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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY: Urinary System and Fluid Balance (QUIZ)

NAME: ____________________________________ DATE: ______________ SCORE: _____________

1. The location on the medial side of the kidney where the renal artery and vein, renal nerve, and ureter attach to the kidney is theA) renal fat pad.B) hilum.C) renal sinus.D) renal pelvis.E) renal pyramid.

2. The connective tissue covering of the kidney is theA) renal pelvis.B) renal fat pad.C) renal pyramid.D) renal capsule.E) renal sinus.

3. Each renal calyxA) is a funnel-shaped structure.B) surrounds the tip of a renal pyramid.C) joins to form the renal pelvis.D) has all of these characteristics.E) has none of these characteristics.

4. The functional unit of the kidney is calledA) the nephron.B) the pyramid.C) the renal pelvis.D) the renal cortex.E) the hilum.

5. The renal corpuscle consists ofA) the glomerulus and loop of Henle.B) the glomerulus and collecting duct.C) the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.D) the loop of Henle and collecting duct.E) the distal tubule and proximal tubule.

6. Given these parts of the nephron:1) collecting duct2) distal tubule3) loop of Henle4) renal corpuscle

Which of these sequences represents the correct order through which filtrate would move in the nephron during urine formation?A) 1, 2, 3, 4B) 1, 3, 2, 4C) 2, 1, 4, 3D) 3, 4, 2, 1E) 4, 3, 2, 1

7. The inner layer of Bowman's capsule consists of specialized cells calledA) nephrons.B) hepatocytes.C) nephrocytes.D) podocytes.E) chondrocytes.

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8. In the first step of urine formation, fluid is filtered from the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule throughA) the proximal convoluted tubule.B) the filtration membrane.C) the distal convoluted tubule.D) the renal pelvis.E) the afferent arteriole.

9. The collecting duct empties its contents intoA) the ureter.B) the renal sinus.C) the papillary duct.D) an afferent arteriole.E) the renal corpuscle.

10. Given these blood vessels in the kidney:1) afferent arteriole2) arcuate artery3) interlobar artery4) interlobular arteryWhich of these sequences represents the correct pathway a red blood cell would follow as it moved from the renal artery to the glomerulus?A) 1, 2, 3, 4B) 2, 3, 4, 1C) 2, 1, 4, 3D) 3, 2, 4, 1E) 4, 3, 2, 1

11. A specialized structure, called the _____ is formed where the distal convoluted tubule projects between the afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole of a nephron.A) interlobular arteryB) juxtaglomerular apparatusC) filtration membraneD) loop of HenleE) glomerulus

12. Small tubes that carry urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder are calledA) urethras.B) the distal convoluted tubules.C) the collecting ducts.D) the ureters.E) the renal corpuscles.

13. All of these are processes critical to the formation of urine EXCEPT:A) filtrationB) tubular secretionC) tubular reabsorptionD) tubular hydrolysis

14. In general, when filtration pressure increases, volume of filtrate willA) increase.B) decrease.C) be unaffected.

15. Which of these cannot pass through the filtration membrane?A) waterB) small solutesC) ionsD) cellsE) glucose

16. Which of these percentages represents how much of the original filtrate becomes urine?A) 100%B) 50%C) 20%D) 5%E) 1%

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17. The primary site for reabsorption of solutes and water isA) the glomerulus.B) the proximal tubule.C) the loop of Henle.D) the distal tubule.E) the collecting duct.

18. Approximately what percentage of filtrate volume is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?A) 1%B) 20%C) 33%D) 50%E) 65%

19. As filtrate passes through the descending limb of the loop of Henle, water passes _____ the nephron and some solutes pass _____ the nephron.A) out of, out ofB) out of, intoC) into, out ofD) into, into

20. In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, sodium ions move out by _____, and chloride ions move out by _____.A) diffusion, diffusionB) diffusion, osmosisC) diffusion, secondary active transportD) active transport, diffusionE) active transport, secondary active transport

21. The ascending limb of the loop of HenleA) removes solutes from the filtrate.B) is permeable to sodium ions.C) is not permeable to water.D) produces hypoosmotic filtrate.E) has all of these properties.

22. In the distal tubule and collecting ductA) sodium and chloride ions are actively reabsorbed.B) water moves out by osmosis when ADH is present.C) potassium ions are secreted.D) all of these events occur.E) none of these events occur in distal tubules, which are always impermeable to solutes and water.

23. All of these substances are secreted into the nephron EXCEPT:A) hydrogen ionsB) penicillinC) ammoniaD) glucoseE) histamine

24. An increase in urine production could causeA) an increase in blood volume.B) a decrease in blood volume.C) an increase in blood pressure.D) both an increase in blood volume and an increase in blood pressure.E) both a decrease in blood volume and an increase in blood pressure.

25. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)A) is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.B) increases the permeability of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts to water.C) causes the production of a larger quantity of urine.D) causes a less concentrated urine to be produced.E) directly decreases blood volume.

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26. A decrease in blood osmolality directly produces or leads toA) an increase in ADH production.B) an increase in urine production.C) an increase in blood volume.D) an increase in urine osmolality.E) all of these effects.

27. Which of these factors stimulates the juxtaglomerular apparatus to produce renin?A) sudden decreases in blood pressureB) concentration of sodium ions in the blood is too lowC) concentration of potassium ions in the blood is too highD) both sudden decreases in blood pressure and concentration of sodium ions in the blood is too low.E) All of these conditions increase renin secretion.

28. Renin is an enzyme that acts onA) angiotensinogen.B) angiotensin II.C) aldosterone.D) angiotensin I.E) atrial natriuretic factor.

29. AldosteroneA) secretion is stimulated by angiotensin II.B) stimulates the absorption of sodium and chloride ions from the lumen of the nephron.C) decreases urine volume.D) increases blood volume.E) produces all of these effects.

30. Atrial natriuretic factorA) is secreted from cells in the right atrium of the heart when blood pressure decreases.B) produces a large volume of urine.C) increases blood volume.D) increases blood pressure.E) produces all of these effects.

31. Which of these causes decreased blood pressure?A) secretion of ADHB) secretion of reninC) secretion of aldosteroneD) secretion of atrial natriuretic factorE) sympathetic stimulation of kidney blood vessels

32. The micturition reflexA) is initiated by stretching the bladder wall.B) is integrated in the spinal cord.C) results in parasympathetic action potentials causing the urinary bladder to contract.D) can be inhibited by higher brain centers.E) has all of these characteristics.

33. Concerning body fluid compartments,A) less than 50% of the total body weight is water.B) more body fluid is contained in extracellular fluid than in intracellular fluid.C) the major influence controlling the movement of water between intracellular and extracellular spaces is osmotic pressure.D) sodium concentration is the primary determinant of water location.E) All of these are correct statements.

34. Which of these stimulates thirst?A) increase in blood pressureB) decreased blood osmolalityC) dry oral mucosaD) decreased levels of angiotensin IIE) All of these stimulate thirst equally.

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35. Which of these is correct concerning sodium ion regulation?A) An increase in extracellular sodium causes decreased water reabsorption in the kidneys.B) Increased water reabsorption causes a decrease in blood volume.C) Increased blood pressure causes a reduction in ADH secretion.D) A reduced rate of renin secretion results in an increased rate of aldosterone production.E) All of these are correct relationships.

36. Which of these substances plays a major role in regulating potassium ions?A) ADHB) atrial natriuretic factorC) reninD) aldosteroneE) angiotensin I

37. Extracellular calcium ion levelsA) are decreased by parathyroid hormone secretion.B) are increased by calcitonin secretion.C) are increased by vitamin D.D) are increased by increased osteoblast activity.E) All of these are correct statements.

38. The pH of the body is maintained atA) 7.00 - 8.00.B) 6.00 -7.00.C) 6.25 - 7.45.D) 7.35-7.45.E) 7.65-7.85.

39. BuffersA) contain salts of weak acids or weak bases.B) release hydrogen ions when a base is added to the solution.C) keep hydrogen ion concentration and pH within a narrow range.D) include phosphate, protein, and bicarbonate systems.E) All of these are correct statements.

40. Which of these buffer molecules is able to combine with the least number of individual hydrogen ions?A) one phosphate ionB) one proteinC) one bicarbonate ion

41. The reaction between carbon dioxide and water to produce carbonic acid is catalyzed byA) phosphates.B) carbonic anhydrase.C) renin.D) aldosterone.E) calcitonin.42. Increased carbon dioxide in the blood will result inA) decreased pH of the blood.B) stimulation of the neurons in the respiratory center of the brain.C) increased rate and depth of ventilation.D) all of these events.E) none of these events.

43. The kidneys control pH byA) increasing or decreasing the volume of urine produced.B) increasing or decreasing the number of sodium ions secreted into the final urine.C) increasing or decreasing the number of bicarbonate ions reabsorbed from the urine.D) increasing or decreasing the number of potassium ions secreted into the final urine.E) All of these influence the blood pH.

44. Severe vomiting or excess aldosterone production could result inA) respiratory acidosis.B) metabolic acidosis.C) respiratory alkalosis.D) metabolic alkalosis.

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45. Which of these symptoms is NOT consistent with decreased aldosterone secretion?A) excessive urine productionB) low blood pressureC) high plasma potassium levelsD) high plasma sodium levels

46. Renal arteriosclerosis wouldA) increase renin secretion.B) increase blood volume.C) increase blood pressure.D) inhibit ADH secretion.E) produce all of these effects.

47. Holding one's breath for two minutes would be expected to causeA) the pH of the blood to go up.B) no change in the pH of the blood.C) the pH of the blood to go down.

48. _______________ increases reabsorption of sodium ions and secretion of potassium ions.A) Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)B) AldosteroneC) Atrial natriuretic hormoneD) Angiotensin II

49. ________________ increases the ability of the kidneys to produce a concentrated urine.A) Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)B) AldosteroneC) Atrial natriuretic hormoneD) Angiotensin II

50. ___________________ increases the permeability of the collecting duct in the nephron to water.A) Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)B) AldosteroneC) Atrial natriuretic hormoneD) Angiotensin II

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ANSWER KEY. A& P URINARY SYSTEM

1. B2. D3. D4. A5. C6. E7. D8. B9. C10. D11. B12. D13. D14. A15. D16. E17. B18. E19. B20. D21. E22. D23. D24. B25. B26. B27. D28. A29. E30. B31. D32. E33. C34. C35. C36. D37. C38. D39. E40. C41. B42. D43. C44. D45. D46. E47. C48. B49. A50. A