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AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview • Studying and Building Memories • Memory Storage and Retrieval • Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory Improvement • Thinking, Concepts, and Creativi ty • Solving Problems and Making Deci sions • Thinking and Language

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Page 1: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

AP PsychologyUnit 07 - Overview

• Studying and Building Memories

• Memory Storage and Retrieval

• Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory Improvement

• Thinking, Concepts, and Creativity

• Solving Problems and Making Decisions

• Thinking and Language

Page 2: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,
Page 3: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Studying Memory

• Memory

• Extremes of memory

Page 4: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Studying Memory

Memory Models• Encoding

• Storage

• Retrieval

• Parallel processing

Page 5: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Studying MemoryMemory Models:

Working Memory• Atkinson and Shiffrin Theory

– Sensory memory

– Short-term memory

– Long-term memory

Page 6: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Studying MemoryMemory Models:

Working Memory

• Modified version of the three-stage processing model of memory–Working memory

Page 7: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Studying MemoryMemory Models:

Working Memory

Page 8: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Building Memories: Encoding

Dual-Track Memory: Effortful Versus Automatic Processing

• Explicit memory

• Effortful processing

• Automatic processing

• Implicit memory

Page 9: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Building Memories: EncodingDual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:

Capacity of Short-Term and Working Memory

• Magic number is _____

–Plus or minus ____

Page 10: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

• Chunking

Building Memories: EncodingDual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:

Effortful Processing Strategies

Page 11: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Building Memories: EncodingDual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:

Effortful Processing Strategies• Mnemonics

–Define

–Examples

Page 12: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Building Memories: EncodingDual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:

Effortful Processing Strategies

• Hierarchies

Page 13: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Building Memories: EncodingDual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:

Distributed Practice• Overlearning

• Spacing effect

• Testing effect

Page 14: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Building Memories: EncodingDual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:

Levels of Processing

• Shallow processing

• Deep processing

Page 15: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Building Memories: EncodingDual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:

Making Material Personally Meaningful

• Making material meaningful

• Self-reference effect

Page 16: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,
Page 17: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Memory Storage

Retaining Information in the Brain

• True or False?

• Memories are NOT stored in one part of the brain.

Page 18: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Memory StorageRetaining Information in the Brain:

Explicit-Memory System: The Frontal Lobes and Hippocampus• Hippocampus

Page 19: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Memory StorageRetaining Information in the Brain:

Implicit-Memory System: The Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia

• Cerebellum

• Basal Ganglia

• Infantile amnesia

Page 20: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Memory Storage

The Amygdala, Emotions, and Memory

• Amygdala

• Flashbulb Memories

Page 21: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Memory Storage

Synaptic Changes

• Aplysia

• Long-term potentiation

Page 22: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Memory Storage

Page 23: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Retrieval: Getting Information Out

Measuring Retention

• Recall

• Recognition

• Relearning

Page 24: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Retrieval: Getting Information OutRetrieval Cues:

Priming• Priming

Page 25: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Retrieval: Getting Information OutRetrieval Cues:

Context-Dependent Memory

• Context effects

Page 26: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Retrieval: Getting Information OutRetrieval Cues:

State-Dependent Memory• State dependent memory

• Mood congruent memory

Page 27: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Retrieval: Getting Information OutRetrieval Cues:

Serial Position Effect• Serial position effect

–Recency effect

–Primacy effect

Page 28: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,
Page 29: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Forgetting

Forgetting and the Two-Track Mind

• Anterograde amnesia

• Retrograde amnesia

Page 30: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Forgetting

Encoding Failure

Page 31: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Forgetting

Storage Decay• Storage decay

–Ebbinghaus curve

Page 32: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Forgetting

Retrieval Failure

Page 33: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

ForgettingRetrieval Failure:

Interference• Proactive interference

• Retroactive interference

Page 34: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

ForgettingRetrieval Failure:

Motivated Forgetting

• Self-serving personal histories

• Repression

Page 35: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Memory Construction Errors

Misinformation and Imagination Effects

• Loftus memory studies

–Misinformation effect

Page 36: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Memory Construction Errors

Source Amnesia• Source amnesia

• Déjà vu

Page 37: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Memory Construction Errors

Discerning True and False Memories

• Memory studies

• Children eyewitness recall

Page 38: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Memory Construction Errors

Repressed or Constructed Memories of Abuse?

• Areas of agreement

Page 39: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Improving Memory

• How?

Page 40: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,
Page 41: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Thinking and Concepts

• Cognition

• Concepts

• Prototypes

Page 42: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Creativity

• Creativity

• Convergent thinking

• Divergent thinking

Page 43: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Creativity

• Sternberg’s five components of creativity

Page 44: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Creativity

• Ways to boost creativity

Page 45: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,
Page 46: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Problem Solving: Strategies and Obstacles

• Algorithms

• Heuristic

• Insight

• Confirmation bias

• Mental set

Page 47: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Problem Solving: Strategies and Obstacles

Page 48: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Forming Good and Bad Decisions and Judgments

• Intuition

Page 49: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Forming Good and Bad Decisions and Judgments

The Representativeness Heuristic

• The Representative Heuristic

Page 50: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Forming Good and Bad Decisions and Judgments

The Availability Heuristic

• The Availability Heuristic

Page 51: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Forming Good and Bad Decisions and Judgments

Overconfidence

• Overconfidence

Page 52: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Forming Good and Bad Decisions and Judgments

Belief Perseverance and Framing

• Belief perseverance

• Framing

Page 53: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Forming Good and Bad Decisions and Judgments

The Perils and Powers of Intuition

• Intuition

Page 54: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,
Page 55: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Introduction

• Language

Page 56: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Language Structure

• Phoneme–English about ______ phonemes

–Learning another language’s phonemes

• Morpheme–Includes:

Page 57: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Language Structure

• Grammar–Semantics

–Syntax

Page 58: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Language Development

• Receptive language

• Productive language

– Babbling stage

– One-word stage

– Two-word stage

– Telegraphic speech

Page 59: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Language Development

Explaining Language Development

• Chomsky: Inborn Universal Grammar–Language acquisition device

–Universal grammar

Page 60: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Language Development

Explaining Language Development

• Statistical Learning and Critical Periods–Statistical learning

–Critical (sensitive) period

Page 61: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

The Brain and Language

• Aphasia

• Broca’s Area

• Wernicke’s Area

Page 62: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Language and Thought

Language Influences Thinking

• Whorf’s linguistic determinism

• Bilingual advantage

Page 63: AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

Language and Thought

Language Influences Thinking


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