ap world history survival guide

8/19/2019 AP World History Survival Guide

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AP World History

Survival Guide

Name ________________________________

Teacher __________________________

Block _________________

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Table of Contents

Pages

AP World History Overview 3 – 7

The AP Exam 3

World Regions 4 – 5

Five Course Themes 6

Four Hisori!al Thin"ing #"ills $

Essays Overview 8 - 15

%o!umen&'ased (uesion )%*(+ , – 1-

Change and Coninui. over Time )CC/T+ 13 – 15

Com0araive Essa. 16 – 1,

Released Free Res0onse (uesions 1 – -2

AP Crri!l" #ra"ewor$ %1 – 38

Period 1 )0 o 622 *CE+5 -1 – --

Period - )622 *CE o 622 CE+15 -3 – -5

Period 3 )622 o 1452+-2 -6 – -,

Period 4 )1452 o 1$52+-2 - – 31

Period 5 )1$52 o 122+-2 3- – 35

Period 6 )122 o he 0resen+-2 36 – 3,

Hel& wit' (o"e Confsin) (b*e!ts 3 – 43

Chinese %.nasies 3

Polii!al7 E!onomi!7 and #o!ial #.sems 42

Religions 41

Primar. #our!es 4-

89us :no;< =ears 43

- 9an. o> he guidelines in his sud. 0a!"e are ada0ed >rom he AP World Hisor.

Course %es!ri0ion7 develo0ed '. College *oard

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T'e AP E+a"

Pur!hasing and a"ing he AP World Hisor. exam are re?uiremens o> he !ourse This .ear7

he AP World Hisor. exam ;ill 'e adminisered on@

#or"at

, .lti&le C'oi!ea =ou ;ill have 55 minues o ans;er $2 (uesions' Ea!h ?uesion has o0ions A7 *7 C7 and %! (uesions are divided evenl. 'e;een he Bve !ourse hemes )-2 ea!h+ and

six 0eriodsd Ea!h ?uesions addresses one o> he >our hisori!al hin"ing s"illse =ou should ans;er A $2 ?uesions7 even i> .ou have o guess There are no

0oins oD >or ;rong ans;ers,, #ree-/es&onse 0estions #/02s

a Timing@ #e!ion ;ill 'egin ;ih a en minue reading 0eriod7 >ollo;ed '. a

1-2 minue )- hour+ ;riing 0eriod7 >or a oal o> - hours and 12 minues

%uring his se!ion7 sudens ma. disri'ue heir ime as he. !hoose 'e;eenhe hree ?uesions ho;ever7 he 0ro!or ;ill issue ime ;arnings suggesing

.ou move on o he nex ?uesion' Par A@ %o!umen&*ased (uesion

i #uggesed 0lanning and ;riing imeG 52 minuesii This essa. ?uesion ess .our a'ili. o >ormulae and su00or an

ans;er using do!umenar. eviden!e =ou ;ill read7 anal.e7 and grou0 a

sele!ion o> $&12 0rimar. sour!e do!umens o !ra> and su00or a

hisori!al argumen =ou mus use A he do!umens! Par *@ Change and Coninui. over Time (uesion

i #uggesed 0lanning and ;riing imeG 42 minues

ii This essa. ?uesion deals s0e!iB!all. ;ih anal.sis o> !hanges and!oninuiies over ime and !overs a leas one o> he 0eriods in he

!on!e0 ouline =ou should ans;er he ?uesion using s0e!iB! eviden!ed Par C@ Com0araive (uesion

i #uggesed 0lanning and ;riing imeG 42 minuesii The !om0araive essa. >o!uses on develo0mens a!ross a leas TW/

regions or so!ieies relaes o one o> he Bve maIor hemes in he

!ourse )ex@ sae 'uilding7 e!onomi! s.sems+ and re?uires anal.sis o>

he reasons >or ideniBed similariies and diDeren!ese Essa. #!oring@ #udens !an earn a maximum o> 0oins )$ 'asi! !ore 0lus

;o ex0anded+ on ea!h essa.7 >or a maximum essa. s!ore o> -$ 0oins

,,, E+a" (!orin)a Ea!h #e!ion is given e?ual ;eigh and hen added ogeher >or a !umulaive

ra; s!ore7 ;hi!h hen >alls ino one o> Bve 0ossi'le ranges 5G Exremel. ;ell&

?ualiBed 4G Well&(ualiBed7 3G (ualiBed7 -G Possi'l. (ualiBed7 1G Jo

Re!ommendaion' #!ores o> 37 47 and 5 are !onsidered 80assing< or 8?uali>.ing< s!ores and ma.

earn sudens !ollege !redi

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Regions vervie!

/e)ion Past .a*or (tates and

E"&ires

Crrent 4ations

E+a"&lesJorh Ameri!a Caho"ia7 ro?uois Con>ederaion

*riish and Fren!h !oloniaion

nied #aes7 Canada

ain Ameri!a and

he Cari''ean

/lme!7 Chavin7 9a.a7 Ae!7

n!a

#0anish and Poruguese

!oloniaion

9exi!o7 Cu'a7 *rail7

Keneuela7 Colum'ia7

Argenina

Wesern Euro0e Roman Em0ire7 Hol. Roman

Em0ire

Ja0oleoni! Em0ire

nied :ingdom7 Fran!e7

Lerman.7 al.7 #0ain7

PorugalEasern Euro0e M

Russia

Roman Em0ire7 *.anine

Em0ire7 :ievan Rus7 9ongols7

#ovie nion

Russia7 "raine7 Poland7

Hungar.7 *ulgaria

#ouh Asia ndus Kalle.7 9aur.an and

Lu0a Em0ires7 %elhi sulanae7

9ughal Em0ire7 *riish ndia

ndia7 Pa"isan7 *angladesh7

#ri an"a

Eas Asia Chinese %.nasies7 :orean

"ingdoms7 To"uga;a Na0an7

m0erial Na0an

China7 Tai;an7 Na0an

Jorh :orea7 #ouh :orea

#ouheas Asia :ingdom o> #riviIa.a7 !i.&saes

)9ala!!a+7 %u!h ndonesia

ndonesia7 9ala.sia7 Thailand7

Cam'odia7 Kienam7 *urma

Cenral Asia 9ongol Em0ire 9ongolia

The 9iddle Eas Roman Em0ire7 A''asid M

ma..ad Cali0haes7 /oman

Em0ire

Eg.07 Tur"e.7 ran7 ra?7

#.ria7 #audi Ara'ia7 srael

Jorh A>ri!a Carhage7 Roman Em0ire7

/oman Em0ire7 Cali0haes7

Fren!h Algeria

i'.a7 Algeria7 Tunisia

Sub-Saharan Africa

Wes A>ri!a Lhana7 9ali7 #ongha.*riish M Fren!h !oloniaion Lhana7 Jigeria

Eas A>ri!a Axum7 :ingdom o> Ehio0ia7

#;ahili !i.&saes Euro0ean

!oloniaion

Tanania7 :en.a7 #omalia

Cenral A>ri!a Lrea Oim'a';e7 *elgian

Congo

%emo!rai! Re0u'li! o>

Congo7 R;anda

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#ouhern A>ri!a Oulu :ingdom7 Euro0ean

!oloniaion

#ouh A>ri!a

COURSE THEMES

Course Acronym= SPICE- Social (Theme 5)- Political (Theme 3)- Interaction with the Environment (Theme 1)- Cultural (Theme 2)- Economic (Theme 4)

Theme #1: Human Interaction with the Environment (Geograh!"

- Interaction between humans an the environment- !emo"ra#hy an isease

- $i"ration- %atterns o& settlement- Technolo"y

Theme #: $eve%oment an& interaction o' cu%ture

- 'eli"ions- elie& systems #hiloso#hies an ieolo"ies- *cience an technolo"y- The arts an architecture

Theme #): State*+ui%&ing, e-anion, an& con'%ict

- %olitical structures an &orms o& "overnance- Em#ires- +ations an nationalism- 'evolts an revolutions- 'e"ional transre"ional an "lobal structures an or"ani,ations

Theme #.: Creation, e-anion, an& interaction o' economic !tem

- A"ricultural an #astoral #rouction- Trae an commerce

- -abor systems- Inustriali,ation- Ca#italism an socialism

Theme #/: $eve%oment an& tran'ormation o' ocia% tructure

- .ener roles an relations- /amily an 0inshi#- 'acial an ethnic constructions- *ocial an economic classes

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"our Historical Thinking Skills

1. Crafting Historical Arguments from Historical Evidence:a# Historical Argumentation$ Historical thinking involves the a%ility to de&ine and &rame a

'uestion a%out the (ast and to address that 'uestion through the construction o& an

argument# A (lausi%le and (ersuasive argument re'uires a clear) com(rehensive and

analytical thesis#%# Appropriate Use of Relevant Historical Evidence$ Arguments must %e su((orted %y

relevant historical evidence * not sim(ly evidence that su((orts a (re&erred or

(reconceived (osition# Additionally) argumentation involves the ca(acity to descri%e)

analy+e) and evaluate the arguments o& others in light o& availa%le evidence#

2. Chronological Reasoninga# Historical Causation$ Historical thinking involves the a%ility to identi&y) analy+e) and

evaluate the relationshi(s %et!een multi(le historical causes and e&&ects) distinguishing

%et!een those that are long-term and (ro,imate) and among coincidence) causation) and

correlation#%# Patterns of Continuity and Change over ime$ Historical thinking involves the a%ility to

recogni+e) analy+e) and evaluate the dynamics o& historical continuity and change over

(eriods o& time o& varying length) as !ell as relating these (atterns to larger historical

(rocesses or themes#a# Periodi!ation$ Historical thinking involves the a%ility to descri%e) analy+e) evaluate) and

construct models o& historical (eriodi+ation that historians use to categori+e events into

discrete %locks and to identi&y turning (oints) recogni+ing that the choice o& s(eci&ic dates

(rivileges one narrative) region or grou( over another narrative) region or grou( there&ore)

changing the (eriodi+ation can change a historical narrative#

". Comparison and Conte#tuali!ationa# Comparison$ Historical thinking involves the a%ility to descri%e) com(are) and evaluate

multi(le historical develo(ments !ithin one society) one or more develo(ments across or

%et!een di&&erent societies) and in various chronological and geogra(hical conte,ts#%# Conte#tuali!ation$ Historical thinking involves the a%ility to connect historical

develo(ments to s(eci&ic circumstances o& time and (lace) and to %roader regional)

national) or glo%al (rocesses#

$. Historical %nterpretation and &ynthesisa# %nterpretation$ Historical thinking involves the a%ility to descri%e) analy+e) evaluate) and

create diverse inter(retations o& the (ast * as revealed through (rimary and secondary

historical sources * through analysis o& evidence) reasoning) conte,ts) (oints o& vie!)

and &rames o& re&erence#

%# &ynthesis$ Historical thinking involves the a%ility to arrive at meaning&ul and (ersuasiveunderstandings o& the (ast %y a((lying all o& the other historical thinking skills) %y dra!ing

a((ro(riately on ideas &rom di&&erent &ields o& in'uiry or disci(lines and %y creatively &using

dis(arate) relevant .and (erha(s contradictory/ evidence &rom (rimary sources and

secondary !orks# Additionally) synthesis may involve a((lying insights a%out the (ast to

other historical conte,ts or circumstances) including the (resent#

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Ho! to Write a 0ocument-Based 1uestion .0B1/

'vervie($ The (rimary (ur(ose o& the document-%ased essay 'uestion is not to test students2 (riorkno!ledge o& su%3ect matter %ut rather to evaluate their a%ility to &ormulate and su((ort an ans!er &romdocumentary evidence# The 0B1 is an e,ercise in cra&ting historical arguments &rom historical evidence#4t re'uires that students &irst read and analy+e the documents individually) conte,tuali+e them %ased on

their in&ormed analysis o& the documentary evidence) and then (lan and construct an a((ro(riate andsynthetic essay in res(onse to the 'uestion# The student2s ans!er must grou( documents in such a !aythat it demonstrates analysis o& their di&&erent contents and conte,ts# A clear thesis statement and ananalysis o& the documents that &ully address the 'uestion are re'uired#

)eneric Core*&coring )uide for AP +orld History ,ocument*-ased uestion

Basic 5ore Points

6,(anded 5ore

7# Has acce(ta%le thesis8# Addresses all documents anddemonstrates understanding o& all or all

%ut one#9# Su((orts thesis !ith a((ro(riate

evidence &rom all or all %ut one doc#.Su((orts thesis !ith a((ro(riateevidence &rom all %ut t!o documents/

:# Analy+es (oint o& vie! in at least two documents#

;# Analy+es documents %y grou(ing themin 8 or 9 !ays) de(ending on 'uestion#

Has a clear) analytical) ? com(rehensivethesis#

> Sho!s care&ul and insight&ul analysis o&the documents#> @ses documents (ersuasively asevidence#> Analy+es (oint o& vie! in most or alldocuments#> Analy+es the documents in additional !ays*grou(ings) com(arisons) syntheses#> Brings in relevant outside historicalcontent#> 6,(lains !hy additional ty(es o&document.s/ or sources are needed#

Su%total 8Total C

%. 'rgani!ation

7st Paragra(h$Thesis

7-8 sentences o& introduction historical %ackground on to(icThesis statement .A) B) and 5/

8nd Paragra(h$Grou( A

To(ic Sentence A D 4denti&y grou(Su((orting 6vidence &rom documents in this categoryE Analy+e Point o& vie!F Additional 0ocument

9

rd

Paragra(h$Grou( B To(ic Sentence B*4denti&y grou(Su((orting 6vidence &rom documents in this categoryE Analy+e Point o& vie!F Additional 0ocument

:th Paragra(h$Grou( 5

To(ic Sentence 5 D 4denti&y grou(Su((orting 6vidence &rom documents in this categoryE Analy+e Point o& vie!F Additional 0ocument

;th Paragra(h$5onclusion

Restate Thesis Additional 0ocumentFP .i& not addressed in %ody/Relevant outside historical in&ormation im(ortance o& to(ic


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%%. &trategy7# Read the 'uestion care&ully until you understand it# What e,actly are you %eing asked to analy+e

Circle or rewrite.8# Read over the documents to get a general sense o& their meaning) as it relates to the 'uestion#

Pay attention to %oth content .!hat is %eing said/ and conte,t .!hat additional in&ormation hel(sunderstand the content/#

9# Take notes on each document in the margins o& your %ooklet# 4n addition to %asic meaning)underline any !ords or (hrases that illustrate (oint o& vie!# Remem%er to read the source lineand assess its meaning# 0o not s(end too much time taking detailed notesI

:# Grou( the documents into three categories# 6ach should have a uni&ying theme that relates to the'uestion# "or e,am(le) i& the 'uestion asks you to assess causes) each grou( should %e as(eci&ic cause#

;# @se your grou(s to !rite your thesis statement ans!ering the 'uestion# Reread the 'uestion) andthen your thesis# 0oes your thesis s(eci&ically ans!er the 'uestion


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able to save her dying husband. &his illustrates how some Europeans turned to their faith foranswers !Doc '".

/%. Point of vie(7# Historians need to kno! that historical sources are NT statements o& &act# 0iaries) letters)

%rochures) (am(hlets) %ooks) and even charts and gra(hs are all created %y a (erson !ith as(eci&ic (ers(ective and goal in mind# By discussing (oint o& vie!) students demonstrate theirunderstanding o& the historical record#

8# Students should avoid sim(ly stating that a document is %iased# 4nstead) use &'AP&'0Ea# &peaer: 6,(lain ho! the characteristics o& the author) including his or her gender)

occu(ation) class) religion) nationality) (olitical (osition) or ethnic identity) in&luences thevie!s (resented in the document# 6,$ As a Catholic priest, it is $as Casas( )ob to defendand spea* up for all levels of society, not to ma*e money. &herefore, he is more li*ely tosympathi+e with the Native Americans laboring in the mines, unli*e the merchants whoview them as cheap labor to be eploited.

%# 'ccasion: What immediate event ins(ired the creation o& the document 4n (articular)look at the year !hen assessing occasion#

c# Audience: To !hom is the s(eaker addressing his arguments 4s heFshe !riting tosomeone in a (osition o& authority) a su%ordinate) or a &oreign leader 6,$ Asantewaaddresses the men of her tribe in an impassioned speech. he claims that if the men willnot fight as in the days of old, then the women will fight the white men instead. #owever,

Asantewa is li*ely attempting to inspire the men to action by insulting their bravery, ratherthan actually calling for the women to fight instead.

d# Purpose: What is the author2s (ur(ose in coming &or!ard !ith this document at this time4s it to (ersuade someone to (ursue a certain course) to o&&er encouragement) to 3usti&ysome action The author2s (ur(ose) along !ith audience) !ill in&luence ho! he chooses to!ord his vie!s and the tone he em(loys#

e# &etting: What is the conte,t or %ackground in !hich the source !as created one: Ho! does the tone o& the document .(olite) aggressive) hostile) sad/ relate to the

author2s (ur(ose

/%%. Additional ,ocument

7# As (art o& the 0B1 essay) you !ill %e asked to e,(lain the need &or an additional ty(e o&document.s/ to ans!er the 'uestion more com(letely) and this may involve discussing !hatrelevant (oints o& vie! are missing &rom the set o& documents# The e,(lanation o& at least oneadditional source must sho! your recognition o& the limitation o& the given documents and thereality o& the ty(es o& sources availa%le &rom the (ast#

8# he 34issing /oice5$ Whose (oint o& vie! is noticea%ly a%sent Ty(ical attem(ts include calling&or documents &rom !omen or the lo!er socioeconomic classes# Ho!ever) the missing voice !illvary !ith the documents given) so do not sim(ly use this as a &all%ack#

a# ne Strategy$ 4& Grou( J is mentioned in 0oc K) %ut you are not given a document &romJ2s (oint o& vie!) this ty(e o& source could hel( you assess the validity o& 0oc K# 6,am(le$

A 5atholic (riest mentions the (light o& the (easants !orking in the mines) %ut you do nothave the P o& a (easant miner# A statement &rom a (easant miner !ould hel( to more

accurately assess !orking conditions in the mines#9# 6ou must e#plain specifically ho( an additional document (ould help.:# Possi7le 8ormat$ "urther analysis !ould %e aided %y a document &rom a ______ .P/# This

!ould hel( to ___________# r$ This !ould allo! one to %etter assess the validity o& K2s claimthat __________#

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(a"&le 6 90 Essay

The !oloniaion o> he Ameri!as '. #0ain and he 'eginning o> exensive silvermining in Na0an greal. in!reased silver 0rodu!ion Ho;ever7 his in!rease o> hesu00l. o> silver7 ;hile o some 0eo0le seemed good7 overall !aused 0ro'lemsAlhough he in!rease in silver mining a00eared o 'eneB Na0an and #0ain )he

su00liers+ as ;ell as 9ing China )he re!eiver+7 overall his in!rease !aused;orld;ide 0ro'lems *ased on he do!umens7 he eDe!s o> he in!rease o> silver0rodu!ion7 ;hile 'eing 'eneB!ial o he middlemen ha >a!iliaed he rade7evenuall. ;ea"ened he saes and em0ires ha su00lied and re!eived silver invas ?uaniies

n China7 hough man. 0eo0le 'elieved he in!rease o> rade ha in!reased heamoun o> silver in China ;as 'eneB!ial7 overall he exreme amoun ha o;ed in!aused 0ro'lems Lraned7 he o; o> some silver ino China ;as no a 'ad hing in>a!7 i ;as needed When he 9ing %.nas. de!reed ha all axes and rade >ees 'e0aid in silver in he 15$2s7 he s!ar!i. o> silver !oin harmed he e!onom. sin!e

0eo0le !ould no 0a. >or heir axes and had o go o middlemen o su00l. hem;ih silver7 de!reasing he value o> heir 0rodu!e )%o! 3+ The 0ro'lem7 0resened'. Wang QiIue o he 9ing em0eror in 1537 demonsraes he need >or silver in9ing China QiIue7 'eing a !our o!ial7 0ro'a'l. sees ha a de!lining e!onom. '.his issue ;ill !ause here o 'e 0u'li! grum'ling7 ma.'e even !ause >or re'ellionsagains he 9ing There>ore7 in an a! o save his 0osiion7 he in>orms he em0eroro> his 0ro'lem n addiion7 He (iao.uan7 also a !our o!ial o> he 9ing7 des!ri'eshe exreme amoun o> silver ha he 9ing7 a !ounr. ;ih lile ineres ininernaional rade7 ;ould have o;ing ino i i> i 'egan o rade ;ih he Euro0eans)%o! $+ ndeed7 he 0ri!e ha ;ould normall. >e!h sil" insead is - or 3 imes heamoun in he Phili00ines )a #0anish !olon.+7 giving he 9ing a he>. 0roB i> he.

'egan rading Ho;ever7 hough his 0ro'lem o> he s!ar!i. o> silver ;as in need o>a soluion7 he unresri!ed o; o> silver o 9ing China ulimael. hur he 9inge!onom. =e Chun.i7 a !oun. o!ial o> he 9ing7 sho;s ;isdom in his order o limi;edding ex0enses )%o! 1+ The 'asi! reason o 'e >rugal is one ha he 9ingEm0ire should have used in heir large ransa!ions ha ;ould aDe! he e!onom.Furhermore7 he eDe! o> silver axes and ransa!ions is sho;n in Qu %an?iuSsa!!oun o> ho; he 0o0ula!e mus go hrough a mone.lender in order o 'u. hingssin!e he. mus use silver insead o> a radiional 'arer e!onomi! s.sem )%o! 5+ The in!reased im0edimen o he Chinese e!onom. ;ould Bll he 0o!"es o>mone.lenders insead o> 'eneBing he e!onom.

i"e;ise7 he in!rease in silver 0rodu!ion7 ;hile 'eneBing #0ain earl. on7 in imehur he #0anish Em0ire Tomas de 9er!ado7 a #0anish s!holar7 ;roe ho; he high0ri!es o> luxur. goods !aused silver o onl. o; ou o> #0ain7 huring he e!onom.)%o! -+ 9er!ado ;roe his a!!oun in 151$7 .e alread. 9ing shi0s !ondu!edexensive silver rade ;ih he #0anish Em0ire via 9anila n addiion7 AruroKas?ue de Es0inosa7 a #0anish 0ries7 sho;s anoher side ha he silver 0rodu!ionaDe!ed in a negaive ;a.he so!ial side Kas?ue7 ;riing a'ou Poosi7 helarges silver mine in #0ainSs !olonial 0ossessions7 des!ri'es he erri'le !ondiionsha he Jaive Ameri!ans deal ;ih in he la'or in he mines )%o! 6+ Kas?ueSs

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a!!oun sho;s he !oninuing mani0ulaion o> he Jaive Ameri!an 0o0ulaion '.he #0anish He is o'viousl. a 0ries resem'ling *arolome de las Casas in ha he iss.m0ahei! o;ards he ndians and7 as a 0ries7 'eing 0ar o> he organiaionha 0roe!ed he ndians mos o>en7 his rea!ion is no a sur0rise

n !onras7 he in!rease in silver 0rodu!ion 'eneBed he middlemen ha

>a!iliaed i more han he 0rodu!ers and !onsumers For exam0le7 Ral0h Fi!h7 a*riish mer!han7 des!ri'es he lu!raive rade ha he Poruguese !ondu! '.'eing he >a!iliaor o> he silver o; >rom Na0an o China in 151 )%o! 4+ As a*riish mer!han7 Fi!h is mos li"el. ara!ed o he 0ros0e! o> a *riish a"eovero> his mar"e7 ;ih gradual 'uildu0 in *riish 0o;er a"ing 0la!e in he 1$ h !enur.7he 0ro'a'l. sees his as an o00oruni. >or his ;ish n addiion7 Charles %SAvenan7an English s!holar7 des!ri'es he lu!raive rade ha England ;ould !ome o!ondu! in 16$ in he rade o> luxur. goods >or silver and goldmosl. >rom he#0anish !olonies )%o! ,+ ndeed7 %SAvenan des!ri'es EnglandSs need >or he!oninuaion o> his rade 'ased on he high demand >or luxur. goods >rom Asia oEuro0e

n !on!lusion7 he in!rease in silver 0rodu!ion in Na0an and he #0anish Em0ire >rom1522 o 1$52 'eneBed no he !onsumersu00lier7 'u he middlemen n >a!7 heri!h silver mines in Poosi and else;here did no 'eneB he #0anish Em0ire7 ;hilehe English in his ime 0eriod seadil. rose o 0o;er n addiion7 9ing China ;asno 'eneBed '. he o; o> silver o ii ;ould >all in 16447 ra!"ed ;ih e!onomi!0ro'lems and a ;ea" governmen una'le o so0 he 9an!hu invaders Addiionaldo!umens ha !ould 'e use>ul ;ould 'e do!umens >rom 9ing 0easans o sho;heir as0e! on he resri!ion o> axes and sales onl. 'e !ondu!ed in silver7 inaddiion o heir rea!ion o he e!onomi! 0ro'lems )inaion+ !aused '. he hugeamoun o> silver ha o;ed o China Also do!umens ha !ould 'e use>ul ;ould 'ehe aDe!s ha huge silver mining !aused in Na0an in order o !om0are he eDe!so> he 0rodu!ion 'e;een Na0an and #0ain

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Ho; o Wrie a Change and Coninui. over Time Essa. )CC/T+

, /bri!9asi! Core

Historical skills and knowledge required toshow competence.

E+&anded CoreHistorical skills and knowledge required to

show excellence.

1 Has a!!e0a'le hesis 1Point (addresses the global issues and time periods specifed)- Addresses all 0ars o> he %Points o> he ?uesion7 hough no

ne!essaril. evenl. or horoughl. (Addresses most parts o the1

question: or example, addresses

change, but not continuit)3 #u'saniaes hesis ;ih %Points a00ro0riae eviden!e

(!artiall substantiates thesis with 1

appropriate e"idence.)4 ses relevan ;orld hisori!al

!onex eDe!ivel. o ex0lain 1Point

!hange or !oninui. over ime5 Anal.es he 0ro!ess o> !hange 1

Point and !oninui. over ime

Ex0ands 'e.ond 'asi! !ore o> 1&$ Poins The 'asi! !ore o> a s!ore o> 7 mus 'ea!hieved 'e>ore a suden !an earnex0anded !ore 0oins

Exam0les@:-% Points

Has a !lear7 anal.i!al7 and!om0rehensive hesis

Anal.es all issues o> he ?uesion)as relevan+@ glo'al !onex7

!hronolog.7 !ausaion7 !hange7!oninui.7 eDe!s7 !onen Provides am0le hisori!al eviden!e

o su'saniae hesis Provides lin"s ;ih relevan ideas7

evens7 and rends in an innovaive;a.

#u'oal7 Points

#u'oal %Points

TOTA; 6 Points

,, Or)ani his era )saring0oin+

' Thesis saemen@ n!lude .ears7 maIor !oninuiies7 and maIor!hanges

-nd

Paragra0h)s+@9aIor

Changes

a To0i! #enen!e@ Wha maIor !hanges o!!urred in his ime 0eriodUWere he. he resul o> a single dramai! even )ex 9ongol!on?ues o> *aghdad+7 or a gradual shi> )develo0men o>agri!ulure+U

' Eviden!e@ Live hree su00oring deails or exam0les > .ou haves0e!iB! or a00roximae daes7 use hem here

! Anal.sis@ Wha is he main reason or !ause o> he !hangeU 8 A !hanged 'e!auseV<

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3rd

Paragra0h)s+@9aIor

Coninuiies

a To0i! #enen!e@ Wha ;as he maIor !oninui.U Wha sa.ed hesame hroughou he ime 0eriodU

' Eviden!e@ Live hree su00oring deails or exam0les! Anal.sis@ Wha is he main reason >or he !oninui.U 8# !oninued

'e!auseV<4h

Paragra0h@

Con!lusion

a Resae hesis' Relae o larger glo'al !onex Ho; does his o0i! relae o he

'ig 0i!ure o> ;ha ;as going on a his ime )glo'al 0ro!esses+U

T'esis1 =our hesis mus ideni>. a s0e!iB! !hange and a s0e!iB! !oninui. It also

must include the time period given )622 o 14527 J/T he 8Period 3rom

622 o 1$52o Thesis@ $rom %&& to '&, a ma*or change in the commerce o the

+ndian cean region in"ol"ed the growing presence o -uslim and lateruropean traders/ howe"er, spices continued to be ma*or trade goods

and interregional interactions continued to result in cultural di0usionthroughout this era.

,> Analysis1 =ou need o aem0 o ex0lain ;h. or ho; Q !hanged or !oninued is

no enough o sa.@ Q ;as a !hange7 'e!ause i ;asnS around 'e>ore Whaoher >a!ors hel0 ex0lain he !hangeU

- :e. ;ords@ 'e!ause7 !aused!aused '.7 led o7 !ame >rom7 in order o7 dueo

1. Exam0le 1@ 2pices continued to be traded along the +ndian cean becausethe could onl be grown in the tropical climates o +ndia and 2outheast

Asia, but were in high demand throughout Aro3urasia.4 Exam0le -@ +mpro"ements in na"igational technolog and knowledge helpexplain the growing presence o uropean traders ater '4&, especiallthe "oage o !ortuguese explorer 5asco 6a 7ama. 8he compass,astrolabe, and cara"el were important inno"ations that contributed touropean maritime trade. Also, the de"elopment o onboard cannonsallowed the !ortuguese to sei9e +ndian cean trading ports b orce.

> World Histori!al Conte+t1 This is ;here .ou need o !onne! he o0i! or ?uesion o he glo'al

0ro!esses going on a his ime )0olii!al revoluions7 !olla0se o>

!lassi!al em0ires7 im0erialism7 indusrialiaion+- =ou need o !onne! he o0i! .ou have Ius dis!ussed o somehing in

he SAME THEME and SAME TIME PERIO 'u a I!!ERE"TRE#IO"

3 Exam0le@ The in!reased 0resen!e o> Euro0ean raders in he ndian/!ean ;as 0ar o> a 'roader rend o> Euro0ean ex0ansion >rom 1452 o1$52 ha in!luded he !on?ues and !oloniaion in he Ameri!as n'oh hemis0heres7 Euro0eans ;ere moivaed '. he desire o 0roB>rom rade and s0read Chrisiani.

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16


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(a"&le C'an)e over Ti"e Essay

0estion= Analy #0ain and Porugal ;ere a'ou o em'ar" u0on a ne; era o> ex0loraion7 s0urredon '. re!en develo0mens in navigaion The !on?ues and laer !oloniaion o> heAmeri!as '. a su!!ession o> Euro0ean 0o;ers ;ould >orever !hange !ulural li>e inhe Ameri!as From 1452 o he 0resen7 ain Ameri!a ex0erien!ed ;ides0read!onversion o Chrisiani. and a'olished he 0ra!i!e o> human sa!riB!e ho;ever7indigenous 0eo0les mainained man. o> heir lo!al !usoms and radiions '.'lending hem ;ih Chrisiani.

The mos signiB!an !ulural !hange in ain Ameri!a sin!e 1452 ;as he shi> >rom0ol.heism o monoheism The n!a and Ae! Em0ires 'oh had !om0lex religious0ra!i!es !enered on he 'elie> in man. gods7 in!luding human sa!riB!e The arrival

o> Chriso0her Colum'us in he Cari''ean in 14- mar"ed he 'eginning o> #0anishmissionar. eDors Having Ius !om0leed he Re!on?uisa7 he #0anish ;ere Blled;ih he !rusading s0iri and he desire o s0read Roman Caholi!ism Colum'us ;as>ollo;ed '. Core7 ;ho !on?uered he Ae!7 and Piarro7 ;ho !on?uered he n!aEm0ire A>er ;inessing human sa!riB!e7 Core and he #0anish 'egan heir eDorso 'an he 0ra!i!e7 and su!!eeded Nesui missionaries ;or"ed o 0u he Caholi!>aih in he language o> he Amerindians7 ;hile 0riess su!h as *arolome de lasCasas even s0o"e ou on heir 'ehal> Wihin a >e; de!ades o> #0anish missionar.a!ivi.7 millions o> Amerindians had >reel. !onvered o Chrisiani. A 0ossi'leex0lanaion >or his !hange is ha heir 0revious 0ol.heisi! 'elie>s ;eredis!redied '. he #0anish !on?ues7 and he. ;ere ho0ing o 'eneB >rom heso!ial 0roe!ions o> !onversion

%es0ie he enormous !hange >rom 0ol.heism o monoheism7 he indigenous0eo0les o> ain Ameri!a ;ere a'le o !oninue man. o> he radiional !usoms7eiher '. a!ivel. resising !onversion or '. 'lending as0e!s o> 0ol.heism ;ihChrisiani. 9an. 9exi!an Caholi!s revered he image o> /ur ad. o> Luadalu0e7 in;hi!h he Kirgin 9ar. a00eared as a mesia !loa"ed in Ae! s.m'ols Holida.s li"e6ia de los -uertos and arni"al reiner0reed 0ol.heisi! 0ra!i!es hrough he lenso> Chrisiani. ndigenous song and dan!e ;ere also 0reserved Ho;ever7 insead o> 'eing dire!ed a Ae! or n!a gods7 he. ;ere used o !ele'rae he Chrisianrini. and he sains A 0ossi'le ex0lanaion >or he 0ersisen!e o> radiional!usoms is ha he #0anish ho0ed o en!ourage more !onversion '. allo;ing >orsome !ulural 'lending %iDeren grou0s have 'een a'le o su!!ess>ull. ada0Chrisiani. o heir uni?ue seings7 in!luding he Euro0eans hemselves ;hore!eived Chrisiani. >rom he 9iddle Eas

While !onversion o Chrisiani. in!reased and human sa!riB!e ended a>er 14527man. 0eo0le in ain Ameri!a !oninue he radiional !usoms o> is indigenous0eo0les o his da. The !on?ues and !oloniaion o> ain Ameri!a '. Euro0eans;ould >orever !hange he >a!e o> is !ulural lands!a0e Ho;ever7 ain Ameri!a ;as

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no he onl. region o ex0erien!e ;ides0read !ulural !hange a>er 14527 as JorhAmeri!a ;as also !olonied '. Euro0eans =e #0anish missionar. eDors ;ere >argreaer han hose o> he English selers in Jorh Ameri!a7 resuling in less!onversion

1,


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Ho; o Wrie a Com0araive Essa.

, /bri!9asi! Core E+&anded Core

1 Has a!!e0a'le hesis

1 Point (addresses comparison o theissues or themes specifed)

- Addresses all 0ars o> he% Points o> he ?uesion7 hough no

ne!essaril. evenl. or horoughl. (Addresses most parts o the1

question: or example, deals with di0erences but not similarities)

3 #u'saniaes hesis ;ih% Points a00ro0riae eviden!e

(!artiall substantiates thesis with 1

appropriate e"idence.)4 9a"es a leas hree relevan71 Point

dire! !om0arisons 'e;een oramong so!ieies

5 Anal.es a leas hree reasons

1 Point >or a similari. or diDeren!eideniBed in a dire! !om0arison

Ex0ands 'e.ond 'asi! !ore o> 1&$

Poins The 'asi! !ore o> a s!ore o> 7 mus 'e a!hieved 'e>ore a suden !anearn ex0anded !ore 0oins

Exam0les@:-% Points

Has a !lear7 anal.i!al7 and!om0rehensive hesis

Addresses all 0ars o> he?uesion )as relevan+@!om0arisons7 !hronolog.7

!ausaion7 !onne!ions7 hemes7inera!ions7 !onen

Provides am0le hisori!aleviden!e o su'saniae hesis

Relaes !om0arisons o largerglo'al !onex

9a"es several dire!!om0arisons !onsisenl.'e;een or among so!ieies

Consisenl. anal.es he !ausesand eDe!s o> relevan

similariies and diDeren!es

#u'oal7 Points

#u'oal %Points

TOTA; 6 Points

,, Or)ani inrodu!ion7 hisori!al !onex Thesis saemen )deni>. s0e!iB! similariies anddiDeren!es+

-nd Paragra0h)s+@#imilariies

To0i! #enen!e#u00oring Eviden!e )in!luding dire! !om0arisons+Anal.sis@ Wh. ;as Q similar or diDerenU

3rd Paragra0h)s+@%iDeren!es

To0i! #enen!e#u00oring Eviden!e )in!luding dire! !om0arisons+Anal.sis@ Wh. ;as = similar or diDerenU

1


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4h Paragra0h@Con!lusion

Resae hesisAnal.sis or resae anal.sisRelae o larger glo'al !onex ex0lain im0oran!e o> o0i!

,,,T'esis1 =our hesis mus address he ?uesion and in!lude a s0e!iB! diDeren!e

and similari.- 9us ideni>. hree 0ars o> .our argumen7 ;hi!h ;ill !orres0ond o

hree 'od. 0aragra0hs 9us 'e in he Brs 0aragra0h3 Exam0les@ Com0are and !onras he eDe!s o> 9ongol rule in Russia

and Chinaa 4o T'esis@ 8he reco"er o ;ussia and hina ater -ongol

domination had man similarities and di0erences.' Wea$ T'esis@ or 'oh similariies anddiDeren!es *e sure o develo0 and ela'orae u0on .our 0oins

! #ru!ure .our essa. >or dire! !om0arisons Com0are 8a00les oa00les7< no 8a00les o oranges< For exam0le7 i> !om0aring Chrisiani.and Hinduism7 donS Ius ;rie ever.hing .ou "no; a'ou Chrisiani. inone 0aragra0h and Hinduism in anoher %ire!l. !om0are diDerenas0e!s su!h as 'elie>s7 0ra!i!es7 and lo!aion

i %ire!@ hristianit is monotheistic, whereas Hinduism is poltheistic.

ii ndire!@ hristianit is monotheistic. Hinduism in=uences socialstructures through the caste sstem.

d se lin"ing !om0araive ;ords o hel0 se u0 dire! !om0arisons li"e@$hereas% ho$ever% $hile% on the other hand% conversel&%li'e$ise

> Analysis* This is ;here .ou aem0 o ex0lain a similari. or diDeren!e

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* This !an o>en involve ex0laining a 0ari!ular similari. or diDeren!e7 sa. inreligion7 '. ra!ing i 'a!" o a diDeren!e in anoher #PCE >eaure@ >orexam0le7 inera!ion ;ih he environmen )geogra0h.+

* :e. ;ords@ because% a possible e(planation% this is due to% a reasonfor this is

* 4ote@ 9a"e sure .ou ex0lain .our anal.sis %o no Ius sae@ 8Eg.0ian and9eso0oamian religions ;ere diDeren 'e!ause he. had diDeren geogra0h.<

=ou mus illusrae ;h. andor ho; his is he !ase Conne! he dos

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(a"&le 6 Essay= Co"&are t'e s&read of ,sla" to (&ain and ,ndia &riorto 15:: CE

slam is a monoheisi! >aih 'ased on he ea!hings o> he 0ro0he 9ohammad originaed in he Ara'ian Peninsula in he $h !enur. CE and ?ui!"l. s0readhroughou A>ro&Eurasia While some regions ;el!omed he ne; >aih7 ohersresised Prior o 1522 CE7 slam diDused o 'oh #0ain and ndia '. !on?ues and

ara!ed some !onvers amongs he lo!al 0o0ulaion Ho;ever7 ;hile #0ain ;asa'le o ex0el he 9uslim 9oors '. 14-7 slam !oninued o have an im0oran0resen!e in ndia

*oh #0ain and ndia ;ere !on?uered '. 9uslim armies #0ain ;as invaded '.*er'ers and Ara's >rom Jorh A>ri!a in he ,h !enur.7 ;hereas ndia ;as invaded'. 9uslim Tur"s in he 1-h !enur. A 0ossi'le ex0lanaion >or ;h. 'oh #0ain andndia ;ere !on?uered is ha neiher region had srong em0ires a he ime o>slami! !on?ues The Roman and Lu0a Em0ires ha had on!e ruled heseerriories had long sin!e de!lined7 re0la!ed '. ;ea"er saes ha ;ere no ma!h>or 9uslim >or!es n 'oh #0ain and ndia7 slam arrived '. he s;ord and ;as

Ber!el. resisedA>er heir iniial !on?ues7 'oh #0ain and ndia ex0erien!ed some !onversion oslam amongs he lo!al 0o0ulaion Ho;ever7 in 'oh regions here ;ere im0oranlimis o !onversion7 ;ih man. !hoosing o !oninue heir 0re&exising radiions#ome Chrisians and Ne;s !onvered o slam in #0ain7 largel. 'e!ause slami!!iviliaion had a ourishing !ulure and s!holarshi0 a his ime n ndia7 somelo;er&!ase Hindus and *uddhiss !onvered o slam7 0arl. due o he eDors o>#uB missionaries and he a00eal o> slamSs egaliarian so!ial organiaion Ho;ever79uslims remained a minori. in ndia7 ;ih no more han -2 o -5 0er!en o> he0o0ulaion !onvering i"e;ise in #0ain7 man. Ne;s and Chrisians !oninued heir

exising radiions A 0ossi'le ex0lanaion >or he limis o> !onversion in 'oh regionsis ha slami! rulers ;ere oleran o> oher >aihs7 as he 9uslim religion ea!hesha !onversion should 'e volunar. n ndia in 0ari!ular7 he radiions o> Hinduismand he !ase s.sem ;ere so ingrained in he !ulure ha he. ;ere a'le o survivehis and laer slami! invasions

*oh regions resised slami! !on?ues7 'u onl. #0ain ;as a'le o ex0el he9uslims '. 14- Ferdinand o> Aragon and sa'ella o> Casile unied Chrisian #0ain;ih heir marriage7 Ioining >or!es o !om0lee he nearl. $22&.ear longRe!on?uisa /n!e 9uslim >or!es had 'een driven ou7 Ferdinand and sa'ellaesa'lished he #0anish n?uisiion o ensure ha all !iiens o> #0ain >ollo;ed heRoman Caholi! >aih This de!ision led o he ex0ulsion o> -227222 Ne;s and9uslims ndia ;as never a'le o ex0el heir 9uslim 0o0ulaion7 and ;hile he %elhi#ulanae evenuall. >ell7 he 9ughal Em0ire ;ould !oninue slami! rule in heregion unil is >all in he 1,h !enur. A 0ossi'le ex0lanaion >or his diDeren!e isha he geogra0h. o> #0ain is mu!h smaller and easier o de>end7 as i is a0eninsula7 ;hereas norhern ndia has ex0erien!ed numerous invasions due o islo!aion on he Asian landmass

While onl. #0ain ;as a'le o >ull. ex0el 9uslim >or!es '. 14-7 'oh #0ain and ndia;ere !on?uered '. slami! armies and 'oh ex0erien!ed some !onversion among

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he lo!al 0o0ulaions nli"e 0ars o> he 9iddle Eas and Anaolia ha ;ere morehoroughl. slamied7 'oh #0ain and ndia resised slam and mainained heir0revious radiions o> Chrisiani. and Hinduism7 res0e!ivel. The im0oran!e o> hisresisan!e !an 'e seen oda. While slam le> is mar" on 'oh regions7 #0ainremains 0redominanl. Chrisian7 and ndia remains largel. Hindu

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'elease /ree 'es#onse uestions

01/

1 Anal.e !oninuiies and !hanges in la'or s.sems in /JE o> he >ollo;ing regions;ihin he ime 0eriod 1452 o 122@ ain Ameri!a and he Cari''ean7 JorhAmeri!a

- Anal.e similariies and diDeren!es in TW/ o> he >ollo;ing rade ne;or"s in he0eriod 622 CE o 1452 CE =our res0onse ma. in!lude !om0arisons o> 'iologi!al7!ommer!ial7 or !ulural ex!hanges

ndian /!ean7 #il" Roads7 Transahara

01.

1. Analyze continuities and changes in the ways ONE of the following regions participated in interregional

trade during the period circa 1500 to 1750.

Latin America, including the Caribbean; Sub-Saharan Africa; Southeast Asia

2. Analyze similarities and differences in how TWO of the following empires used religion to govern before

1450. Byzantine Empire, Islamic Caliphates, Mauryan/Gupta Empires

01)

1 Analy,e how #olitical trans&ormations contribute to continuities an chan"es in the cultures o& the

$eiterranean re"ion urin" the #erio circa 2 CE to 1 CE

2 Analy,e similarities an i&&erences between the role o& the state in a#ans economic evelo#ment an the

role o& the state in the economic evelo#ment o& 6+E o& the &ollowin" urin" the late nineteenth an early

twentieth centuries7 China 6ttoman Em#ire 'ussia

01

1 Analy,e continuities an chan"es in trae networ0s between A&rica an Eurasia &rom circa 3 to 145

2 Com#are emo"ra#hic an environmental e&&ects o& the Columbian E8chan"e on the Americas with theColumbian E8chan"es emo"ra#hic an environmental e&&ects on 6+E o& the &ollowin" re"ions between

1492 an 1:57 A&rica Asia Euro#e

011

1 Analy,e chan"es an continuities in lon";istance mi"rations in the #erio &rom 1: to 19 e sure toinclue s#eci&ic e8am#les &rom at least T


25/63

00

1 Analy,e continuities an chan"es alon" the *il0 'oas &rom 2 CE to 145 CE

2 Com#are the e&&ects o& racial ieolo"ies on +orth American societies with those on -atin

AmericanCarribean societies urin" the #erio &rom 15 to 13

002

1 Analy,e continuities an chan"es in the commercial li&e o& the Inian 6cean re"ion &rom 5 CE to 1:5

2 Com#are the emer"ence o& nation;states in nineteenth;century -atin America with the emer"ence o& nation;

states in 6+E o& the &ollowin" re"ions in the twentieth century

? *ub;*aharan A&rica

? The $ile East

003

1 Analy,e continuities an chan"es in nationalist ieolo"y an #ractice in 6+E o& the &ollowin" re"ions &rom

the /irst


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2 Com#are i&&erin" res#onses to inustriali,ation in any T


27/63

AP 5urriculum "rame!ork

PER%', 1: UP ' 9 -CE

Mey 5once(t 7#7# Big Geogra(hy and the Peo(ling o& the 6arth D Paleolithic 6ra

%. Paleolithic Era: Archeological evidence sho!s that during the Paleolithic era) hunting-&oraging %andso& humans gradually migrated &rom their origin in 6ast A&rica to 6urasia) Australia) and the Americas)ada(ting their technology and cultures to ne! climates#

A# Humans used &ire to aid hunting) (rotect against (redators) and ada(t to cold environments#B# Humans develo(ed a !ider range o& tools s(ecially ada(ted to di&&erent environments#5# 6conomic structures &ocused on small inship .&amily/ grou(s o& hunting &oraging %ands that couldmake !hat they needed to survive# Ho!ever) not all grou(s !ere sel&-su&&icient they e,changed (eo(le)ideas) and goods#

Mey 5once(t 7#8# The Neolithic Revolution and 6arly Agricultural Societies D Neolithic 6ra

%. 0eolithic Revolution: Beginning around 7) years ago) the Neolithic Revolution resulted in the

develo(ment o& ne! and more com(le, economic and social systems# A# Possi%ly as a res(onse to climatic change) (ermanent agricultural villages emerged &irst in the landso& the eastern Oediterranean# Agriculture emerged at di&&erent times in Oeso(otamia) the Nile Riveralley and Su%-Saharan A&rica) the 4ndus River alley) the Jello! River or Huang He alley) Pa(ua Ne!Guinea) Oesoamerica) and the Andes#B# Pastoralism .herding/ develo(ed at various sites in the grasslands o& A&ro- 6urasia#5# 0i&&erent cro(s or animals !ere domesticated in the various core regions#0# Agricultural communities !orked coo(eratively to clear land and create !ater control systems.irrigation/ needed &or cro( (roduction#6# These agricultural (ractices drastically im(acted environmental diversity# Pastoralists also a&&ected theenvironment %y gra+ing large num%ers o& animals on &ragile grasslands) leading to erosion !henovergra+ed#

%%. Agriculture and pastoralism 7egan to transform human societies. A# Pastoralism and agriculture led to more relia%le and a%undant &ood su((lies) !hich increased the(o(ulation#B# Sur(luses o& &ood and other goods led to s(eciali+ation o& la%or) including ne! classes o& artisans and!arriors) and the develo(ment o& elites#5# Technological innovations led to im(rovements in agricultural (roduction) trade) and trans(ortation#

6,am(les$ (ottery) (lo!s) !oven te,tiles) metallurgy) !heels and !heeled vehicles0# 4n %oth (astoralist and agrarian societies) elite grou(s accumulated !ealth) creating more hierarchical.une'ual/ social structures and (romoting (atriarchal .male-dominated/ &orms o& social organi+ation#

Mey 5once(t 7#9# 0evelo(ment and 4nteractions o& 6arly Agricultural) Pastoral) ? @r%an Societies*6arly5ivili+ations

%. Core civili!ations develo(ed in a variety o& geogra(hical and environmental settings !here agriculture&lourished# 6,am(les$

Oeso(otamia in TigrisF6u(hrates River alleys 6gy(t in Nile River alleyOohen3o-0aro and Hara((a in 4ndus River alley) Shang in the Huang He alleylmec in Oesoamerica 5havin in Andean South America

-$


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%%. he first states emerged (ithin core civili!ations. A# States !ere (o!er&ul ne! systems o& rule that mo%ili+ed sur(lus la%or and resources over largeareas# 6arly states !ere o&ten led %y a ruler !hose source o& (o!er !as %elieved to %e divine or haddivine su((ort andFor !ho !as su((orted %y the military#B# As states gre! and com(eted &or land and resources) the more &avora%ly situated * including theHittites) !ho had access to iron * had greater access to resources) (roduced more sur(lus &ood) ande,(erienced gro!ing (o(ulations# These states !ere a%le to undertake territorial e,(ansion and con'uersurrounding states#5# 6arly regions o& state e,(ansion or em(ire %uilding$ Oeso(otamia) Ba%ylonia) and the Nile alley#0# Pastoralists !ere o&ten the develo(ers and disseminators o& ne! !ea(ons and modes o&trans(ortation that trans&ormed !ar&are in agrarian civili+ations.

Eamples- 5om(ound %o!s) iron !ea(ons) chariots) horse%ack riding

%%%. Culture: 5ulture (layed %ig role in uni&ying states !ith la!s) language) literature) religion) myths) andmonumental art#

A# 6arly civili+ations develo(ed monumental architecture and ur%an (lanning#6,am(les$ +iggurats) (yramids) tem(les) de&ensive !alls) roads) se!ageF!ater systems

B# 6lites) %oth (olitical and religious) (romoted arts and artisanshi(#6,am(les$ scul(ture) (ainting) !all decorations) !eaving#

5# Systems o& record kee(ing arose in all early civili+ations ? di&&used#6,am(les$ cunei&orm) (ictogra(hs) hierogly(hs) al(ha%ets) 'ui(u

0# States develo(ed legal codes .like 5ode o& Hammura%i/ re&lecting e,isting hierarchies ? &acilitatingrule o& governments#6# Ne! religious %elie&s develo(ed in this (eriod continued to have strong in&luences in later (eriods#

6,am(les$ The edic religion .Hinduism/ He%re! monotheism .udaism/ Qoroastrianism

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"# Trade e,(anded throughout this (eriod &rom local to regional and transregional) !ith civili+ationse,changing goods) cultural ideas) and technology#

6,am(les$ Bet!een 6gy(t and Nu%ia Bet!een Oeso(otamia and the 4ndus alleyG# Social and gender hierarchies intensi&ied as states e,(anded and cities multi(lied#H# Literature !as also a re&lection o& culture#

6,am(les$ &he Epic of ilgamesh, /ig 0eda, oo* of the Dead


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PER%', 2: 9 -CE to 9 CE

Mey 5once(t 8#7# The 0evelo(ment and 5odi&ication o& Religious and 5ultural Traditions

%. Codifications ;(riting do(n< and development of e#isting religions provided a 7ond among thepeople and an ethical code to live 7y.A. =udaism$ The association o& monotheism !F udaism !as &urther develo(ed !ith the codi&ication o&the He%re! Scri(tures) !hich also re&lected the in&luence o& Oeso(otamian cultural and legal traditions#The Assyrian) Ba%ylonian) and Roman em(ires con'uered various e!ish states at di&&erent (oints intime) resulting in e!ish dias(oric communities in Oediterranean ? Oideast#-. Hinduism: The core %elie&s outlined in the Sanskrit scri(tures &ormed the %asis o& the edic religions* later kno!n as Hinduism * !hich contri%uted to the develo(ment o& the social and (olitical roles o& acaste system and in the im(ortance o& multi(le mani&estations o& Brahma to (romote teachings a%outreincarnation#

%%. 0e( 7elief systems > cultural traditions emerged and spread? often asserting universal truths.A. -uddhism: The core %elie&s a%out desire) su&&ering) and the search &or enlightenment (reached %ythe historic Buddha and recorded %y his &ollo!ers into sutras and other scri(tures !ere) in (art) areaction to the edic %elie&s and rituals dominant in South Asia# Buddhism changed over time as its(read throughout Asia * &irst through the su((ort o& the Oauryan 6m(eror Ashoka) then through

missionaries and merchants) and the esta%lishment o& educational institutions to (romote its coreteachings .monasteries/#-. Confucianism$ 5ore %elie&s and !ritings originated in !ritings and lessons o& 5on&ucius) and !ereela%orated %y disci(les sought to (romote social harmony %y outlining (ro(er rituals and socialrelationshi(s &or all (eo(le in 5hina) including the rulers#C. ,aoism$ 4n the ma3or 0aoist !ritings) core %elie& o& %alance %et!een humans and nature assumed5hinese (olitical system !ould %e altered indirectly# 0aoism also in&luenced the develo(ment o& 5hineseculture# 6,am(les$ Oedicine) Poetry) Oetallurgy) Architecture,. Christianity$ Based on core %elie&s a%out teachings ? divinity o& esus as recorded %y disci(les dre!on udaism initially re3ected RomanFHellenistic in&luences# 0es(ite initial Roman im(erial hostility)5hristianity s(read through e&&orts o& missionaries and merchants to many (arts o& A&ro-6urasia) andeventually gained Roman im(erial su((ort .6m(eror 5onstantine/#

E. )reco*Roman rationalism: 5ore ideas in (hiloso(hyFscience em(hasi+ed logic) o%servation) natureo& (olitical (o!er and hierarchy#

%%%. -elief systems affected gender roles. Buddhism ? 5hristianity encouraged monastic li&e .livinga(art &rom society as monksFnuns/ and 5on&ucianism em(hasi+ed &ilial (iety .res(ect &or elders) (arents)and ancestors/#

%/. 'ther religious and cultural traditions continued parallel to the codified 7elief systems. A# Shamanism and animism continued to sha(e the lives o& (eo(le !ithin and outside o& core civili+ations%ecause o& their daily reliance on the natural !orld#B# Ancestor veneration (ersisted in A&rica) 6ast Asia) and the Andes#

/. Artistic e#pressions sho( distinctive cultural developments. A# Literature and drama ac'uired distinctive &orms that in&luenced artistic develo(ments in neigh%oringregions and in later time (eriods# 6,am(les$ Greek (lays) 4ndian e(icsB# 0istinctive architectural styles develo(ed in many regions in this (eriod#

6,am(les$ 4ndia) Greece) Roman 6m(ire) Oesoamerica5# The %lending o& Greco-Roman culture and Buddhist %elie&s led to uni'ue scul(tural develo(ments .theGandhara Buddha2s/ this is an e,am(le o& syncretism .%lending t!o di&&erent cultures together/#


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Mey 5once(t 8#8# The 0evelo(ment o& States and 6m(ires

%. &tates and Empires: The num%er and si+e o& key states and em(ires gre! dramatically %y im(osing(olitical unity on areas !here (reviously there had %een com(eting states# 6,am(les$ Oediterranean region$ Phoenicia ? colonies) Greek city-states ? colonies) and Hellenistic andRoman 6m(ires@ SW Asia$ Persian 6m(ires ! Achaemenid) Parthian) Sassanid/2 6ast Asia$ 1in) Han2South Asia$ Oaurya) Gu(ta Oesoamerica$ Teotihuacan) Oaya city-states2 Andes$ Ooche

%%. Empires > states developed ne( techniues of imperial administration 7ased in part onsuccess of earlier political forms.

A# Rulers created administrative institutions to rule su%3ects#6,am(les$ centrali+ed governments) legal systems) %ureaucracies

B# 4m(erial governments (ro3ected military (o!er over larger areas using a variety o& techni'ues#6,am(les$ di(lomacy) su((ly lines) de&ensive !alls) roads dra!ing ne! grou(s o& military o&&icers? soldiers &rom local (o(ulations or con'uered (eo(les

5# Ouch o& the success o& the em(ires rested on their (romotion o& trade and economic integration %y%uilding and maintaining roads and issuing currencies#

6,am(les$ 5hina) Persia) Rome) South Asia

%%%. Uniue social and economic dimensions developed in imperial societies. A# 5ities served as centers o& trade) (u%lic (er&ormance o& religious rituals) and (olitical administration#

6,am(les$ Perse(olis) 5hang2an) Athens) 5arthage) Rome) 5onstantino(le) TeotihuacanB# Social hierarchies included cultivators) la%orers) slaves) artisans) merchants) elites) or caste grou(s#5# Societies relied on a range o& methods to maintain the (roduction o& &ood and (rovide re!ards &or theloyalty o& the elites#

6,am(les$ 5orve) Slavery) Rents and tri%utes) Peasant communities0# Patriarchy continued to sha(e gender and &amily relations in all im(erial societies o& this (eriod


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%/. ,ecline and 8all: The Roman) Han) Persian) Oauryan) and Gu(ta em(ires created (olitical) cultural)and administrative di&&iculties that they could not manage) leading to their decline and colla(se#

A# Through e,cessive mo%ili+ation o& resources) im(erial governments caused environmental damage)social tensions) and economic di&&iculties) resulting in too much !ealth in the hands o& elites#

6,am(les$ 0e&orestation) 0eserti&ication) Soil erosion) Silted rivers A# B# 6,ternal (ro%lems resulted &rom security issues along their &rontiers) including the threat o&

invasions$ Han 5hina ? Kiongnu .Huns/ Gu(ta and the White Huns Romans and their NF6neigh%ors#

*

5#

0#6# Mey 5once(t 8#9# 6mergence o& Transregional Net!orks o& 5ommunication and 6,change8.). %. Emergence of rade Routes: Land and !ater routes %ecame the %asis &or transregional trade)

communication) and e,change#H# A# Oany &actors) including the climate and location o& the routes) the ty(ical trade goods) and the

ethnicity o& (eo(le involved) sha(ed the distinctive &eatures o& a variety o& trade routes#4# 6,am(les$ Silk Roads) Trans-Saharan trade) Oediterranean Sea) 4ndian cean

=.

B. %%. echnologies: Ne! technologies &acilitated long-distance communication and e,change#L# A# @se o& domesticated (ack animals# 6,$ Jokes) Saddles) Stirru(s) Horses) ,en) Llamas)

5amelsO# B# 4nnovations in maritime technologies) as !ell as advanced kno!ledge o& the monsoon !inds)

stimulated e,changes along maritime routes &rom 6ast A&rica to 6ast Asia# 6,$ Lateen sail 0ho!shi(s

0.'. %%%. ,iffusion: 6,change o& (eo(le) technology) religiousFcultural %elie&s) cro(s) domesticated

animals) disease (athogens


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P# A# The s(read o& cro(s) including rice and cotton &rom South Asia to the Oiddle 6ast) encouragedchanges in &arming and irrigation techni'ues# 6,$ The 'anat system .see (icture %elo!/

1# B# The s(read o& disease (athogens diminished ur%an (o(s ? contri%uted to the decline o&Roman and 5hinese 6m(ires

R# 5# Religious and cultural traditions !ere trans&ormed as they s(read .5hristianity) Buddhism)Hinduism/

S#

T#


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U. PER%', ": 9 to 1$#W# Mey 5once(t 9#7# 6,(ansion and 4ntensi&ication o& 5ommunication and 6,change Net!orksD.J# %. rade: 4m(roved trans(ortation technologies and commercial (ractices led to an increased

volume o& trade) and e,(anded the geogra(hical range o& e,isting and ne!ly active tradenet!orks#

Q# A# 6,isting trade routes &lourished and led to (o!er&ul ne! trading cities# AA# Routes$ Silk Roads) 4ndian cean) Oed Sea) 4ndian cean AB# 5ities$ Novgorod) Tim%uktu) S!ahili city-states) Hang+hou) 5alicut) Baghdad) Oelaka)

enice) A5# B# Ne! trade routes centering on Oesoamerica and the Andes develo(ed# A0# 5# The gro!th o& interregional trade in lu,ury goods !as encouraged %y signi&icant

innovations in technologies) including more so(histicated caravan organi+ation) use o& thecom(ass) astrola%e) and larger shi( designs in sea travel and ne! &orms o& credit andmoneti+ation#

A6# Lu,ury Goods$ SilkFcotton te,tiles) Porcelain) S(ices) Precious metals ? gems) Slaves) 6,oticanimals

A"# 5aravan organi+ation$ 5aravanserai .roadside inns/) 5amel saddles AG# "orms o& credit$ Bills o& e,change) 5redit) 5hecks) Banking houses AH# 0# 5ommercial gro!th !as also &acilitated %y state (ractices) trading organi+ations) and

in&rastructure A4# 6,$ The Grand 5anal in 5hina) minting o& coins and (a(er money Hanseatic League A# 6# The e,(ansion o& em(ires &acilitated Trans-6urasian trade and communication as ne! (eo(les

!ere dra!n into their con'uerors2 economies and trade net!orks AM# 6,$ 5hina) the By+antine 6m(ire) the 5ali(hates) the OongolsA.A4. %%. 4igration: The movement o& (eo(les caused environmental and linguistic e&&ects#

AN# A# The e,(ansion o& trade routes de(ended on environmental kno!ledge andtechnological ada(tations#

A# 6,$ ikings longshi(s Ara%sFBer%ers used camels in Sahara 5entral Asian herdersused horses

AP#B# Some migrations had a signi&icant environmental im(act# A1# Bantu$ &acilitated transmission o& iron technologies and agricultural techni'ues in Su%-

Saharan A&rica AR# Polynesian$ maritime) cultivated trans(lanted &oods ? domesticated animals as moved

to ne! islands AS#5# Some migrations and trade led to di&&usion o& language$ Bantu .including S!ahili/) Turkish)

Ara%ic


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A.

A@# %%%. ,iffusion: 5ross-cultural e,changes !ere &ostered %y e,isting and ne! trade routes# A# A# %slam$ 4slam) %ased on the revelations o& the (ro(het Ouhammad) develo(ed in the Ara%ian

Peninsula# The %elie&s and (ractices o& 4slam re&lected interactions among e!s) 5hristians) andQoroastrians !ith the local Ara%ian (eo(les# Ouslim rule e,(anded to A&ro-6urasia due to militarye,(ansion) and later activities o& merchants and missionaries#

AW# B# Oerchants set u( dias(oric communities in key (laces !here they introduced their o!n

cultural traditions into the indigenous culture# 6,$ Ouslim merchant communities in the 4ndiancean region) 5hinese merchant communities in S6 Asia) e!ish communities in the Oed) 4T)SR#

AK#5# The !ritings o& certain interregional travelers illustrate %oth the e,tent and the limitations o&intercultural kno!ledge and understanding# 6,$ 4%n Battuta) Oarco Polo) Kuan+ang

AJ# 0# 4ncreased cross-cultural interactions resulted in cultural di&&usion# AQ# 6,$ Neocon&ucianism ? Buddhism in 6ast Asia) Hinduism ? Buddhism in S6 Asia) 4slam in S-S

A&ricaBA# ? S6 Asia) ToltecFOe,ica ? 4nca traditions in Oesoamerica ? AndesBB#6# 4ncreased cross-cultural interactions resulted in the di&&usion o& scienti&ic and technological

traditions#B5# 6,$ 4n&luence o& Greek ? 4ndian mathematics on Ouslim scholars the return o& Greek

science andB0# (hiloso(hy to Western 6uro(e via Ouslim al-Andalus in 4%eria S(read o& (rinting

? gun(o!derB6# technology &rom 6ast Asia 4slamic em(ires ? W# 6uro(e-8.-). %/. Continued diffusion of crops and pathogens throughout the Eastern Hemisphere

along the trade routes.BH# A# New foods and agricultural techni3ues !ere ado(ted in (o(ulated areas$B4# 5ham(a rice &rom ietnam to 5hina in 6ast Asia S(read o& cotton) sugar) and citrus throughout

0ar al-4slam and the Oediterranean %asin Bananas in A&rica


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B# B# The s(read o& e(idemic diseases) including the Black 0eath) &ollo!ed trade routes#BM#BL#Mey 5once(t 9#8# 5ontinuity and 4nnovation o& State "orms and Their 4nteractions

-4.

-0. %. Empires: 6m(ires colla(sed and !ere reconstituted in some regions ne! state &ormsemerged#

B# A# "ollo!ing the colla(se o& em(ires) most reconstituted governments) including theBy+antine 6m(ire and the 5hinese dynasties * Sui) Tang) and Song * com%ined traditionalsources o& (o!er and legitimacy .(atriarchy) religion) land-o!ning elites/ !ith innovations %ettersuited to the current circumstances .ne! ta,ation) tri%ute systems) religions/#

BP#B# Ne! &orms o& governance$B1# - 4slamic states .A%%asids) Ouslim 4%eria) 0elhi sultanates/BR# - Oongol MhanatesBS# - 5ity-states .4talian) S6 Asian) American/BT# - 0ecentrali+ed government .&eudalism/ in 6uro(e and a(an#

B@# 5# Some states synthesi+ed local and %orro!ed traditions#

B# 6,$ Persian traditions

4slamic states) 5hinese

a(an By+antine

RussiaBW# 0# 4n the Americas) as in A&ro-6urasia) state systems e,(anded in sco(e and reach$

Net!orks o& city-states &lourished in the Oaya region and) at the end o& this (eriod) im(erialsystems !ere created %y the Oe,ica .A+tecs/ and 4nca#

-D.-6.%%. ,iffusion: 4nterregional contacts and con&licts %et!een states and em(ires encouraged

signi&icant technological and cultural trans&ers# BQ# 6,$ Bet!een Tang 5hina and the A%%asids) across the Oongol em(ire) during the

5rusades5A#


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5B# Mey 5once(t 9#9# 4ncreased 6conomic Productive 5a(acity and 4ts 5onse'uences

CC. %. %nnovations stimulated agricultural and industrial production in many regions.CD. A# Agricultural (roduction increased signi&icantly due to technological innovations# E-

5ham(a rice varieties) 5hinam(a &ield systems .A+tec/) 4aru waru techni'ues .4nca/) terracing)horse collar

56# B# 4n res(onse to increasing demand in A&ro-6urasia &or &oreign lu,ury goods) cro(s !eretrans(orted &rom their indigenous homelands to e'uivalent climates in other regions#

5"#5# 5hinese) Persian) and 4ndian artisans and merchants e,(anded their (roduction o& te,tiles and(orcelains &or e,(ort industrial (roduction o& iron and steel e,(anded in 5hina#

C).CH. %%. Cities: The &ate o& cities varied greatly) !ith (eriods o& signi&icant decline) and !ith

(eriods o& increased ur%ani+ation %uoyed %y rising (roductivity and e,(anding trade net!orks#54# A# Oulti(le &actors contri%uted to the declines o& ur%an areas in this (eriod) such as invasions)

disease) agricultural decline#5#B# Oulti(le &actors contri%uted to ur%an revival# 6,am(les$ 6nd o& invasions) sa&er trans(ort) rise

o& trade) !armer tem(s to 79) increased (roductivity and rising (o(s) la%or su((ly5M# 5# While cities in general continued to (lay the roles they had (layed in the (ast as

governmental) religious) and commercial centers) many older cities declined !hile numerous ne!cities emerged#

C.C4. %%%. &ocial Change and Continuity: 0es(ite signi&icant continuities in social structures

and in methods o& (roduction) there !ere also im(ortant changes in la%or management and in thee&&ect o& religious conversion on gender relations and &amily li&e#

CN. A# As in the (revious (eriod) there !ere many &orms o& labor organi+ation# 6,$ &ree(easant agriculture) nomadic (astoralism) cra&t (roductionFguild organi+ation) coercedFun&reela%or) govt im(osed la%or ta,es .mita-4nca/) military


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5# B# As in (revious eras) social structures !ere sha(ed largely %y class and castehierarchies# Patriarchy (ersisted ho!ever) !omen had more (o!erFin&luence among the Oongolsand in West A&rica) a(an) and S6 Asia#

5P#5# Ne! &orms o& coerced la%or a((eared) including ser&dom in 6uro(e and a(an and theela%oration o& the mit(a in the 4nca 6m(ire# "ree (easants resisted attem(ts to raise dues andta,es %y staging revolts in By+antine and 5hina# 0emand &or slaves .militaryFdomestic/ increased)(articularly in central 6urasia) (arts o& A&rica) and the eastern Oediterranean#

51# 0# 0i&&usion o& Buddhism) 5hristianity) 4slam) and Neocon&ucianism %ig changes ingender relations ? &amily structure#

CR. PER%', $: 1$ to 1F

5S# Mey 5once(t :#7# Glo%ali+ing Net!orks o& 5ommunication and 6,change) 7:;-7=;C.CU. %. Continuity: This era !itnessed the intensi&ication o& all e,isting regional trade net!orks)

resulting in %oth continued (ros(erity and economic disru(tion to merchants ? governments inthe 4ndian cean) Oediterranean) Sahara) and overland 6urasia#

C/.5W# %%. echnology: 6uro(ean technological develo(ments in cartogra(hy ? navigation %uilt

on (revious kno!ledge &rom classical) 4slamic) ? Asian !orlds) including im(roved understandingo& glo%al !ind and currents (atterns#

5K# 6,am(les$ Ne! tools- Astrola%e) revised ma(@ 4nnovations in shi( designs$ caravelsC6.

CG.%%%. E#ploration: Remarka%le ne! transoceanic maritime reconnaissance occurred in this (eriod#0A# A# &&icial 5hinese maritime activity e,(anded into the 4ndian cean !ith the voyages led

%y Oing Admiral Qheng He to enhance 5hina2s (restige#0B# B# A Portuguese school &or navigation !as &ounded %y Prince Henry) leading to an

increase in travel and trade !ith West A&rica) and later the develo(ment o& a glo%al trading-(ostem(ire#

05# 5# S(anish s(onsorshi( o& 5olum%us and later e,(lorers across the Atlantic and Paci&icincreased 6uro(ean interest in trade and travel#

00# 0# Northern Atlantic crossings &or &ishing ? settlements continued ? s(urred 6uro(eansearches &or a north!est (assage to Asia#

06# 6# 4n ceania and Polynesia) esta%lished e,change and communication net!orks !erenot dramatically a&&ected %ecause o& in&re'uent 6uro(ean reconnaissance in the Paci&ic cean#

0"#


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,).

,H.,%. %/. Commercial Revolution: The ne! glo%al circulation o& goods !as &acilitated %y royal

chartered 6uro(ean mono(oly com(anies that took silver &rom S(anish colonies in the Americasto (urchase Asian goods &or the Atlantic markets) %ut regional markets continued usingesta%lished (ractices ? ne! shi((ing services develo(ed %y 6uro(ean merchants#

0# A# 6uro(ean merchants2 in 4ndian cean mainly trans(orted goods &rom one Asian country toanother Asian market#0M# B# 5ommerciali+ation and the creation o& a glo%al economy linked to ne! glo%al

circulation o& silver &rom the Americas#0L#5# 4n&luenced %y mercantilism) 3oint-stock com(anies !ere ne! methods used %y 6uro(ean rulers

to control their domestic and colonial economies and %y 6uro(ean merchants to com(ete againstone another in glo%al trade#

0O# 0# The Atlantic system involved the movement o& goods) !ealth) and &ree and un&reela%orers) and the mi,ing o& A&rican) American) and 6uro(ean cultures and (eo(les# .TriangularTrade/

,0.,'. /. Colum7ian E#change: The ne! connections %et!een the 6astern and Western

hemis(heres resulted in the 5olum%ian 6,change#0P#A# 6uro(ean coloni+ation o& the Americas led to the s(read o& diseases .small(o,) measles)

in&luen+a/ endemic in the 6astern Hem# to Amerindian (o(ulations also unintentional trans&er o&mos'uitoes) rats#

01# B# American &oods .(otatoes) mai+e) manioc/ %ecame sta(le cro(s in various (arts o& A&ro-6urasia#

0R# 5ash cro(s .sugar) to%acco/ !ere gro!n on (lantations !F slave la%or and e,(orted to6uro(e#

0S# 5# A&ro-6urasian &ruit trees) grains) sugar) and animals .horses) (igs) cattle/ !ere %rought%y 6uro(eans


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0T#0# Po(ulations in A&ro-6urasia %ene&ited nutritionally &rom the increased diversity o& American&ood cro(s#

0@# 6# 6uro(ean coloni+ation and the introduction o& 6uro(ean agriculture and settlements(ractices in the Americas o&ten a&&ected the (hysical environment through de&orestation and soilde(letion#

0#

,+.,D.,6./%. Religious ,iffusion and ,ivision: 4ncreased interactions %et!een ne!ly connected

hemis(heres e,(anded the s(read and re&orm o& e,isting religions and created syncretic %elie&systems and (ractices#

0Q#A# As 4slam s(read to ne! settings in A&ro-6urasia) %elievers ada(ted it to local cultural (ractices#The s(lit %et!een the Sunni and Shi2a traditions intensi&ied) and Su&i (ractices %ecame more!ides(read#

6A#B# 5hristianity continued to s(read and !as diversi&ied %y di&&usion to Americas and Re&ormation#6B#5# Buddhism s(read !ithin Asia#65# 0# Syncretic and ne! &orms o& religion develo(ed# .odun in 5ari%%ean) 5ults o& saints in

Latin America) Sikhism in South AsiaE,.EE./%%. Art: As merchants2 (ro&its increased and governments collected more ta,es) &unding &or the

visual and (er&orming arts) even &or (o(ular audiences) increased#6"#A# 4nnovations$ Renaissance art in 6uro(e) mini-(aintings in Oiddle 6ast and South Asia) !ood-

%lock (rints in a(an) Oesoamerican codices6G# B# Literacy e,(anded (o(ular authors) literary &orms) and !orks o& literature in A&ro-

6urasia# Shakes(eare) 5ervantes .Don 5uiote/) undiata, 6ourney to the 4est ) Ma%uki theatreEH.64# Mey 5once(t :#8# Ne! "orms o& Social rgani+ation and Oodes o& ProductionE=.EB. %. a7or &ystems: Traditional (easant agriculture increased and changed) (lantations

e,(anded) and demand &or la%or increased# 6L#A# Peasant la%or intensi&ied .&rontier settlements in Russian Si%eria) te,tiles in 4ndia) silk in 5hina/6O# B# Slavery in A&rica continued %oth traditional household slavery and e,(ort to Oed Sea ?

4ndian cean#6N# 5# The gro!th o& the (lantation economy increased the demand &or slaves in the

Americas#6# 0# "orced la%or in 5olonial America included chattel slavery) 4ndentured servitude)

6ncomienda S(anish use o& the 4nca mit(a .un(aid la%or o%ligations to the state/#


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EP.%%. &ocial &tructures: As ne! social and (olitical elites changed) they also restructured ne!ethnic) racial) and gender hierarchies#

61# A# Both im(erial con'uests ? glo%al economic o((ortunities &ormation o& ne! (oliticaland economic elites# 6,$ Oanchus in 5hina) 5reole elites in S(anish America) 6uro(ean gentry)@r%an traders

6R# B# The (o!er o& e,isting (olitical and economic elites &luctuated as they con&ronted ne!challenges to their a%ility to a&&ect the (olicies o& the increasingly (o!er&ul monarchs and leaders#6S# 6,$ +amindars in Oughal) no%ility in 6uro(e) daimyo in a(an

6T#5# Some nota%le gender and &amily restructuring occurred) including the demogra(hic changes in A&rica that resulted &rom the slave trades# 6,$ de(endence o& 6uro(ean men on S6 Asian !omen&or trade smaller si+e o& 6uro(ean &amilies

6@# 0# The massive demogra(hic changes in Americas ne! ethnic and racial classi&ications#Oesti+o .mi,ed 6uro(ean and Native American/) mulatto .mi,ed 6uro ? A&rican/) creole.American-%orn !hites/

E/.6W# Mey 5once(t :#9# State 5onsolidation and 4m(erial 6,(ansionED.E6.%. &tate Consolidation: Rulers used a variety o& methods to legitimi+e and consolidate their

(o!er#6Q#A# Arts to dis(lay (o!er$ Oonumental architecture) @r%an design) 5ourtly literature) The visual

arts"A#B# Rulers continued to use religious ideas to legitimi+e their rule# Sa&avid use o& Shiism) A+tec

human sacri&ice) Songhay (romotion o& 4slam) 5hinese em(erors2 (u%lic (er&ormance o&5on&ucian rituals

"B#5# States treated di&&erent ethnic and religious grou(s in !ays that utili+ed their economiccontri%utions !hile limiting a%ility to challenge state authority# 6,$ ttoman use o& non-Ouslims)Oanchu (olicies to!ard 5hinese) S(anish Re(u%lica de 4ndios

"5#0# Recruitment and use o& %ureaucratic elites) as !ell as the develo(ment o& military(ro&essionals) %ecame more common among rulers !ho !anted to maintain centrali+ed controlover their (o(ulations and resources# 6,$ ttoman devshirme) 5hinese e,am system

"0#6# Rulers used tri%ute collection and ta, &arming to generate revenue &or territorial e,(ansion#8E.88. %%. %mperial e#pansion relied on the increased use o& gun(o!der) cannons) and armed trade to

esta%lish large em(ires#"G# A# 6uro(eans esta%lished ne! trading-(ost em(ires in A&rica and Asia .increased (ro&its

&or rulers and merchants/) %ut these em(ires also a&&ected the (o!er o& the states in interior Westand 5entral A&rica#

"H#B# Land em(ires e,(anded dramatically in si+e$ Oanchus .1ing/) Oughals) ttomans) Russians"4# 5# 6uro(ean states esta%lished ne! maritime em(ires in the Americas$

"# Portuguese) S(anish) 0utch) "rench) British8B.8. %%%. Challenges to state consolidation and e#pansion."O# A# 5om(etition over trade routes$ mani-6uro(ean rivalry in the 4ndian cean) Piracy in

the 5ari%%ean#

"N#B# State rivalries$ Thirty Jears War .5atholic v# Protestant/) ttoman-Sa&avid con&lict .Shia v#Sunni/#

8'. 5# Local resistance$ &ood riots) samurai revolts) (easant u(risings


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8. PER%', : 1F to 1

"R#Mey 5once(t ;#7# 4ndustriali+ation and Glo%al 5a(italism8&.8. %. %ndustriali!ation fundamentally changed ho( goods (ere produced."@#A# A variety o& &actors led to the rise o& industrial (roduction#$ 6uro(e2s location on the Atlantic

cean the geogra(hical distri%ution o& coal) iron and tim%er 6uro(ean demogra(hic changes@r%ani+ation 4m(roved agricultural (roductivity Legal (rotection o& (rivate (ro(erty Ana%undance o& rivers and canals Access to &oreign resources accumulation o& ca(ital

"#B# The develo(ment o& machines) including steam engines and the internal com%ustion engine)made it (ossi%le to e,(loit vast ne! resources o& energy stored in &ossil &uels) s(eci&ically coaland oil# The &ossil &uels revolution greatly increased the energy availa%le to human societies#

"W# 5# The develo(ment o& the &actory system concentrated la%or in a single location and ledto an increasing degree o& s(eciali+ation o& la%or#

"K#0# As the ne! methods o& industrial (roduction %ecame more common in (arts o& north!estern6uro(e) they s(read to other (arts o& 6uro(e and the @nited States) Russia) and a(an#

"J#6# The second industrial revolution led to ne! steel (roduction) chemicals) electricity and(recision machinery .7;-7C/#

8G.)A. %%. )lo7al rade: Ne! glo%al trade (atterns &urther integrated the glo%al economy as

industrialists sought ra! materials ? ne! markets.GB# A# The need &or ra! materials &or the &actories and increased &ood su((lies &or the gro!ing

(o(ulation in ur%an centers led to the gro!th o& e,(ort economies around the !orld thats(eciali+ed in mass (roducing single natural resources then using (ro&its to (urchase &inishedgoods#G5# 6,$ 5otton) Ru%%er) Palm oil) Sugar) Wheat) Oeat) Guano) Oetals and minerals

G0# B# The ra(id develo(ment o& industrial (roduction contri%uted to the decline o&economically (roductive) agriculturally %ased economies# 6,am(le$ Te,tile (roduction in 4ndia

G6# 5# The ra(id increases in (roductivity caused %y industrial (roduction encouragedindustriali+ed states to seek out ne! consumer markets &or their &inished goods#G"# 6,$ British ? "rench attem(ts to o(en u( 5hina in 7Cth century .(ium Wars/

GG# 0# The need &or (recious metals &or industrial (roduction glo%al demand &or gold) silver

and diamonds as &orms o& !ealth) led to the develo(ment o& e,tensive mining centers#GH# 6,$ 5o((er mines in Oe,ico GoldFdiamond mines in South A&rica

)%.)=.%%%. 8inance: "inanciers develo(ed and e,(anded &inancial institutions to &acilitate investment#GM# A# The ideological ins(iration &or economic changes lies in the develo(ment o& ca(italism

and classical li%eralism associated !ith Adam Smith and ohn Stuart Oill#GL#B# "inancial instruments e,(anded# 6,$ Stock markets) 4nsurance) Gold standard) Limited lia%ility

cor(orationsGO# 5# The glo%al nature o& trade and (roduction contri%uted to the (roli&eration o& large-scale

transnational %usinesses# 6,$ The @nited "ruit 5om(any)0.)'. %/. here (ere maIor developments in transportation > communication.

GP# Re'uired e,am(les$ Railroads) Steamshi(s) Telegra(hs) 5anals).)R. /. )lo7al Capitalism: The develo(ment and s(read o& glo%al ca(italism led to a variety o&

res(onses#GS# A# 4n industriali+ed states) many !orkers organi+ed themselves to im(rove !orking

conditions) limit hours) and gain higher !ages) !hile others o((osed ca(italist e,(loitation o&!orkers %y (romoting alternative visions o& society# 6,$ @to(ian socialism) Oar,ism) Anarchism

GT#B# 4n 1ing 5hina and the ttoman 6m(ire) some mem%ers o& the government resisted economicchange and attem(ted to maintain (reindustrial &orms o& economic (roduction#

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G@#

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G#5# 4n a small num%er o& states) governments (romoted their o!n state-s(onsored visions o&industriali+ation# 6,am(les$GW# > The economic re&orms o& Oei3i a(anGK# > The develo(ment o& &actories and railroads in Tsarist RussiaGJ# > 5hina2s Sel&-Strengthening OovementGQ# > Ouhammad Ali2s dev# o& a cotton te,tile industry in 6gy(t

#A. Compare- China(s loss of sovereignty to western powers v. 6apan(s successful

moderni+ation.

HB#

H5#

H0# 0# 4n res(onse to criticisms o& industrial glo%al ca(italism) some governments mitigatednegative e&&ects o& ca(italism %y (romoting re&orms# 6,am(les$ state (ensions and (u%lic healthin Germany) e,(anded su&&rage in Britain) (u%lic education many states

H6#H8./%. &ocial Change: The !ays in !hich (eo(le organi+ed themselves into societies also

under!ent signi&icant trans&ormations#HG# A# Ne! social classes) including the middle class and the industrial !orking class)

develo(ed#HH# B# "amily dynamics) gender roles) and demogra(hics changed in res(onse to

industriali+ation# Ra(id ur%ani+ation that accom(anied glo%al ca(italism o&ten led to unsanitaryconditions) as !ell as to ne! &orms o& community#

H4#H#Mey 5once(t ;#8# 4m(erialism and Nation-State "ormationHB.H.%. %ndustriali!ing po(ers esta7lished transoceanic empires.HO# A# States !ith e,isting colonies strengthened their control over those colonies

HN# 6,am(les$ British in 4ndia) 0utch in 4ndonesiaH# B# 6uro(ean states) as !ell as the Americans and the a(anese) esta%lished em(ires

throughout Asia and the Paci&ic) !hile S(anish and Portuguese in&luence declined#HP# 6,am(les$ British) 0utch) "rench) German) RussianH1# 5# Oany 6uro(ean states used %oth !ar&are and di(lomacy to esta%lish em(ires in A&rica##/. 6,am(les$ British in West A&rica) Belgium in 5ongoHS# 0# 4n some (arts o& their em(ires) 6uro(eans esta%lished settler colonies#HT# 6,am(les$ British in South A&rica) Australia) NQ "rench AlgeriaH@# 6# 4n other (arts o& the !orld) industriali+ed states (racticed economic im(erialism#H# 6,$ British "rench in 5hina through the (ium Wars British @#S# investment in Latin

AmericaHW#HK# %%. %mperialism influenced state formation and contraction around the (orld.HJ#A# The e,(ansion o& @#S# ? 6uro(ean in&luence over Tokuga!a a(an emergence o& Oei3i

a(an#HQ#B# The @SA ? Russia emulated 6uro(ean im(erialism %y e,(anding land %ordersF con'uering

territories#

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4A# 5# Anti-im(erial resistance contraction o& the ttoman 6m(ire$ 6st# o& inde(endent states inBalkans Semi-inde(endence in 6gy(t "rench and 4talian colonies in North A&rica Later Britishin&luence in 6gy(t

4B# 0# Ne! states develo(ed on the edges o& e,isting em(ires# 6,$ 5herokee Nation) Siam) Ha!ai2i)Qulu

45# 6# The develo(ment and s(read o& nationalism- German nation) "ili(ino nationalism) Li%eriannationalism

%,.%E. %%%. Racism: Ne! racial ideologies) es(ecially Social 0ar!inism) &acilitated and 3usti&ied

im(erialism#%8. Mey 5once(t ;#9# Nationalism) Revolution) and Re&orm%).%H. %. he Enlightenment: The rise and di&&usion o& 6nlightenment thought that 'uestioned

esta%lished traditions in all areas o& li&e o&ten (receded the revolutions and re%ellions againste,isting governments#

44# A# Thinkers a((lied ne! !ays o& understanding the natural !orld to human relationshi(s)encouraging o%servation and in&erence in all s(heres o& li&e# 6,$ oltaire) Rousseau

4# B# 4ntellectuals criti'ued the role that religion (layed in (u%lic li&e) stressed im(ortance o& reasonas o((osed to revelation#

4M# 5# 6nlightenment thinkers develo(ed ne! ideas a%out the individual) natural rights) and the socialcontract# 6,$ Locke) Oontes'uieu

4L# 0# The ideas o& 6nlightenment thinkers in&luenced resistance to e,isting (olitical authority) asre&lected in revolutionary documents# 6,am(les$ 0eclaration o& 4nde(endence) "rench0eclaration o& the Rights o& Oan and 5iti+en) Bolivar2s amaica Letter

4O# 6# These ideas in&luenced many (eo(le to challenge e,isting notions o& social relations) !hich ledto the e,(ansion o& rights as seen in e,(anded su&&rage) the a%olition o& slavery and the end o&ser&dom) as their ideas !ere im(lemented#

%0.%'.4P# %%. 0ationalism: Beginning in the eighteenth century) (eo(les around the !orld develo(ed a ne!

sense o& commonality %ased on language) religion) social customs and territory# These ne!lyimagined national communities linked this identity !ith the %orders o& the state) !hilegovernments used this idea to unite diverse (o(ulations#

%.4R# %%%. Revolutions: 4ncreasing discontent !ith im(erial rule (ro(elled re&ormist and revolutionary

movements#4S# A# Su%3ects challenged im(erial governments# 6,am(le$ The challenge o& the Oarathas to

Oughals4T# B# American colonial su%3ects led a series o& re%ellions) !hich &acilitated the emergence o&

inde(endent states in the @nited States) Haiti) and mainland Latin America# "rench su%3ectsre%elled against their monarchy#

4@# 5# Slave resistance challenged e,isting authorities in the Americas !ith esta%lishment o& Oaroonsocieties .communities o& esca(ed slaves/#

4# 0# 4ncreasing 'uestions a%out (olitical authority and gro!ing nationalism contri%uted toanticolonial movements# 6,am(les$ The 4ndian Revolt o& 7;= .Se(oy Outiny/ The Bo,erRe%ellion in 5hina

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4W#6# Some o& the re%ellions !ere in&luenced %y religious ideas and millenarianism#%7. 6,am(les$ Tai(ing Re%ellion) Ghost 0ance) Khosa 5attle Milling Oovement

4J# "# Res(onses to increasingly &re'uent re%ellions led to re&orms in im(erial (olicies#4Q# 6,am(les$ Tan+imat in the ttoman 6m(ire) Sel&-Strengthening in 5hina %oth &ailed

A#=-.%/. 0e( %deologies: The glo%al s(read o& 6uro(ean (olitical and social thought and the

increasing num%er o& re%ellions stimulated ne! transnational ideologies and solidarities#5#A# 0iscontent !F monarchist ? im(erial rule led to the develo(ment o& (olitical ideologies)

including li%eralism) socialism) and communism#0# B# 0emands &or !omen2s su&&rage and an emergent &eminism challenged (olitical and gender

hierarchies# 6,am(les$ Oary W#2s A 0indication of the /ights of 4oman2 lym(e de Gouges2s0eclaration o& the Rights o& Women Seneca "alls 5on&erence in 7:

6#

4$


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"# Mey 5once(t ;#:# Glo%al Oigration=).=H.%. 4igration %ntro: Oigration in&luenced %y changes in demogra(hy in industriali+ed ? unindustriali+ed

societies challenges#4# A# 5hanges in &ood (roduction ? im(roved medical conditions signi&icant glo%al rise in (o(ulation## B# Oigrants increasingly relocated to cities) resulting in signi&icant glo%al ur%ani+ation o& the 7Cth

century#=B.L# %%. Causes: Oigrants relocated &or a variety o& reasons#O#A# Oany individuals chose &reely to relocate in search o& !ork#

N# 6,$ Oanual la%orers) (ro&essionals#B# The ne! glo%al ca(italist economy continued to rely on coerced ? semicoerced la%or migration)

including convict la%or) slavery) and 5hinese and 4ndian indentured servitudeP# 5# While many migrants (ermanently relocated) a signi&icant num%er o& tem(orary and seasonal

migrants returned to their home societies#1# 6,$ a(anese agricultural !orkers in the Paci&ic) Le%anese merchants in Americas) 4talians in

Argentina=R.=&. %%%. Responses to 4igration: The large-scale nature o& migration) es(ecially in the 7s) (roduced a

variety o& e&&ects and reactions to the increasingly diverse societies#T# A# 0ue to the (hysical nature o& the la%or in demand) migrants tended to %e male) leaving !omen to

take on ne! roles in the home society that had %een &ormerly occu(ied %y men#@# B# Oigrants o&ten created ethnic enclaves in di&&erent (arts o& the !orld !hich hel(ed trans(lant their

culture into ne! environments and &acilitated the develo(ment o& migrant su((ort net!orks## 6,$ 5hinese in S6 Asi

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