval Warfare and Submarines

Treaty of Versailles: Wilson’s 14 PointsTreaty of Versailles: Wilson’s 14 Points– Great Britain and France wanted RevengeGreat Britain and France wanted Revenge

War Guilt ClauseWar Guilt Clause Loss of TerritoryLoss of Territory DisarmamentDisarmament ReparationsReparations

TermsTerms

War of attritionWar of attrition UltimatumUltimatum AtrocityAtrocity StalemateStalemate ReparationsReparations ArmisticeArmistice

Russian Revolution and Russian Revolution and CommunismCommunism

Russian Revolution 1917Russian Revolution 1917– 11stst Control was by Kenensky and social Control was by Kenensky and social

democratsdemocrats– Lenin and group of Bolsheviks overthrow Lenin and group of Bolsheviks overthrow

Tsar Nicholas IITsar Nicholas II– After Lenin’s Death Josef Stalin gains After Lenin’s Death Josef Stalin gains

controlcontrol Economic ReformsEconomic Reforms

– Year PlansYear PlansFive year Plan: heavy IndustryFive year Plan: heavy IndustryCollectivizationCollectivizationKulaks – problems with land distributionKulaks – problems with land distribution

Political OppressionPolitical Oppression– Little Political freedomsLittle Political freedoms– Siberian Labor CampsSiberian Labor Camps

Rise Of FascismRise Of Fascism German fascismGerman fascism– Began as lack of confidence in Began as lack of confidence in

Weimar RepublicWeimar Republic– Against Communist Party which was Against Communist Party which was

also strong in Germanyalso strong in Germany– Anti-Semitic as well as other races Anti-Semitic as well as other races

(Gypsies)(Gypsies) Italian fascismItalian fascism

– Appealed to veterans of WWIAppealed to veterans of WWI– Extreme Nationalist/ Racial PrejudiceExtreme Nationalist/ Racial Prejudice– Led by Benito MussoliniLed by Benito Mussolini

March on Rome leads to control of March on Rome leads to control of countrycountry

Eventually allied with German Eventually allied with German FascistsFascists

NazismNazism Led by Adolf HitlerLed by Adolf Hitler

– Specific type of fascismSpecific type of fascism– Charismatic LeaderCharismatic Leader– Wrote Mein KampfWrote Mein Kampf– Last Chancellor of Weimar RepublicLast Chancellor of Weimar Republic

Head of German Parliament, ReichstagHead of German Parliament, ReichstagPassed Enabling Act, Suspended Passed Enabling Act, Suspended

Constitution gave Hitler power to Rule Constitution gave Hitler power to Rule be decreebe decree

– Outlawed all political oppositionOutlawed all political opposition– Limited personal freedomsLimited personal freedoms– Began persecuting Jews and othersBegan persecuting Jews and others

Chinese CommunismChinese Communism After Qing, China governed by After Qing, China governed by

Nationalist PartyNationalist Party– Led by Sun Yat-SenLed by Sun Yat-Sen– After Sun Yat-Sen dies Chang Kai-After Sun Yat-Sen dies Chang Kai-

Shek takes overShek takes over Chinese Communist Party Chinese Communist Party

– Led by Mao ZedongLed by Mao Zedong– Leads Revolution against nationalistsLeads Revolution against nationalists– Early Defeats lead to Long MarchEarly Defeats lead to Long March– Helped by distraction of Japanese Helped by distraction of Japanese

InvasionInvasion– Eventually Communists succeed and Eventually Communists succeed and

nationalists flee to Taiwannationalists flee to Taiwan

World War IIWorld War II Axis and AlliesAxis and Allies

– Axis = Germany, Italy, JapanAxis = Germany, Italy, Japan– Allies = U.S., France, Great Britain, Allies = U.S., France, Great Britain,

USSRUSSR Appeasement Policy (RASP)Appeasement Policy (RASP)

– After number of aggressive moves After number of aggressive moves Allies continue to back downAllies continue to back down

– Japan Continues Expansion into Japan Continues Expansion into Chinese TerritoryChinese Territory

New TechnologyNew Technology– Aircraft Carriers/ BombersAircraft Carriers/ Bombers– RadarRadar– Atomic weaponsAtomic weapons

WWII ContinuedWWII Continued BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg– Lightning War, used by German forcesLightning War, used by German forces

Germans took over all but Great BritainGermans took over all but Great Britain– Battle of BritainBattle of Britain

BlitzBlitz Japanese Aggression in PacificJapanese Aggression in Pacific

– Pearl Harbor AttackPearl Harbor Attack Turning Point 1942Turning Point 1942

– Lost by AxisLost by AxisMidwayMidwayEl AlameinEl AlameinStalingradStalingrad

D-Day (June 6th 1944)D-Day (June 6th 1944) Atomic Bombs on JapanAtomic Bombs on Japan

Holocaust and War CrimesHolocaust and War Crimes Rape of NankingRape of Nanking

– Japanese troops storm city of Nanking, raping and Japanese troops storm city of Nanking, raping and Killing civiliansKilling civilians

Comfort WomenComfort Women– Women forced to serve as prostitutes for Women forced to serve as prostitutes for

Japanese SoldiersJapanese Soldiers HolocaustHolocaust

– Systematic genocide of Jewish people and other Systematic genocide of Jewish people and other ethnicitiesethnicities

– Called Final SolutionCalled Final Solution– Concentration Camps: AuschwitzConcentration Camps: Auschwitz

Extermination CampsExtermination Camps Gas Chambers: Zyclon BGas Chambers: Zyclon B Cremation ChambersCremation Chambers

Total of 12 Million Deaths: 6 Mil Jews, 6 Mil Total of 12 Million Deaths: 6 Mil Jews, 6 Mil Non-JewsNon-Jews

Korean WarKorean War First Test of Containment First Test of Containment

PolicyPolicy– 1950-1953 South Korea (Non-1950-1953 South Korea (Non-

Communist) V. North Korea Communist) V. North Korea (Communist)(Communist)

– U.S supports South KoreaU.S supports South Korea– China and USSR support North China and USSR support North

KoreaKorea– McArthurMcArthur

Brilliant general but arrogantBrilliant general but arrogantFired for not following ordersFired for not following orders

War Ended at Original Line of DivisionWar Ended at Original Line of Division

Cold WarCold War Non Military aggression between Communist Non Military aggression between Communist

and Capitalist Countriesand Capitalist Countries Spread of Soviet influence and ControlSpread of Soviet influence and Control

– Eastern Europe falls to Soviet ControlEastern Europe falls to Soviet Control– Violates Soviet promises at Yalta Violates Soviet promises at Yalta

ConferenceConference– Berlin Blockade and division of BerlinBerlin Blockade and division of Berlin

U.S containment PolicyU.S containment Policy– Marshal PlanMarshal Plan– Formation of NATO/SEATOFormation of NATO/SEATO

Arms RaceArms Race– Began after 1949 when Soviets Began after 1949 when Soviets

demonstrated Nuclear Weaponsdemonstrated Nuclear Weapons– Nuclear Aggression and build up between Nuclear Aggression and build up between

US and USSRUS and USSR

Cold War 1950-1960’sCold War 1950-1960’s Nikita Khrushchev gains power in USSRNikita Khrushchev gains power in USSR Space RaceSpace Race

– Soviets launch Sputnik in 1957Soviets launch Sputnik in 1957 Frightened US because USSR had first space Frightened US because USSR had first space

rocketrocket Cuban revolutionCuban revolution

– Fidel Castro makes Cuba a Communist countryFidel Castro makes Cuba a Communist country– Communist Country 90 miles of coast of USCommunist Country 90 miles of coast of US

U-2 spy plane shot down over USSRU-2 spy plane shot down over USSR JFK JFK

– Bay of Pigs invasion: attempt to overthrow CastroBay of Pigs invasion: attempt to overthrow Castro– As Result Nuclear weapons stationed in CubaAs Result Nuclear weapons stationed in Cuba

To try to destroy missiles could start nuclear war with To try to destroy missiles could start nuclear war with USSRUSSR

Kennedy blockades Cuba and Soviets back downKennedy blockades Cuba and Soviets back down

Cold War 1960-1970Cold War 1960-1970 US lands on the MoonUS lands on the Moon

– Wins the Space raceWins the Space race Split between Chinese Communist and Soviet Split between Chinese Communist and Soviet

CommunistCommunist– Mao disagrees with Soviet view of Socialism as well as Mao disagrees with Soviet view of Socialism as well as

the role of Cominternthe role of Comintern– Border between two nations became more hostileBorder between two nations became more hostile

Vietnam WarVietnam War– French Indo-ChinaFrench Indo-China

Vietnam was controlled by French, but they were too weak Vietnam was controlled by French, but they were too weak to enforce itto enforce it

– Ho Chi MinhHo Chi Minh Leader of Communist Party in N. VietnamLeader of Communist Party in N. Vietnam

– U.S Supports French Claim and enters the War to help S. U.S Supports French Claim and enters the War to help S. VietnamVietnam

– Domino TheoryDomino Theory– U.S/ French DefeatU.S/ French Defeat

End of Cold WarEnd of Cold War D’etente - General Relaxation of Tensions D’etente - General Relaxation of Tensions

between Super Powersbetween Super Powers 1980’s1980’s

– Soviets invade AfghanistanSoviets invade AfghanistanThreatened Oil SupplyThreatened Oil SupplyDamaged relationsDamaged relations

– Olympic Games BoycottedOlympic Games BoycottedUS in Moscow in 1980US in Moscow in 1980USSR in Los Angeles in 1984USSR in Los Angeles in 1984

USSR begins to collapse internallyUSSR begins to collapse internally– Mikhail Gorbachev leads USSR in 1985Mikhail Gorbachev leads USSR in 1985

Attempts reforms “Perestroika” (restructuring)= Attempts reforms “Perestroika” (restructuring)= economic reformseconomic reforms

Glasnost = “Openness” cultural liberationGlasnost = “Openness” cultural liberation

– Berlin Wall is taken downBerlin Wall is taken down– 1991 Soviet Union Collapses1991 Soviet Union Collapses

Patterns of DecolonizationPatterns of Decolonization Wars fought to gain Wars fought to gain

independenceindependence Education of Native peoples led Education of Native peoples led

to easier decolonizationto easier decolonization Ethnic and religious differences Ethnic and religious differences

cause major issues for new cause major issues for new countriescountries

Exploitation of Natural Exploitation of Natural ResourcesResources

Sides taken in Cold WarSides taken in Cold War

Post War Middle EastPost War Middle East The regions importance as a The regions importance as a

supply of Petroleumsupply of Petroleum Contradiction between desire for Contradiction between desire for

Modernization and Islamic Modernization and Islamic TraditionTradition

Destabilizing effect of the Destabilizing effect of the Arab/Israel ConflictArab/Israel Conflict

Establishment Of IsraelEstablishment Of Israel Balfour Declaration in 1914Balfour Declaration in 1914

– Expressed the need for a Jewish stateExpressed the need for a Jewish state Established as a state for displaced Established as a state for displaced

Jews from the HolocaustJews from the Holocaust Britain controlled Region of PalestineBritain controlled Region of Palestine Gave region over to be State of IsraelGave region over to be State of Israel Displaced Millions of Palestinian Arabs Displaced Millions of Palestinian Arabs

to neighboring Nationsto neighboring Nations

GlobalismGlobalism

The Little Tigers: Hong Kong, The Little Tigers: Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan

– Followed Japanese model of export-Followed Japanese model of export-driven industry; rapid growth in 1980s driven industry; rapid growth in 1980s

By 1990s highly competitive; joined By 1990s highly competitive; joined by Indonesia, Thailand, and by Indonesia, Thailand, and MalaysiaMalaysia

Nafta (Mexico, US, Canada)Nafta (Mexico, US, Canada)– North Atlantic Free Trade AgreementNorth Atlantic Free Trade Agreement

GlobalismGlobalismEconomic issues vs. cultural Economic issues vs. cultural

issuesissues 1944 – Bretton Woods1944 – Bretton Woods

– International Monetary Fund (IMF)International Monetary Fund (IMF)– International Bank for Reconstruction and International Bank for Reconstruction and

DevelopmentDevelopment– General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

(GATT) 1947(GATT) 1947 Foundations for United Nations 1944 and Foundations for United Nations 1944 and

established in 1945established in 1945 World Trade Organization formed in 1995World Trade Organization formed in 1995

Trading blocs Trading blocs The European Union The European Union – Begun in 1957 with six nations, now includes fifteen Begun in 1957 with six nations, now includes fifteen – A common market, free trade, free travel within the A common market, free trade, free travel within the

Union Union – Eleven members adopted a common currency, the Eleven members adopted a common currency, the

Euro, in 1999 Euro, in 1999 – Expectations of a European Political Union eventuallyExpectations of a European Political Union eventually

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) – Cartel established in 1960 to raise global oil prices Cartel established in 1960 to raise global oil prices – After Arab-Israeli war of 1973, OPEC placed embargo on After Arab-Israeli war of 1973, OPEC placed embargo on

oil to United States, Israel's ally oil to United States, Israel's ally – Price of oil quadrupled from 1973 to 1975, triggered Price of oil quadrupled from 1973 to 1975, triggered

global recession global recession – Overproduction and dissension among members Overproduction and dissension among members

diminished influence, 1990sdiminished influence, 1990s Regional trade associations formed to establish free-trade Regional trade associations formed to establish free-trade

zones for member states zones for member states – Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in

1967, five members 1967, five members – North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1993: North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1993:

United States, Canada, MexicoUnited States, Canada, Mexico

Age of AccessAge of Access Who has access to technologyWho has access to technology

– WeaponsWeapons– MedicalMedical– CommunicationCommunication– LuxuryLuxury

North South DivideNorth South Divide Totalitarian regimes want to limit accessTotalitarian regimes want to limit access Economic inequalities lead to conflict in Economic inequalities lead to conflict in

areas such as the World Trade areas such as the World Trade Organization (loans money to countries Organization (loans money to countries who cannot afford to pay back loans)who cannot afford to pay back loans)

Does it benefit those who have Does it benefit those who have to help those who do not?to help those who do not?

Developed countriesDeveloped countries Lesser Developed countriesLesser Developed countries Unable to Develop countriesUnable to Develop countries East West divide of Europe (Elbe-East West divide of Europe (Elbe-

Triest Line)Triest Line) North – South divide of worldNorth – South divide of world

Industrialized vs. nonIndustrialized vs. non

Industrialized nations conduct the Industrialized nations conduct the most trading activity, the LDCs most trading activity, the LDCs conduct the least: conduct the least: – LDCs make up ¾ of the world’s nations LDCs make up ¾ of the world’s nations

but only accounts for 25% of world trade.but only accounts for 25% of world trade.– DCs including North America, Europe and DCs including North America, Europe and

Japan accounts for 75% of trade.Japan accounts for 75% of trade.– New Trend: blocs versus international New Trend: blocs versus international

trade.trade.

MaquiladorasMaquiladoras

Mexican manufacturing or export assembly Mexican manufacturing or export assembly plantsplants– 1 million people today1 million people today– Grew from about ½ million in early 90sGrew from about ½ million in early 90s– Low wagesLow wages– Low standardsLow standards– High cost of living in border townsHigh cost of living in border towns

Maquiladoras are owned by U.S., Japanese, Maquiladoras are owned by U.S., Japanese, and European countriesand European countries

Decreasing with trade barriers lowered in east Decreasing with trade barriers lowered in east Asian countries in particular - ChinaAsian countries in particular - China

OutsourcingOutsourcing

Creates English speakersCreates English speakers Instead of moving to this country and Instead of moving to this country and

bringing their culture they stay in bringing their culture they stay in their own country and begin to adopt their own country and begin to adopt other culturesother cultures

Influence of International Influence of International ConglomeratesConglomerates

MicrosoftMicrosoft MacDonald’sMacDonald’s WalmartWalmart ProblemsProblems

– monopolies, cartels, oligopolies, monopolies, cartels, oligopolies, corruptioncorruption

Humanitarian EffortsHumanitarian Efforts

Non-governmental OrganizationsNon-governmental Organizations– Red Cross/CrescentRed Cross/Crescent– Green peaceGreen peace– Amnesty International and Human Amnesty International and Human

Rights WatchRights Watch– Doctors without BordersDoctors without Borders

Connection between Economics Connection between Economics and demographyand demography

Economic inequities and labor servitude Economic inequities and labor servitude – Causes of poverty Causes of poverty

Inequities in resources and income separate rich and poor Inequities in resources and income separate rich and poor societies societies

Attendant problems: malnutrition, environmental Attendant problems: malnutrition, environmental degradation degradation

Legacy of colonialism: economic dependenceLegacy of colonialism: economic dependence– Labor servitude increasing Labor servitude increasing

Slavery abolished worldwide by 1960s Slavery abolished worldwide by 1960s Millions still forced into bonded labor Millions still forced into bonded labor Child-labor servitude common in south and southeast AsiaChild-labor servitude common in south and southeast Asia

– Trafficking of persons across international boundaries Trafficking of persons across international boundaries widespread widespread

Victims, mostly girls and women, lured with promises of Victims, mostly girls and women, lured with promises of work work

Often in sex industry; hugely profitable though criminalOften in sex industry; hugely profitable though criminal

Population pressures and Population pressures and environmental degradationenvironmental degradation

Dramatic population increases in Dramatic population increases in twentieth century twentieth century

Population increased from 500 million in 1650 to Population increased from 500 million in 1650 to 2.5 billion in 1950 2.5 billion in 1950

Asia and Africa experienced population Asia and Africa experienced population explosion after WWII explosion after WWII

5.5 billion people in 1994; perhaps 11.6 billion 5.5 billion people in 1994; perhaps 11.6 billion people in 2200 people in 2200

So far, food production has kept pace with So far, food production has kept pace with population growth population growth

Fertility rates have been falling for past twenty Fertility rates have been falling for past twenty yearsyears

Population: Carrying CapacityPopulation: Carrying Capacity Scientists and citizens concerned about physical limits of Scientists and citizens concerned about physical limits of the earth the earth

Dire predictions not borne by facts: prices have fallen, Dire predictions not borne by facts: prices have fallen, food has increasedfood has increased

Malthus – fallacy of his theories is that he did not include the Malthus – fallacy of his theories is that he did not include the impact of technology (increase food production, build up etc…)impact of technology (increase food production, build up etc…)

Environmental impact Environmental impact – Urbanization and agricultural expansion threaten biodiversity Urbanization and agricultural expansion threaten biodiversity – Gas emissions, coal burning contribute to global warming Gas emissions, coal burning contribute to global warming – In 1997 at Kyoto, 159 states met to cut carbon dioxide In 1997 at Kyoto, 159 states met to cut carbon dioxide

emissionsemissions Population control: a highly politicized issue Population control: a highly politicized issue

– Some developing nations charge racism when urged to limit Some developing nations charge racism when urged to limit population population

– UN agencies have aided many countries with family-planning UN agencies have aided many countries with family-planning programs programs

– China's one-child policy has significantly reduced growth rate China's one-child policy has significantly reduced growth rate – Other cultures still favor larger families, for example, IndiaOther cultures still favor larger families, for example, India

Population issuesPopulation issues Migration from rural areas to urban Migration from rural areas to urban

areasareas– Urban sprawlUrban sprawl– 75% of population is urban75% of population is urban– Strain on services (mass transportation, Strain on services (mass transportation,

garbage disposal)garbage disposal) Mass tourismMass tourism Spread of diseaseSpread of disease Migrant workers and issues of Migrant workers and issues of

citizenshipcitizenship

Demographic transitionDemographic transition Issues of standard of living change with the Issues of standard of living change with the

technological advancements and level of technological advancements and level of industrialization of a countryindustrialization of a country

Most industrialized have 0 or negative Most industrialized have 0 or negative population growth, low birth ratespopulation growth, low birth rates

Populations are olderPopulations are older Problems occur because labor shortages begin Problems occur because labor shortages begin

to appearto appear LDCs have high mortality rates, less access to LDCs have high mortality rates, less access to

medical care, large numbers of population medical care, large numbers of population under age of 20, high birth rates, under age of 20, high birth rates,

Population growth in areas least able to adapt Population growth in areas least able to adapt to the growthto the growth

Major Trends of the 20th Major Trends of the 20th CenturyCentury Major Population GrowthMajor Population Growth

Rise of Consumer SocietyRise of Consumer Society Social ActivismSocial Activism

– 1960’s war Protests1960’s war Protests TerrorismTerrorism

– Arab/ Israeli conflictArab/ Israeli conflict Changes in Gender relationsChanges in Gender relations Rise of Mass MediaRise of Mass Media

– Television, film and Radio as a source of Television, film and Radio as a source of Information and EntertainmentInformation and Entertainment

Impact of break up of Soviet Impact of break up of Soviet UnionUnion Political instability in Eastern Europe Political instability in Eastern Europe

and Russiaand Russia Nationalism causing ethnic groups Nationalism causing ethnic groups

that were mostly Islamic to try to that were mostly Islamic to try to break awaybreak away

Coalitions formed with other Islamic Coalitions formed with other Islamic groupsgroups

Void of superpower to hold political Void of superpower to hold political structures togetherstructures together

No checks for China and USANo checks for China and USA

Recent Conflicts and IssuesRecent Conflicts and Issues Gulf WarGulf War– Iraq invades KuwaitIraq invades Kuwait

War breaks out between Iraq and US lead collationWar breaks out between Iraq and US lead collation Yugoslavian WarYugoslavian War

– Serbian aggression against Albanian and Bosnian Serbian aggression against Albanian and Bosnian minorities in Kosovominorities in Kosovo

Weapons of Mass DestructionWeapons of Mass Destruction– Limiting production and testing of Nuclear WeaponsLimiting production and testing of Nuclear Weapons

Number of Small Arms increaseNumber of Small Arms increase– Guns, semi-automatic and automaticGuns, semi-automatic and automatic

911 attack of al-Queda on the New York 911 attack of al-Queda on the New York Trade CenterTrade Center

2002 attack on Afghanistan and dissolution 2002 attack on Afghanistan and dissolution of the Talibanof the Taliban

2003 attack on Iraq and the destruction of 2003 attack on Iraq and the destruction of the Baathist Sunni rule of Iraqthe Baathist Sunni rule of Iraq

Which is bestWhich is best Convergence and diversity and Convergence and diversity and

tolerance and interdependencetolerance and interdependence

OROR Isolationism, self-sufficiency and Isolationism, self-sufficiency and

ethnocentrismethnocentrism

THE ENDTHE END

Good LuckGood Luck

ap world review. test format exam last 3 hours and 5 minutes 55 minutes for 70 multiple choice...

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population change