a&p: principles of reproduction and human development powerpoint (nursing)
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A&P: Principles of Reproduction and Human Development PowerPointTRANSCRIPT
THE REPRODUCTIVE THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMSYSTEM
____ chromosomes before meiosis
2 divisions
End result: _____ chromosomes Called _______
Gametes
Definition: Location: Begins: FSH: initiates
___________ LH: stimultates
testosterone secretion, which promotes _________________
Spermatozoa: 23 chromosomes
Head Nucleus Acrosome
Middle piece Centrioles Mitochondria
Flagellum Motility
Location Temperature Function:
Sperm production!
Seminiferous tubules Function:
Epididymis
Specialized cells:Sustentacular cells
Location:Function:
Interstitial cells “Leydig cells”
Location:Function:
Location
20 feet long
Complete maturation of sperm
Sperm storage!
“Vas deferens” Location
Extends from epididymis to abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal
Location
Function
2 ejaculatory ducts
Location
Function
Secretions help with sperm motility!
Location
Function
Location Function Erectile Tissue:
Corpus cavernosum Corpus spongiosum Cavernous urethra
Glans penis Prepuce
Function Average ph Amount 100 million
sperm cells /1 ml
FSH
LH
Testosterone
Inhibin
› Pathway of sperm:
› Glands that contribute fluids to semen:
› Erectile tissue of the penis:
Question Why are the testes outside the abdominal cavity?
AnswerA temperature of about 96ºF is necessary
for the production of viable sperm.
› Definition:› Location:› Begins:› Ends:› One mature ovum
is produced approximately every 28 days
› Ovum: 23 chromosomes
Location Function Contains cilia Fertilization
takes place here
Location Primary follicles
Primary oocyte Follicle cells: estrogen
Graafian follicle Atretic follicle Corpus luteum
Progesterone Hormones released:
Estrogen & progesterone
FSH: stimulates 1. 2.
Estrogen: stimulates: 1. 2. 3.
LH: Function: 1. 2.
Location Function Fundus Body Cervix Myometrium Endometrium
Location Function Perineum Hymen Ph Rugae
Vulva Clitoris Labia majora Labia minora Bartholin’s glands
Location Alveolar glands
Produce: Lacteriferous ducts
Function: Areola Prolactin vs. Oxytocin
Question During pregnancy, what hormones prepare the
mammary glands for lactation?
Answerestrogen and progesterone from the
placenta
3 phaseso Phase 1. Menstrual phase:
› Loss of the functional layer of the endometrium
› Lasts 2-8 days › FSH increasing
› Ovarian follicles begin to develop
o Phase 2: Follicular/Proliferative phase: FSH stimulates:
1. growth of __________ 2. secretion of ______ by follicles
Estrogen stimulates: 1. AP to secrete LH: causes follicle
maturation 1. growth of blood vessels in the
__________
This phase ends with ovulation, with a surge/drop in LH which ruptures the mature ovarian follicle.
o Phase 3: Luteal/Secretory phase: › Ruptured follicle:
› becomes ___________› secretes __________& ____________.
› If the ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum ceases to function
› secretion of progesterone & estrogen ___________
› endometrium cannot be maintained: begins to slough off.
Question What gland secretes FSH and LH?
Answerthe anterior pituitary gland
› Women › Menopause› Age› Side effects/complications.
› Men › continue to have reproductive capability
throughout life. › Prostate issues› Andropause
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT & GENETICSHUMAN DEVELOPMENT & GENETICS
Capacitation Acrosome
Fertilization Zygote Only one sperm
Diploid # of chromosomes
22 pairs autosomes Also called homologous
chromosomes means they are maternal
and paternal with genes for the same traits.
1 pair sex chromosomes
The sex chromosomes are X and Y.
Males have XY Females have XX.
Cleavage
Morula
Blastocyst
Trophoblast
Embryo Embryonic disc: 3 layers
Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm
› Yolk sac:› Amnion
› amniotic fluid: cushion
› Chorion develops projections called chorionic villi
› will become the fetal portion of the placenta.
Placenta: both fetal and
maternal tissue
Umbilical cord: Two arteries One vein
Amniotic fluid surrounds the fetus
.
› Sinuses:› Irregular vessels › Contain maternal
blood› No direct
connection to fetal blood
› Functions of placenta:› 1. Exchange: › 2. Hormones:
› A.› B.› C.› D.
First stage: 1. 2.
Second stage: 1.
Third stage: 1. 2.
Liver Not fully mature, may
be unable to excrete bilirubin efficiently
Foramen ovale Ductus arteriosus Ductus venosus
23 pairs of chromosomes One from the
mother, one from the father
Compact mass of DNA & protein
DNA code for ONE protein
20, 000 to 25,000 genes in our chromosomes
Each of us has 2 genes for one protein or trait
Genes are segments of a DNA molecule
Each gene pair has 2 possibilities, or “alleles” for each protein or trait Alleles may be
dominant or recessive
Alleles may be the same or may be different Homozygous Heterozygous
Genotype: actual genetic makeup Phenotype: how the genes are
expressed
› Example: Eye color
› Each child of these parents has a 25% chance (1 in 4) of having blue eyes, and a 75% chance (3 in 4) of having brown eyes.
Example: sickle cell trait
If both parents have sickle-cell trait, each child will have a 25% chance (1 in 4) of having sickle-cell anemia.
A child has a 50% chance (2 in 4) of having sickle-cell trait, and a 25% chance (1 in 4) of not having any gene for sickle-cell hemoglobin.
.
Example: ABO blood types
3 possible alleles; a person will only have two
A child of these parents has a 50% chance (2 in 4) of having type A blood, and a 50% chance (2 in 4) of having type B blood.
› Example: red-green color blindness
› Chromosome 23: XY (male) or XX (female)
› Y is small (short) and only has about 20 genes
› Male: if has gene for sex-linked trait, nothing to mask it so it will be expressed
› Female: if has gene for sex-linked trait (recessive) on one X but not on the other, she will not express the trait but will be a carrier.
Figure 21-10Inheritance of red-green color blindness (sex-linked pattern). See text for description.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eOvMNOMRRm8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5raJePXu0OQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJzZ7p-47P8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jHWJqzlHl3w