ap physics 2 unit 6 wave motion and geometric optics
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AP Physics 2 Unit 6
Wave Motion and Geometric Optics
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Two features common to all mechanical waves
• A wave is a traveling disturbance• A wave carries energy from place to place
without transferring matter
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Two types of waves
• Transverse – the disturbance is perpendicular to the direction of the motion
• Longitudinal – the disturbance is parallel to the direction of the motion
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Wave terminology
• Equilibrium position• Crest and trough• Wavelength• Amplitude• Period• Frequency
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Importante – the frequency of the wave is determined by the source.
The speed of the wave is determined by the medium.
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Mathematical Description of a Transverse wave
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Superposition of waves
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Reflections of a wave at a fixed and free end.
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Standing waves – demo
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The electromagnetic Spectrum – no medium required
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All waves of electromagnetic spectrum spectrum travel at the speed of light, c = 2.99 x 108 m/s. Note the relationship between
wavelength, frequency and energy.
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The electromagnetic spectrum
• Radio (AM, FM, TV) > 30 cm• Microwaves (radar, atomic-molecular research,
m-wave ovens) between 30 cm and 1 mm• Infrared between 1 mm and 700 nm• Visible light between 400 nm and 700 nm• Ultraviolet between 400 nm and 60 nm• X-rays between 60 nm and 10 EE -4 nm• Gamma rays between 0.1 nm and 10 EE -5 nm
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Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves composed of
alternating electric and magnetic fields
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Polarization of Light
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Let’s look at unpolarized light first
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The fence and the rope
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Geometric Optics
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Wave Fronts and Rays
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Reflection of Light
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Law of Reflection
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Specular (regular) and diffuse reflection
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Is all of the light incident upon the mirror reflected?
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Plane Mirrors
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Five Properties of the image of a Plane Mirror
• Upright• Same size• Located as far behind the mirror as the
object is in front of the mirror• Left to right reversed• Virtual image
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Ray Diagram for a Plane Mirror
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Spherical Mirrors (concave – converging and convex –
diverging)
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The focal length and radius of curvature
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Ray diagrams for curved mirrors. Only two rays are needed to locate
an image• Any ray drawn parallel to the principal axis is
reflected through the focal point• Any ray drawn through the focal point is reflected
parallel to the principal axis• Any ray incident upon the mirror is reflected at
the same angle when measured from the normal• Any ray drawn through the center of curvature is
reflected upon itself
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Six ray diagrams for converging (concave) mirrors
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Only one ray diagram for convex (diverging mirrors)
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The mirror equation and magnification (and an impressive
proof thrown in for free)
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Summary of sign conventions for curved mirrors
• f is positive for a concave mirror and negative for a convex mirror
• so is positive for an image located in front of the mirror (our only concern at this point)
• si is positive for a real image (in front of the mirror) and negative for a virtual image (behind the mirror)
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Ex. A 2.00 cm object is placed 7.10 cm from a concave mirror whose radius of curvature is 10.20 cm. Find the location and size of the image.
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Ex. An object with a height of 1.20 cm is placed 6.00 cm in front of a concave mirror with a focal length of 10.0 cm. Find the location and height of the image.
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Ex. An object is placed 66 cm in front of a convex mirror that has a focal length of 46 cm. Find the image distance and magnification.