a&p: principles of reproduction and human development powerpoint (nursing)
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A&P: Principles of Reproduction and Human Development PowerPointTRANSCRIPT
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THE REPRODUCTIVE THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMSYSTEM
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____ chromosomes before meiosis
2 divisions
End result: _____ chromosomes Called _______
Gametes
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Definition: Location: Begins: FSH: initiates
___________ LH: stimultates
testosterone secretion, which promotes _________________
Spermatozoa: 23 chromosomes
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Head Nucleus Acrosome
Middle piece Centrioles Mitochondria
Flagellum Motility
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Location Temperature Function:
Sperm production!
Seminiferous tubules Function:
Epididymis
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Specialized cells:Sustentacular cells
Location:Function:
Interstitial cells “Leydig cells”
Location:Function:
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Location
20 feet long
Complete maturation of sperm
Sperm storage!
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“Vas deferens” Location
Extends from epididymis to abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal
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Location
Function
2 ejaculatory ducts
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Location
Function
Secretions help with sperm motility!
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Location
Function
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Location Function Erectile Tissue:
Corpus cavernosum Corpus spongiosum Cavernous urethra
Glans penis Prepuce
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Function Average ph Amount 100 million
sperm cells /1 ml
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FSH
LH
Testosterone
Inhibin
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› Pathway of sperm:
› Glands that contribute fluids to semen:
› Erectile tissue of the penis:
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Question Why are the testes outside the abdominal cavity?
AnswerA temperature of about 96ºF is necessary
for the production of viable sperm.
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› Definition:› Location:› Begins:› Ends:› One mature ovum
is produced approximately every 28 days
› Ovum: 23 chromosomes
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Location Function Contains cilia Fertilization
takes place here
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Location Primary follicles
Primary oocyte Follicle cells: estrogen
Graafian follicle Atretic follicle Corpus luteum
Progesterone Hormones released:
Estrogen & progesterone
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FSH: stimulates 1. 2.
Estrogen: stimulates: 1. 2. 3.
LH: Function: 1. 2.
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Location Function Fundus Body Cervix Myometrium Endometrium
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Location Function Perineum Hymen Ph Rugae
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Vulva Clitoris Labia majora Labia minora Bartholin’s glands
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Location Alveolar glands
Produce: Lacteriferous ducts
Function: Areola Prolactin vs. Oxytocin
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Question During pregnancy, what hormones prepare the
mammary glands for lactation?
Answerestrogen and progesterone from the
placenta
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3 phaseso Phase 1. Menstrual phase:
› Loss of the functional layer of the endometrium
› Lasts 2-8 days › FSH increasing
› Ovarian follicles begin to develop
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o Phase 2: Follicular/Proliferative phase: FSH stimulates:
1. growth of __________ 2. secretion of ______ by follicles
Estrogen stimulates: 1. AP to secrete LH: causes follicle
maturation 1. growth of blood vessels in the
__________
This phase ends with ovulation, with a surge/drop in LH which ruptures the mature ovarian follicle.
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o Phase 3: Luteal/Secretory phase: › Ruptured follicle:
› becomes ___________› secretes __________& ____________.
› If the ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum ceases to function
› secretion of progesterone & estrogen ___________
› endometrium cannot be maintained: begins to slough off.
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Question What gland secretes FSH and LH?
Answerthe anterior pituitary gland
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› Women › Menopause› Age› Side effects/complications.
› Men › continue to have reproductive capability
throughout life. › Prostate issues› Andropause
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT & GENETICSHUMAN DEVELOPMENT & GENETICS
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Capacitation Acrosome
Fertilization Zygote Only one sperm
Diploid # of chromosomes
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22 pairs autosomes Also called homologous
chromosomes means they are maternal
and paternal with genes for the same traits.
1 pair sex chromosomes
The sex chromosomes are X and Y.
Males have XY Females have XX.
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Cleavage
Morula
Blastocyst
Trophoblast
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Embryo Embryonic disc: 3 layers
Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm
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› Yolk sac:› Amnion
› amniotic fluid: cushion
› Chorion develops projections called chorionic villi
› will become the fetal portion of the placenta.
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Placenta: both fetal and
maternal tissue
Umbilical cord: Two arteries One vein
Amniotic fluid surrounds the fetus
.
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› Sinuses:› Irregular vessels › Contain maternal
blood› No direct
connection to fetal blood
› Functions of placenta:› 1. Exchange: › 2. Hormones:
› A.› B.› C.› D.
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First stage: 1. 2.
Second stage: 1.
Third stage: 1. 2.
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Liver Not fully mature, may
be unable to excrete bilirubin efficiently
Foramen ovale Ductus arteriosus Ductus venosus
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23 pairs of chromosomes One from the
mother, one from the father
Compact mass of DNA & protein
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DNA code for ONE protein
20, 000 to 25,000 genes in our chromosomes
Each of us has 2 genes for one protein or trait
Genes are segments of a DNA molecule
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Each gene pair has 2 possibilities, or “alleles” for each protein or trait Alleles may be
dominant or recessive
Alleles may be the same or may be different Homozygous Heterozygous
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Genotype: actual genetic makeup Phenotype: how the genes are
expressed
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› Example: Eye color
› Each child of these parents has a 25% chance (1 in 4) of having blue eyes, and a 75% chance (3 in 4) of having brown eyes.
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Example: sickle cell trait
If both parents have sickle-cell trait, each child will have a 25% chance (1 in 4) of having sickle-cell anemia.
A child has a 50% chance (2 in 4) of having sickle-cell trait, and a 25% chance (1 in 4) of not having any gene for sickle-cell hemoglobin.
.
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Example: ABO blood types
3 possible alleles; a person will only have two
A child of these parents has a 50% chance (2 in 4) of having type A blood, and a 50% chance (2 in 4) of having type B blood.
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› Example: red-green color blindness
› Chromosome 23: XY (male) or XX (female)
› Y is small (short) and only has about 20 genes
› Male: if has gene for sex-linked trait, nothing to mask it so it will be expressed
› Female: if has gene for sex-linked trait (recessive) on one X but not on the other, she will not express the trait but will be a carrier.
Figure 21-10Inheritance of red-green color blindness (sex-linked pattern). See text for description.
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eOvMNOMRRm8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5raJePXu0OQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJzZ7p-47P8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jHWJqzlHl3w