ap psychology: review april 28, 2010 ms. simon
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AP Psychology: Review April 28, 2010 Ms. Simon. Social Psychology. Define. Do Now. How many days until the AP exam?. AP Examination. 100 Questions, 70 minutes 2 Free Response, 50 minutes. AIM: How can we study the history and approaches to psychology?. Origins of Psychology. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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AP Psychology: ReviewApril 28, 2010
Ms. Simon
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Social Psychology• Define
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Do Now1) How many days until the AP exam?
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AP Examination• 100 Questions, 70 minutes• 2 Free Response, 50 minutes
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AIM: How can we study the history and approaches to
psychology?
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Origins of Psychology• Mind-body dualism the philosophy
that mental and physical phenomena are separate
• Mind-body Monism- the philosophy that mind and body are one
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The study of psychology exists in a series of waves…
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WavesWave One: IntrospectionWave Two: GestaltWave Three: PsychoanalysisWave Four: BehaviorismHumanist PerspectiveBiological/EvolutionarySociocultural
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Problem: An 8-year old student is having behavioral problems at school. He is unusually aggressive and disruptive, often bullying other students. He spends most of his time alone, watching television. His mother has two jobs and his father died when he was young.
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Wave One: Structuralism
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Wave One: Introspection• Introspection
• record cognitive reactions to simple stimuli• Wilhelm Wundt• structuralism
• Functionalism• Mind combines subjective emotions and
objective sensations• William James
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Wave Two: Gestalt• Max Wertheimer• Gestalt psychology: the whole is
more than the sum of its parts
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Wave Three: Psychoanalysis• Sigmund Freud
• Unconscious mind• Repression• Defense mechanisms
Jung, Adler, Horney
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Wave Four: Behaviorism• Watson and Pavlov• Behavior must be observable• Learned Responses
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Humanistic Perspective• Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers• Free will• Potential for personal growth
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Evolutionary
• Genes, hormones, neurotransmitters
Biopsychology
Natural Selection
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Sociocultural• Examines cultural difference to
understand behavior• Martin Seligman
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April 29, 2010AP Psychology Review
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Final Studying Techniques• Recommended units to review:
– Perception– Sensation– Neurobiology– Language
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AIM: How can we review research methods and biological
psychology?
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Research Methods• Theories: organized sets of concepts that
explain phenomena
• Hypothesis: prediction of how two or more factors are likely to be related
• Replication: repetition of the methods used in a previous experiment to see whether the same methods will yield the same results
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Research Methods• Independent Variable: the factor the
researcher manipulates in a controlled experiment
• Dependent Variable: the behavior or mental process that is measured in an experiment or quasi-experiment
• Operational Definition: a description of the procedure used to quantify data
• Constants vs. Controls• Random Sampling vs Random
Assignment
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Research Methods:Design an experiment. Watching
violent television programs makes children more aggressive
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Research Methods• Experiment
• Quasi-Experiment
• Naturalistic Observation
• Surveys
• Case Studies
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BiasesDemand characteristics cues about
the purpose of the study
Experimenter Bias- researchers treat experimental and control groups differently
Counterbalancing: participants serve as their own control group
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Central Tendency• Mode, Median, Mean
• Z scores= measure the distance of a score from the mean in units of standard deviation
• Correlational coefficient= measure of correlation• P value- smaller the better (more significant
results)
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APA Ethical Guidelines• Basically, don’t hurt babies!
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Biological Bases of Behavior
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B. Brain• Frontal-
• Parietal-
• Occipital-
• Temporal-
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Cerebrum• Major portion of brain
• Many convolution/folds
• Intelligence, learningand judgment
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CerebellumCoordinates motor movement and
balance
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Brain StemRegulates breathing,Heart rate
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Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Thalamus= sensory Switchboard
Hypothalamus- regulatesHunger, thirst, libidoEndocrine system
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Peripheral Nervous System• Autonomic= “automatic” controls smooth muscles, heart, and glands• Somatic= controlsskeletal muscles
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Sympathetic versus Parasympathetic
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Neurotransmitters Table 3.1
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Studying the Brain• EEGs
• CAT
• MRI
• PET
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SensationTransduction- converting stimulus into
sensory perception
Sensory Adaptation: decreasing responsiveness to a constant stimulus
Sensory Habituation: perception of stimulus decreases when we are less focused on specific stimulus