ap u.s. history semester 1 review (part 1)

8/14/2019 AP U.S. History Semester 1 Review (Part 1)

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AP U.S. History Semester 1 Review Part 1

Virginian Declaration of Rights

Declaration of Rights and Grievous: only colonists could tax colonists, trial by

jury, Rights of Englishmen, no taxation without representation

Early Problems with Legislative State Government

A unicameral Congress (one house) must need 9/13 votes to pass a law,

13/13 to amend article; could not levy taxes, no armies nor money, could not

negotiate treaty, regulate interstate trade / commerce

Equality of White Men (Who Was Left Out)

Poor, non-landowners could not vote

Article of Confederation (how formed, weaknesses)

Could not levy taxes, raise army, issue money, negotiate treaties, and

regulate interstate trade/commerce

Amending Articles or New Form of Government?

New created the Constitution

James Madison and Alexander Hamilton (goals, background)

J. Madison wrote Constitution & Bill of Rights, was a Federalist until later

with Jefferson formed Republican Party opposed strong govt.

Al. Hamilton Federalist, supported by elites/merchants, favored strong nat.

govt., from New England

Virginian Plan (what it proposed, main features)Bicameral legislatures, representatives based on population, 3 branches,

strong executive

New Jersey Plan

One house of legislature, equal representatives

3/5 Compromise

5 slaves = 3 free = representatives for House of Legislative

Great Compromise

Combination of Virginia + New Jersey Plan, bicameral legislature House by

population, Senate by equal representatives, Congress had power to tax and

regulate trade

Executive Branch Composition

President + cabinet

Electoral College

Set up cos of the fear of the mob

Judicial Branch (composition)

1 chief justice, 5 associated justices (Judiciary Act of 1789)

Federalists / Anti-Federalists (leaders, arguments)

F: John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison; favor strong central govt.

A: Patrick Henry, Thomas Paine; wanted weak central govt.

The Federalist Papers (who wrote them, what did they argue for)

John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison

Argue for ratification of the Constitution and centralized govt.

Monroe Doctrine

1. Europe: Out of Western Hemisphere

2. Europe: Non-colonization

3. U.S. remains out of European Affairs (isolationism)

- against European in general

American System

Henry Clay - internal and economic developments

1. Internal improvements

2. Protective tariff

3. Uniformity in manufacturing government weapons

Tariffs (what they did for what region)

Protective tax/tariff on imported goods; help north, hurt south

Fight over the Bank of the U.S. (Jackson esp.)

Jackson was against the Bus because they issued soft money

Jackson supported hard money or species, condemned banknotes

Jackson vetoes charter of 2nd BUS, blamed it for the Panic of 1819

The BUS died in 1836

Jacksonian Democracy (what was it, who participated, what it indicated)

Age of Common Man - Transformation of politics, extended voting rights to

white males, non-landowners

Missouri Compromise (where, what)

Henry Clay helps to draft it

1. Missouri = slave state

2. Maine = Free State

3. No slavery in Louisiana territory, North of 3630

4. No slave trade in D.C.

The Death of Federalist Party

Due to the Hartford Convention they wanted to secede from Union during

War of 1812, just right after the war ended = treason = died

Modern Political Parties (characteristics)

Jacksonian Democracy:

1) convention

2) campaigning3) political platforms: public stance on issued

4) patronage: govt. jobs to supporters aka spoils system

Nullification and the Tariff of 1832

New tariff in 1832 hurt S, benefit N/W

South Carolina Exposition wanted to nullify tariff of 1828 & secession from

Union

Force BillJacksons use of military forces to enforce Congress act

Clays Compromiselower tariff til 1842 = 1816 level

Panic of 1819

Over-speculation of western lands, loose lending practices of state banks,

decline in European demands for American staple goods, mismanagement

within the second BUSWorsened social divisions within the US, blame on

2nd

BUS

Panic of 1837

Collapse of 2nd

BUS + Specie Circular (required for payment of govt land in

gold/silver)

Panic of 1873

Over-speculation in railroads

Election of 1824 (who did what, where)

Who: Clay transfer votes to J.Q. Adams

Where: House of Representatives

Corrupt bargain: Henry Clay convinced Congress to elect Adams over Jackson

Development of manufacturing in America

Deskilled machines replaced skilled artisans

Rise of Slavery and Cotton in the South

Eli Whitneys cotton gin increase staple cotton products = increase econ in

South = increase demand for slavery

Louisiana Purchase (4/30/1803)

Livingston & Monroe signed agreement for Louisiana Purchase

United States gave 15 million dollars to France

Jefferson loosely interpreted

Lewis and Clark (purpose)

1. N.W. Passage

2. Map

3. Conduct relations with natives

4. Find mineral resources


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Republicans vs. Federalists (economic and govt. beliefs)

Rep: Jefferson, farmers; best for the people, rural and agrarian econ,

modest, decent govt

Fed: Hamilton, elites / merchants; strong national centralized govt, North

England, complex commercial econ

Marbury vs. Madison Case

Strengthened Supreme Court, judicial review (unconstitutional, nullification)

McCullough vs. Maryland

Federal supremacy

Gibbons vs. Ogden

Federal government controls interstate commerce

Commonwealth v. Hunt

Legalized unions

Dred Scott vs. Sandford

Slaves cant sue property not citizen

Legalized slaveryCongress cant control property (violation of 5th

Amendment)

Contributed to Civil War

John MarshallChief Justice during Jefferson time; Federalist, loose interpretation of laws

Cases: Marbury vs. Madison, McCulloch vs. Maryland, Gibbons vs. Ogden

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments, required so other states would ratify the Constitution,

model after English

13th

Amendment 1865 abolished slavery

14th

Amendment defined citizenship and equal protection

15th

Amendment universal male suffrage

Societal Resistance in the south to Reconstruction

KKK execute blacks and whoever helped with reconstruction

Johnsons Impeachment and Trial

Johnson fired Secretary of War Stanton violated Tenure of Office ActJohnson opposed Radical Reconstruction plans upset Rad. Republicans

Short 1 vote, didntconvicted cos otherwise could weaken presidency power

House brings charges, Senate decides

Lincolns 10% Lenient Plan

10% pledge allegiance

Set up govt. remake Constitution with no slavery

No Conf. officials, cant vote

Wade Davis Bill

50% ironclad oath

South must apologize & swear an oath otherwise, lost honor

President could impose govt.pocket vetoed

Black CodesRestricting blacks freedom no votes, jury trials, testify against whites

following the Civil War

Sharecropping

Crops for land & supply from land-owners

Freedmans Bureau

Helped blacks with money, food, education, but NOT land

Retreat of the Courts on the 14th

& 15th

Amendments during Reconstruction

Jim Crows Laws reinforced segregation

Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) - separate but equal

Slaughterhouse Case - restricted 14th

Amendment to federal laws state

rights argument

Poll Tax pay to vote

Grandfather Clause grandpa voted, you vote

Literacy Test must read/write

Election of 1876 / Compromise of 1877 (who won, lost, the deal)

Tilden vs. Hayes Tilden let Hayes won presidency in Compromise of 1877:

Removal of all federal troops from Conf. states

Appoint at least 1 Southern Democrat to Hayes cabinet (Davis Key)

Construction of RR TX to Pacific

Industrialize South

Sugar Act (1764)

Eliminate illegal trades, enforced duties on sugar

Stamp Act (1765)

First direct tax on colonist, tax on all printed documents

Navigation Acts

1660: close colonies to all trades except England

1663: all trades must pass through England

1673: imposed English duties / officers on coastal trade

Coercive Acts

Boston Port Act: closed Boston port after Boston Tea Party

Massachusetts Govt Act: increase power of crown, democratize colony, met

once a yearAdministration of Justice Act: allowed crown officers in Massachusetts

Quartering Act: house British soldiers in colonists houses

Intolerable Acts (what led to them)

Boston Tea Party

Loyalists

1/3 of the population, loyal to the Britain and did not want independence

Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer(what, what did it argue for)

John Dickinson, discussed about NY Suspending Act and made clear that the

Britishs policies were wrong >> urged for united action against Parliament

Virtual Representation

Colonists were virtually represented in the Parliament even though they

were not there

French Colonization

Along the St. Louis & St. Lawrence River

Colonial Resistance to the Take-Over of the Crown (where was it centered)

Daughters / Sons of Liberty, at Boston, Massachusetts

Theocracy

Society where church and state are the merged (same)

Economic Differences in the Colonies in the 1700s and late 1600s

North most like English, diverse, not replied on 1 source

South tobacco, indigo, agriculture, cottons, rice

First and Second Awakenings (new groups and ideas)1st

Awakening: Old Lights Puritan, Anglican, Presbyterian, traditionalist;

New LightBaptists, Methodist, revivalist; impacts separation of church

& state; religious freedom / toleration; establishment of Ivy League (colleges

2nd

Awakening: actions matter, perfectibility, everyone is equal to God

slavery is unjust; Mormons & Shakers; educational & prison reforms,

temperance movement

Religious Dissention in New England

Thomas Hooker (Conn.) wanted suffrage for Puritans, not just priests

Roger William (R. Island) separation between church and state

Anne Hutchinson (New Hams)antinomianism (hostile to the laws)

feminists, encourage women to religious affairs, criticize that clergy are not

elect and thus has not right to spiritual office


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Early Founding of the Northern Colonies (Penn, Maryland)

Pennsylvania: William Penn, Quaker society

Maryland: proprietary, for English Catholics refugee

Georgia: buffer between SC and FL (Spain), General James Oglethorpe, for

criminals and poor to start anew

New Hampshire: Anne Hutchinson, antinomianism (hostile to the laws)

Rhode Island: Roger William, separation of church and state, rel. freedom

Massachusetts Bay Company: John Winthrop, charter, city upon the hill

Carolinas: proprietary, religious freedom to Christian, political freedom with

representative assembly

New Netherland:proprietary, James duke of York

New York: James duke of York, diverse

New Jersey: Sir John Berkeley, Sir George Carteret; royal colony

Connecticut: Thomas Hooker, minister of Newtowns

John Locke and the Rights of Man

Influence the Constitution, that everyone is created equal

Battle of Saratoga of 1777

Turning point: British surrendered, allowed France to openly support the

colonists

Battle of Yorktown of 1781

American surrounded inland, while the French stopped British supply fleets

at shore, British in the middle surrendered unconditionally; the last major

battles of Revolution

Treaty of Paris and End of the War 1783

9/3/1863, ended American Revolutionary War

Returned lands lost to French and Indian War back to French control

New boundaries for U.S.: South of Canada, North of Florida, Atlantic to

Mississippi River (although not allowed to navigation until Pinckneys Treaty)

Causes of Civil War (Dred Scott, John Brown, Uncle Toms Cabinet, Fugitive

Slave Act)

Long-term

- 2nd Great Awakening- Slavery controversy- Social class based on slavery- State rights vs. federal power

Immediate

- John Browns raids- Lincolns election- Fort Sumter- Uncle Toms Cabin- Dred Scott- Bleedy Kansas- Compromise of 1850- Popular sovereignty

Beginning of Civil War (first shots)

Fort Sumter, Civil War begun @ Charleston, SC 4/12/1861

Advantages of North and South

North: transportation, industries, population, money (CA gold, NV silver)

South: better generals (Robert E. Lee), homefield

Union Plan for Defeating the South

Anaconda Plan: Great Snake Map

Invade Mississippi River and split the Confederates

Block Southern port cities, stop trades with Europe for goods and support =

naval blockage

Invade capital at Richmond, VA

States of Confederacy

President: Jefferson Davis; capital: Richmond, VA; slaves states

South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas,

Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee

Border States

Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, West Virginia

Slaves States that Stayed With the Union

President: Abraham Lincoln, Northern and Western states; free states

Emancipation Proclamation (what it did or did not, why)

Addressed to Europe turned Civil War into war over slavery = stop Europe

support for South

Not applied to Union-occupied Conf. states to prevent inside rebellions

Irish in North upset: free slaves = economic competitions

Abolitionists happy

Battle of Gettysburg and Fall of Vicksburg

Gettysburg: 7/1-3/1863; turning point of war; bloodiest battle; George

Meade vs. Lee Conf got defeated, ended chances to invade North

Vicksburg: 1862-1863; Union gained control of Mississippi River, splitting the

Confederacy

Appomattox Court House

4/9/1865; Lee surrendered to Ulysses Grant; ended Civil War

Shermans March to the Sea

Union deprived Conf. of war materials and communication

Captured port of Savannah

Example of total war

Lincolns AssassinationJohn W. Booth; 4/14/1865

Morrill Act

Transfer land to state government use for public education (colleges)

Homestead Act

Citizen claimed 160 acres of land

Allowed to buy after 5 years

Encouraged Northerners to West

Enrollment Act

Enrollment of every male citizen for more manpower in Union Army

Draft Riots in the North during the War

Irish didnt want to fight for blacks cos free blacks = competition for jobs

Patent / Copyright / Corporations

Patent: exclusive rights granted by state to an inventor for their inventions

Copyright: exclusive rights granted to creator for an original work

Corporations: jointed-stocks, limited liability, business transfer or sell stocks

Political Parties / Machines in the Cities Post Civil War (Tammy Hall, New

York, other large metropolitan cities)

Boss Tweed NYC Tammy Hall, informal organization supported with by

immigrants in return for promises of basic services = patronage & corruption

Boss Tweed

William Tweed major NYC Democrat political machine; Tammy Hall

Brought down by Thomas Nasts political cartoon (Harpers Weekly)

Labor Unions (Knights of Labor, AFL, Craft Unions, National Labor Uniongoals and differences, trade and craft unions, Samuel Gompers)

Knights of Labor: 1st

effort at national labor organization (1869); destroyed

Sherman Anti-Trust Act; disorganized; demanded 8-hr, 6-day workday, end

child labor, economic reform; allowed women to join, except upperclasses

AFL: keeps craft unions together; 1sttrue national strong; doesnt let anyone

in; organized; catered to skilled workers

Samuel Gompers: led the AFL; demanded 8-hr workday, workers

cooperatives, worker-owned factories, abolish child labor, increase

greenbacks, equal paid for men and women, safety codes

Craft Unions: united to one industry / union

Pullman Strike

Started at Pullman Palace Car Company in 1894 at wage cut, then to

American Railway Union of Eugene V. Debs


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Pres Cleveland sent troops to crush strike

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

10% wage cut workers on strike

1st

great nationwide strike, threaten econ and commerce

Homestead Strike of 1892

Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (AA) and Carnegie Steel

Company, Pittsburg town of Homestead, Penn

Cut wages = strike; Pinkerton Detective Agency = strikebreakers, beat

workers; end of skilled unions

Haymarket Square

May 1st, 1886, violence at Chicago between strikers and police over the

demand of 8-hr workday; someone threw a bomb at police and resulted in

many deaths; increase middle class fear of anarchism

Farmers and the Grange, Farmers Alliance (goals) shift to the Peoples

Party

Grangers: 1st

major organization of farmers, after Panic of 1873; upset at low

farm prices and discrimination by railroads; emerged as political force; boom

at late-1870s destroyed Grangers

Farmers Alliance: replaced Grangers; divided into two: N included all, S

no tenants, no blacks; 1889 merged and 1892 created Peoples Party

Peoples Party (Populist, Election of 1892, which group formed)Aka Populists from Farmers Alliance; Ohama Platform: strengthen

cooperatives, abolish national banks, direct election of senators, 8-hr

workday, govt. control RR, telephones & companies, govt-operated postal

saving banks, restriction of undesirable immigrations, Australian secret

ballot, support free silver (silver as currency)

Republican vs. Democrat (Rep. NE and Mid-West, business)

Rep McKinley, gold standard won

DemBryan, Cross of Gold opposed gold, support silver - failed

Pendleton Act / Assassination of Garfield

Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883: response to Garfields

assassination; start of merit system, end of spoils system; required exams for

federal jobs cannot be hired or fired by president

Assassination of Garfield: 1881 by Charles J. Guiteau cos he was rejected of a

govt. job; led to Pendleton Act

Social Darwinism

Individual must have absolute freedom to struggle, succeed, or fail

Protestant (Puritans) work ethic, everyone must compete

Horatio Algers rags to riches; Herbert Spencer

Survival for the Fittest

Gospel of Wealth 1901

By Andrew Carnegie used riches to advance social progress

Charity to poor and needy (donation)

Okay to be rich, as long as fulfill obligation to help others

Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives

Described how people lived bad life conditions for poor, immigrants,

especially children

Social Gospel

Person has obligation to help others, especially the poor

2nd

Great Awakening: outrage at social & econ injustice, rise of Protestant

Social Gospel

Salvation Army: fused religion with reform, gave Progressivism moral

component + commitment to redeem lives of everyone

Jane Addams Hull House in Chicago aided immigrants

YMCA/YWCA: Young Men (Women) Christian Association, services for

unfortunate kids

Monopolies, Trusts, Industrialization, Vertical / Horizontal Integration,

Monopoly: corporation dominating / controlling the market; individual

proprietors to corporations

Trusts: companies owned by joint-stock holders

Industrialization : steam (18430-50); railroad (business, transportation,

investment; technologies; unskilled & cheap labor; abundant capital; market

& population increased; natural resources; govt. aid; talented econ. advisers

Vertical: controls costs from raw materials to finished products (Carnegie

Steel)

Horizontal: controls all prices and similar companies (JD Rockefeller Oil)

Granger Laws

Munn vs. Illinoisof 1877: railroad cannot discriminate against farmers, in

favor of grangers

Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railroad Co. vs. Illinois of 1886 : Munn vs.

Illinois violated state rights to control interstate commerce, overturned

Munn vs. Illinois decision

Dawes Act, WCTU, Womens Suffrage and Its Leaders

Dawes: Eliminate tribal ownership, gave 160 acre of land to individual owner

assimilate natives into whites

WCTU: Women Christian Temperance Union wanted abolition of saloons,

prohibition of manufacture and sale of alcohol

Class Changes as a Result of Industrialization

Increase of machine + unskilled labors = decrease in wages until Union

formed = decrease skilled artisans

Created social gap either really rich (Carnegie, JP Morgan) or really poor

(factory workers), increase middle classWomen worked, but lower wages than men; children exploited for cheap

New Stock and Old Stock (where they come from and settle)

New: S/E Europe, Italian, Greek, German, Russian, Portugal, Bulgarian,

Turkish, Polish; Catholics; settled in North and Mid-West

Old: N/W Europe, British, Irish, French, Czech, Belgium, Swish, Dutch;

Protestants

Both: faced poverty, religious / political persecution

Public Education

Child labor laws passed compulsory public education, forced children to be

at school

Segregated schools for blacks and whites

Segregation and Plessy vs. Ferguson

Jim Crow Laws: reinforced segregationPlessy: separate but equal

Location of Political Party Support Near the Turn of the Century

North Republican

South & Northwest Populist, later merged into Democrat

Robber Barons and Their Industries

Industrialists who dominated the econ; incredibly wealthy at the expense of

poorly paid, exploited laborers

Andrew Carnegie & Henry Clay Frick 1st

monopoly, steel, vertical

integration

JP Morgan controlled 2/3 of U.S. steel, banks, industrial titans

JD Rockefeller 2nd

monopoly, standard oil, horizontal integration

Cornelius Vanderbilt railroads and steamships

Support for Tariffs and the Coinage of Silver at the end of the 19th

Century

(who supported, what, why)

McKinley Tariff 1890: high tariff rate for imports and protected

manufacturing; raised prices and labor costs; especially hurt farmers

Democrat Bryan, PopulistHarvey: free silver easier to pay debt, gold =

tyrannous and advantageous to wealthy; failed

Wizard of OZ

Parable of the Populism, allegory to the silver questions of America

ap u.s. history semester 1 review (part 1)

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