AP AP HUMAN HUMAN

GEOGRAPHYGEOGRAPHY

CH 31 REVIEWCH 31 REVIEWGeographies of Inequality:Geographies of Inequality:

Race & EthnicityRace & Ethnicity

HUMANITYHUMANITY

Consists of one race – HUMAN!!!Consists of one race – HUMAN!!!Humans = 99.9% Genetically IdenticalHumans = 99.9% Genetically Identical

Humans differ physicallyHumans differ physicallyDominant and Recessive GenesDominant and Recessive Genes

Differences used to create divisionsDifferences used to create divisions

Human TaxonomyHuman Taxonomy

GENETICSGENETICS - Bio branch of heredity - Bio branch of heredity

GeneGene – – basic unit of Hereditybasic unit of HeredityGenotypeGenotype – – Organism’s genetic Organism’s genetic

makeup (blood type, makeup (blood type, body size, defects) body size, defects)

PhenotypePhenotype – – Visible (physical) Visible (physical)

characteristics (hair, characteristics (hair, eye color, height)eye color, height)

RACISMRACISM

Divisions Based on visible / physical Divisions Based on visible / physical (phenotype) (phenotype)

Assumed superiority / inferiority based on Assumed superiority / inferiority based on physical characteristicsphysical characteristics

Skin Color as dividing forceSkin Color as dividing force Rooted in CULTURAL – not biologicalRooted in CULTURAL – not biological

Anthropologists argue > only 1 race: HUMANAnthropologists argue > only 1 race: HUMAN

EthnicityEthnicity

Differs from race / racism – based on Differs from race / racism – based on cultural history & heritagecultural history & heritage

Can overlap with racism – race used as Can overlap with racism – race used as a symbol / source of cultural a symbol / source of cultural division (minority)division (minority)

Cultural Revival / LinkageCultural Revival / Linkage

See Online Cheat Sheet!!!!See Online Cheat Sheet!!!!

Ethnicity Race

Definition:

An ethnic group or ethnicity is a population of human beings whose members identify with each other, on the basis of a real or a presumed common genealogy or ancestry.

The term race refers to the concept of dividing people into populations or groups on the basis of various sets of physical characteristics which result from genetic ancestry.

Ethnicity Race

Significance:

Ethnicity connotes shared cultural traits and a shared group history. Some ethnic groups also share linguistic or religious traits, while others share a common group history but not a common language or religion.

Race presumes shared biological or genetic traits, whether actual or asserted. In the early 19th century, racial differences were ascribed significance in areas of intelligence, health, and personality. There is no evidence validating these ideas.

CHICAGO NEIGHBORHOODSCHICAGO NEIGHBORHOODS

AFRICAN AM., HISPANIC, ASIAN POPULATIONS: 1990AFRICAN AM., HISPANIC, ASIAN POPULATIONS: 1990

CHICAGO 2010

One Dot = 25 People

Red = WhiteBlue = BlackOrange = HispanicGreen = Asian

People / PlacesPeople / Places

ETHNIC CLEANSINGETHNIC CLEANSING – – Slaughter / forced removal of Slaughter / forced removal of

one ethnic group by anotherone ethnic group by another

ETHNIC ISLANDETHNIC ISLAND – – small ethnically small ethnically homogeneous homogeneous

enclaveenclave within larger diverse within larger diverse Population context Population context

TerritoryTerritory ENCLAVEENCLAVE – a distinct group that lives or – a distinct group that lives or

operates together within a larger operates together within a larger community (surrounded)community (surrounded)

The IB program at LPThe IB program at LPKosovo in SerbiaKosovo in SerbiaChinatown in ChicagoChinatown in Chicago

EXCLAVEEXCLAVE – Part of one state isolated / – Part of one state isolated / separated from the main body by a separated from the main body by a foreign foreign state state (islands cannot be (islands cannot be exclaves)exclaves)Alaska & USAAlaska & USAW. Berlin & W. GermanyW. Berlin & W. Germany

CC is A’s Enclave & B’s Exclave is A’s Enclave & B’s Exclave

D is B’s Exclave, but it is not an D is B’s Exclave, but it is not an EnclaveEnclave

Lesotho =Lesotho =

ENCLAVE ENCLAVE

CountryCountry

ExclaveExclave

Alaska is ofAlaska is ofUSAUSA

Virginia’s Exclave TerritoryVirginia’s Exclave Territory(also Fragmented!!!)(also Fragmented!!!)