AP Exam ReviewAP Exam ReviewPolitical Parties Political Parties Interest GroupsInterest Groups

Mass MediaMass Media

Special interest group’s attempt to Special interest group’s attempt to influence policy makersinfluence policy makers

LobbyingLobbying

A staged campaign event meant to A staged campaign event meant to attract favorable media coverage, attract favorable media coverage, such as a candidate reading to a such as a candidate reading to a classroom of 1classroom of 1stst grade children grade children

Photo op(portunity)Photo op(portunity)

An interest group that raises funds An interest group that raises funds and donates them to election and donates them to election campaignscampaigns

Political Action Committees (PACs)Political Action Committees (PACs)

Short pithy comment that’s likely to Short pithy comment that’s likely to attract media attention and be aired attract media attention and be aired repeatedly, such as Reagan’s saying, repeatedly, such as Reagan’s saying, “A recession is when your neighbor “A recession is when your neighbor loses his job, a depression is when loses his job, a depression is when you lose your job, and a recovery is you lose your job, and a recovery is when Jimmy Carter loses his job.”when Jimmy Carter loses his job.”

Sound biteSound bite

Informal association of federal Informal association of federal agency, congressional committee, agency, congressional committee, and interest group, wherein each and interest group, wherein each serves and benefits the other two serves and benefits the other two that is said to have heavy influence that is said to have heavy influence over policy makingover policy making

Iron triangleIron triangle

The tendency of the media to report The tendency of the media to report on the relatively trivial aspects of an on the relatively trivial aspects of an election campaign, focusing on election campaign, focusing on whose in first, how far in front of whose in first, how far in front of who, by how many points, etc.who, by how many points, etc.

Horse race coverageHorse race coverage

Appointing loyal party members to Appointing loyal party members to government positions (Civil Service government positions (Civil Service Act largely did away with this)Act largely did away with this)

PatronagePatronage

Term Madison used in Federalist #10 Term Madison used in Federalist #10 denoting what we call special denoting what we call special interest groups todayinterest groups today

FactionsFactions

How can special interests, like the How can special interests, like the ACLU or NAACP, lobby the judicial ACLU or NAACP, lobby the judicial branch?branch?

File amicus curiae briefsFile amicus curiae briefs

The 1The 1stst political party system political party system consisted of what two parties?consisted of what two parties?

Federalists and Jeffersonian Federalists and Jeffersonian Democratic-RepublicansDemocratic-Republicans

What was the 2What was the 2ndnd party system party system (1828-1856)?(1828-1856)?

Jacksonian Democrats and WhigsJacksonian Democrats and Whigs

33rdrd party system (1860-1892): party system (1860-1892):

Republican dominance Republican dominance Single party systemSingle party systemTemporary dissolution of the union Temporary dissolution of the union

over the slavery issueover the slavery issue

44thth party system (1896-1928): party system (1896-1928):

Republican dominance IIRepublican dominance IICoalition of big business and working Coalition of big business and working

classesclasses

55thth party system (1932-1964) party system (1932-1964)

Democratic dominanceDemocratic dominanceFDR’s “grand coalition” of urban FDR’s “grand coalition” of urban

dwellers, labor unions, Catholics, dwellers, labor unions, Catholics, Jews, the poor, Southerners, Blacks, Jews, the poor, Southerners, Blacks, and farmersand farmers

66thth party system (1968-present): party system (1968-present):

Era of Divided GovtEra of Divided Govt

Which of the following is NOT Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the Era of Divided Govt.? characteristic of the Era of Divided Govt.? (indicate using #)(indicate using #)

1.1. Split-ticket votingSplit-ticket voting2.2. President usually RepublicanPresident usually Republican3.3. Congress usually controlled by DemsCongress usually controlled by Dems4.4. Close cooperation between executive and Close cooperation between executive and

legislaturelegislature

#4#4

Reagan’s coalition of voters consisted Reagan’s coalition of voters consisted of all the following EXCEPT:of all the following EXCEPT:

1.1. Disenchanted white suburban middleclassDisenchanted white suburban middleclass2.2. Southern White ProtestantsSouthern White Protestants3.3. HispanicsHispanics4.4. Big businessBig business

#3#3

In which Federalist Paper did Madson In which Federalist Paper did Madson warn of the effects of factions?warn of the effects of factions?

Fed. #10Fed. #10

Other than the large size of the Other than the large size of the country, and therefore, the difficulty of country, and therefore, the difficulty of a faction being very influential, what a faction being very influential, what was Madison’s solution to the problem was Madison’s solution to the problem of factions in Federalist #10?of factions in Federalist #10?

Republican form of govt.Republican form of govt.Representative democracyRepresentative democracy

What effect do third parties have?What effect do third parties have?

Steal votes (changing outcome of Steal votes (changing outcome of elections, such as in 1968, 1992, and elections, such as in 1968, 1992, and 2000)2000)

Bring issues ignored by the two Bring issues ignored by the two parties to the debates/campaignparties to the debates/campaign

What is the largest institutional What is the largest institutional reason for a two-part system?reason for a two-part system?

Single-member, winner-takes-all Single-member, winner-takes-all districtsdistricts

As opposed to multi-member, As opposed to multi-member, proportional system in Western proportional system in Western EuropeEurope

How does the Electoral College How does the Electoral College reinforce the two-party systemreinforce the two-party system

It’s a winner-takes-all systemIt’s a winner-takes-all system

What is another obstacle to third What is another obstacle to third party victory?party victory?

FundingFundingMedia coverageMedia coverageGetting candidates on the ballotGetting candidates on the ballotTwo-party traditionTwo-party traditionExclusion from televised debatesExclusion from televised debates

What type of third party would the What type of third party would the Prohibition party be?Prohibition party be?

Issue-orientedIssue-oriented

What type of third party would the What type of third party would the Communist and Libertarian parties Communist and Libertarian parties be?be?

DoctrinalDoctrinal IdeologicalIdeological

Which of the following are NOT true as Which of the following are NOT true as to why political parties in the US are to why political parties in the US are relatively weak?relatively weak?

1.1. Anyone can join by registering to voteAnyone can join by registering to vote2.2. No duties or fees extracted from membersNo duties or fees extracted from members3.3. Period of de-alignment (more Period of de-alignment (more

independents)independents)4.4. Low levels of civic duty among elderlyLow levels of civic duty among elderly

#4#4

There is tension within parties between There is tension within parties between party regulars and issue purists or party regulars and issue purists or candidate loyalists. Which is NOT true candidate loyalists. Which is NOT true of issue purists/candidate loyalists?of issue purists/candidate loyalists?

YoungerYoungerLower socio-economic classLower socio-economic classMore educatedMore educatedMore ideologicalMore ideological

#2#2

Political party organization tends to Political party organization tends to be:be:

CentralizedCentralizedDecentralizedDecentralizedUnorganizedUnorganized

DecentralizedDecentralized

What prevents the two major parties What prevents the two major parties from responding quickly to social from responding quickly to social reform movements?reform movements?

Status quo biasStatus quo biasFear of alienating middle and upper Fear of alienating middle and upper

classesclassesParty passivenessParty passiveness

What does the RNC stand for?What does the RNC stand for?

Republican National CommitteeRepublican National Committee

What was the most important What was the most important political progressive reform that led political progressive reform that led to the weakening of party bosses and to the weakening of party bosses and party machines?party machines?

Primary electionsPrimary elections

How did the 17How did the 17thth Amendment Amendment democratize the election process?democratize the election process?

Direct election of senatorsDirect election of senators

What progressive reform gave What progressive reform gave citizens the power to create state citizens the power to create state law?law?

InitiativeInitiative

What effect did candidate-centered What effect did candidate-centered campaigns have on political parties?campaigns have on political parties?

Weakened themWeakened them

What type of media would the What type of media would the following be considered?following be considered?

Fox NewsFox NewsRush Limbaugh ShowRush Limbaugh ShowThe O’Reilly FactorThe O’Reilly FactorInternet political blogsInternet political blogs

New MediaNew Media

Which would NOT be considered old Which would NOT be considered old or major media?or major media?

1.1. NBC NewsNBC News2.2. Wall Street JournalWall Street Journal3.3. NewsweekNewsweek4.4. CNNCNN

#4#4

Which does NOT describe the new Which does NOT describe the new media?media?

1.1. More fact-based, depersonalizedMore fact-based, depersonalized2.2. More interactiveMore interactive3.3. OpinionatedOpinionated4.4. TopicalTopical

#1#1

Which is NOT an argument for the Which is NOT an argument for the media strongly influencing public media strongly influencing public opinion?opinion?

1.1. Personalizes candidatesPersonalizes candidates2.2. Increase in advocacy journalismIncrease in advocacy journalism3.3. Journalists are more conservativeJournalists are more conservative4.4. Acts as linking mechanism between Acts as linking mechanism between

public and govt.public and govt.5.5. Trivializes newsTrivializes news

#3#3

What do the following suggest?What do the following suggest?

Masses pay little attention to the newsMasses pay little attention to the newsPolitical socialization suggests family Political socialization suggests family

more importantmore importantSelective attentionSelective attentionSelective perceptionSelective perception

Argument against media as Argument against media as important influence on public opinionimportant influence on public opinion

What is the biggest impact of What is the biggest impact of television news? television news?

Hint: Think Nixon-Kennedy DebatesHint: Think Nixon-Kennedy Debates

Importance of public imageImportance of public image

What media medium has most What media medium has most trivialized the news?trivialized the news?

TVTV

What aspect of a presidential What aspect of a presidential campaign does the press most focus campaign does the press most focus on?on?

Horserace aspectHorserace aspectDay-to-day campaign activitiesDay-to-day campaign activities

What type of voter does the media What type of voter does the media most influence?most influence?

Undecided votersUndecided voters

How long is the average sound bite How long is the average sound bite today?today?

About 7 secondsAbout 7 seconds

What was the first around-the-clock What was the first around-the-clock news program?news program?

CNNCNN

Which is NOT a way the White Which is NOT a way the White House manipulates the press?House manipulates the press?

1.1. Producing sound bitesProducing sound bites2.2. Creating photo opsCreating photo ops3.3. Engaging in the money chaseEngaging in the money chase4.4. Spin controlSpin control

#3#3

What do the following have in common?What do the following have in common?

Nominate candidatesNominate candidatesRegister votersRegister votersUnify diverse groups and interestsUnify diverse groups and interestsProvide patronageProvide patronageInform publicInform publicProvide “loyal opposition” to majority Provide “loyal opposition” to majority Linking mechanismLinking mechanismAgent of political socializationAgent of political socialization

Roles or functions of political partiesRoles or functions of political parties

What effect do parties have on the What effect do parties have on the system of checks and balances and system of checks and balances and the separation of powers?the separation of powers?

Weakens themWeakens them

Special interest group that raises Special interest group that raises funds for favored candidates:funds for favored candidates:

Political Action CommitteesPolitical Action CommitteesPACsPACs

Concerned with the influence of money Concerned with the influence of money from special interests in Washington, from special interests in Washington, Congress passed the Federal Election Congress passed the Federal Election Campaign Act in 1974. What oversight Campaign Act in 1974. What oversight agency did it establish?agency did it establish?

Federal Elections CommissionFederal Elections CommissionFECFEC

What law limited individual donations What law limited individual donations to $1,000?to $1,000?

Federal Election Campaign ActFederal Election Campaign ActFECAFECA

What Supreme Court case upheld What Supreme Court case upheld contribution limits but protected contribution limits but protected campaign spending?campaign spending?

Buckley v ValeoBuckley v Valeo

What doubled hard money donations What doubled hard money donations to $2,000?to $2,000?

Bipartisan Campaign Reform ActBipartisan Campaign Reform ActMcCain-Feingold ActMcCain-Feingold Act

Limited Pac contributions to $5,000:Limited Pac contributions to $5,000:

FECAFECA

What did McCain-Feingold do to PAC What did McCain-Feingold do to PAC contributions?contributions?

NothingNothing

What type of tax-exempt special What type of tax-exempt special interest has no limits to independent interest has no limits to independent expenditures on behalf of a expenditures on behalf of a candidate (Swiftboat Veterans for candidate (Swiftboat Veterans for Truth)?Truth)?

527s527s

How can presidential candidates be How can presidential candidates be limited in spending under FECA?limited in spending under FECA?

Accept matching federal fundsAccept matching federal funds