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AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE STUDY GUIDE: CHAPTER 10
AGRICULTURE, BIOTECHNOLOGY, AND
THE FUTURE OF FOOD
Key Terms Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) biocontrol biological control biotechnology feedlots food security gene banks genetic engineering
genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
green revolution integrated pest management
(IPM) malnutrition organic agriculture overnutrition pesticides
pollination precautionary principle recombinant DNA seed banks sustainable agriculture transgenes transgenic undernourished
Chapter Objectives
1. Explain the challenge of feeding a growing human population.
2. Identify the goals, methods, and environmental impacts of the “green revolution.”
3. Categorize the strategies of pest management.
4. Discuss the importance of pollination. 5. Describe the science behind genetically
modified food.
6. Evaluate controversies and the debate over genetically modified food.
7. Ascertain approaches for preserving crop diversity.
8. Assess feedlot agriculture for livestock and poultry.
9. Weigh approaches in aquaculture. 10. Evaluate sustainable agriculture.
From the Reading
1. What has led agricultural production to outpace population increase? Is this production likely to increase?
2. Identify two factors that have led to approximately 850 million people in developing countries to not have enough food.
3. Distinguish between undernourishment and malnourished.
4. When did the green revolution first occur?
5. Identify the practices that were practiced with the green revolution.
6. Identify benefits of the green revolution. Identify harmful effects of the green revolution.
7. Define pest and weed.
8. Define pesticide and identify three broad categories identified by the authors.
9. Describe how natural selection acts to limit the effectiveness of pesticides. Why is this process described as a “pesticide treadmill” or an “evolutionary arms race.”
10. Define biological control. Describe two examples of biological controls.
11. Explain why biological controls should not be used in all cases. Provide two cases to support your explanation.
12. Describe integrated pest management (IPM).
13. What is pollination and why is it important? What are some examples of "natural pollinators"?
14. Identify specific threats to natural pollinators.
15. What is genetic engineering? Why is genetic engineering undertaken?
16. What are genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?
17. Identify and briefly describe eight notable examples of genetically modified food technology.
18. Compare and contrast genetic engineering and traditional agricultural breeding.
19. Briefly summarize the state of debates over GMO food and describe several examples.
20. Why should plant diversity be maintained? How is this being accomplished?
21. Summarize the benefits and impacts of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs).
22. Why is eating animal products considered to be inefficient? What does it mean to eat at a lower trophic level?
23. How much land and water are required to produce 1 kg of protein?
24. Define sustainable agriculture.
25. Define organic agriculture. List USDA criteria for categorizing crops and livestock as organic.
26. Summarize some pros and cons of organic agriculture.
27. List several reasons for supporting locally grown agriculture.
28. Describe Cuba’s experiences with organic agriculture.
AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE STUDY GUIDE: CHAPTER 11
BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION
BIOLOGY
Key Terms background rate of extinction biodiversity hotspots biophilia captive breeding community-based conservation conservation biology Convention on Biological Diversity
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) ecosystem servies Endangered Species Act (ESA) equilibrium theory of island biogeography
extirpation habitat fragmentation latitudinal gradient mass extinctions minimum viable population Red List species richness
Chapter Objectives
1. Characterize the scope of biodiversity on Earth.
2. Describe ways to measure biodiveristy. 3. Contrast background extinction rates and
periods of mass extinction. 4. Evaluate the primary causes of biodiversity
loss.
5. Specify the benefits of biodiversity. 6. Assess conservation biology and its practice. 7. Explain island biogeography theory and its
application to conservation biology. 8. Compare and contrast traditional and more
innovative biodiversity conservation efforts.
From the Reading
1. Identify the two most common measures of species diversity.
2. Distinguish between extinction and extirpation
3. Study Figures 11.4 and 11.5 on pp. 298-299. What are they telling us?
4. Explain why biodiversity loss involves more than extinction.
5. a. Identify and describe four primary causes of biodiversity loss, according to scientists.
b. Give at least one specific example for each cause.
c.Which is considered to be the most significant cause of biodiversity loss?
6. Study Fig. 11.12 on pg. 306. Which large ecosystems (biomes) have suffered the most habitat loss? Why?
7. Describe the anticipated impact of global climate change on biodiversity.
8. Read the “Science Behind the Story” on pp. 308-309. What did we glean from this research?
9. Identify the ecosystem services provided by biodiversity free of charge.
10. Explain how biodiversity helps maintain ecosystem functions.
11. Explain how biodiversity provides economic benefits through tourism and recreation. Identify drawbacks to ecotourism.
12. Define biophilia. Explain how this is a form of intrinsic value.
13. a.Define conservation biology and explain how conservation biologists work.
b.Describe specific methods used to protect/restore biodiversity.
14. a.Describe the equilibrium theory of island biogeography – being sure to include the factors of distance, size, emigration, and immigration.
15. What is the Endangered Species Act and summarize how it is administered.
16. Identify and describe two single-species approaches to save threatened and endangered species.
17. Describe an umbrella species and explain how their protection acts to protect habitats and ecosystems.
18. Identify and briefly describe two international conservation treaties.
19. What are the criteria used to classify an area as a biodiversity hotspot? What is the purpose of identifying hotspots?
20. Define community-based conservation.
21. Identify and briefly describe two economic strategies being employed to preserve biodiversity.
AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE STUDY GUIDE: CHAPTER 12
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, FORESTRY, LAND USE, AND PROTECTED AREAS
Key Terms adaptive management biosphere reserves Bureau of Land Management
(BLM) clear-cutting controlled burns corridors deforestation ecosystem-based management even-aged
forestry land trusts maximum stainable yield multiple use national forest National Forest Management Act national parks national wildlife refuge new forestry prescribed burns
resource management salvage logging second-growth SLOSS dilemma sustainable forestry certification uneven-aged wilderness areas wise-use movement
Chapter Objectives
1. Identify the principles, goals, and approaches of resource management.
2. Summarize the ecological roles and economic contributions of forests, and outline the history and scale of forest loss.
3. Explain the fundamentals of forest management, and describe the major methods of harvesting timber.
4. Analyze the scale and impacts of agricultural land use.
5. Identify major federal land management agencies and the lands they manage.
6. Recognize types of parks and reserves, and evaluate issues involved in their design.
From the Reading
1. Define resource management.
2. In addition to timber, briefly describe the five other natural resources vital to humans identified by the authors.
3. Briefly describe maximum sustainable yield and explain the impacts on the environment.
4. Briefly describe ecosystem-based management and explain why it may be difficult to implement.
5. Briefly describe adaptive management and explain why it may be difficult to implement.
6. Briefly explain why forestry is important.
7. Briefly explain why undisturbed old-growth forests such as those at Clayoquot Sound are more valuable environmentally than second-growth forests of a single species.
8. Identify several important uses of forest products.
9. Define deforestation and identify several problems that result. Identify where and whey the impacts are the greatest.
10. Identify two reasons for deforestation in the United States.
11. Describe the process in which logging companies extract timber from developing nations providing few or no benefits to indigenous people. Briefly describe this process in Sarawak, Malaysia.
12. Identify the philosophical stance that guides forest management in the U.S. National Forest System.
13. Compare and contrast timber extraction from public and private lands.
14. Describe plantation forestry.
15. Identify three tree harvesting methods that produce even-aged stands of trees and, for each, give a brief description.
16. Contrast selective systems from those harvesting methods identified above.
17. Summarize the effects of logging on habitats.
18. Identify and briefly describe the guidelines of the National Forest Management Act.
19. Identify outcomes form the National Forest Management Act. Identify how the George W. Bush administration acted to reverse these outcomes.
20. Identify and briefly describe the controversy surrounding fire suppression in forests, grasslands, and open pine woodlands.
21. Identify and briefly describe the controversies surrounding the Healthy Forests Restoration Act.
22. Summarize the current trends in sustainable forestry.
23. Summarize the current state of agricultural land use.
24. Identify four reasons humans establish parks and reserves.
25. Briefly describe the management of three types of U.S. public lands as identified by the authors.
26. Briefly describe the wise-use movement.
27. What are land-trusts.
28. Briefly describe world heritage sites.
29. Describe biosphere reserves. Identify the three areas and the roles they play in forming the reserves.
AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE STUDY GUIDE: CHAPTER 13
URBANIZATION AND CREATING LIVABLE
CITIES
Key Terms city planning new urbanism regional planning smart growth
sprawl suburbs urban ecology urban growth boundary (UGB)
urbanization zoning
Chapter Objectives
1. Describe the scale of urbanization. 2. Assess urban and suburban sprawl. 3. Outline city and regional planning and land
use strategies. 4. Evaluate transportation options.
5. Describe the roles of urban parks. 6. Analyze environmental impacts and
advantages of urban centers. 7. Assess the pursuit of sustainable cities.
From the Reading
1. Briefly describe the processes that have led to urbanization.
2. Contrast urbanization in developed countries with undeveloped countries.
3. Identify tow general reasons urban populations are growing.
4. Identify several reasons for urbanization in developing countries.
5. Identify factors that influence the location of urban areas.
6. Identify reasons why people moved to suburbs.
7. Define sprawl. List several examples of sprawl identified by the authors.
8. Identify the two main components of sprawl. Briefly contrast sprawl in the cities of Los Angeles and Detroit.
9. Identify several reasons for an increase in per capita land consumption.
10. Identify the impacts of sprawl on:
transportation pollution health land use economics
11. Compare and contrast city planning and regional planning. Provide an example of each.
12. Define zoning and explain why it is a valuable tool for planners.
13. Explain why some people consider zoning to be a regulatory taking of property.
14. List ten principles of “smart growth” identified by the authors.
15. Identify the approach of new urbanism in city planning.
16. Although mass transit appears to have many benefits, it is hard to implement. Briefly describe the constraints to building mass transit systems, especially rail.
17. Briefly summarize the mix of environmental impacts brought on by urban resource consumption.
18. Briefly summarize the effects of urban centers on land preservation, pollultion, and innovation.
19. Identify key elements of urban sustainability.
AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE STUDY GUIDE: CHAPTER 14
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND
TOXICOLOGY
Key Terms acute exposure Aldrin allergens asbestos bioaccumulation biological hazards biomagnifications BPA breakdown products carcinogens chemical hazards chronic exposure cultural hazards DDT dioxins
dose-response curve endocrine disruptors environmental health environmental toxicology epidemiological studies HIV ... AIDS infectious (communicable)
disease innocent-until-proven-guilty
approach LC50
LD50 mutagens neurotoxins PCB's
physical hazards plasmodium POP's Radon risk risk assessment risk management Silent Spring synergistic effects teratogens threshold dose toxicant toxicology tuberculosis vector
Chapter Objectives
1. Identify the major types of environmental health hazards and explain the goals of environmental health.
2. Describe the types, abundance, distribution, and movement of synthetic and natural toxicants in the environment.
3. Assess risk assessment and risk management.
4. Discuss the study of hazards and their effects, including case histories, epidemiology, animal testing, and dose-response analysis.
5. Compare philosophical approaches to risk. 6. Describe policy and regulation in the United
States and internationally. From the Reading
1. What does the study and practice of environmental health do? For what reasons?
2. Identify and describe the four main categories of environmental hazards. For each, list risks we can and cannon avoid.
3. What is the major focus of environmental health?
4. What is the effect of infectious diseases on world population? Where is the impact of infectious diseases most pronounced? For what reason?
5. How does malaria spread? In what ways do efforts to eradicate malaria impact the environment?
6. Identify and briefly describe four indoor health hazards and how they work. Can you think of any additional hazards the authors did not include?
7. What is toxicology?
8. Define toxicity, pathogenicity, and virulence.
9. Identify two factors that affect a substance’s toxicity.
10. What is environmental toxicology?
11. Why do toxicologists whom generally focus on human health use other organisms as models and test subjects?
12. What is the irony of the sometimes poisonous effects of human-made chemicals?
13. Who was Rachel Carson and what is her importance to environmental science?
14. Although the sale of DDT was banned by the United States in 1973, why can it still show up in food sold or served in the U.S.?
15. Identify and briefly describe six classifications of toxicants.
16. Who is Tyrone Hayes and what is the importance of his work?
17. Describe Bisphenol-A (BPA) and its possible effects on meiosis.
18. Describe how toxicants may concentrate in surface water or groundwater.
19. Define pesticide drift and describe how it may be responsible in toxicant contamination in remote locations.
20. Define persistence as it relates to toxicants.
21. Define breakdown products and describe how these may be harmful
22. Distinguish between bioaccumulation and biomagnification. Trace the movement of a toxicant such as DDT up a food chain.
23. Identify and describe three methods of study in human health, including when and how each are used.
24. Define dose and response.
25. Compare and contrast a linear dose-response curve and a threshold dose-response curve.
26. Distinguish between chronic exposure and acute exposure to potential hazards.
27. Explain how the synergistic effects of hazards may be difficult to track.
28. Define probability.
29. Distinguish between risk assessment and risk management.
30. Identify two approaches for determining safety of substances and how these approaches are reflected in public policy decisions.
AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE STUDY GUIDE: CHAPTER 15
FRESHWATER RESOURCES: NATURAL
SYSTEMS, HUMAN IMPACT, AND
CONSERVATION
Key Terms aquifers Aral sea artesian aquifers benthic zone confined aquifer consumptive use dam desalination eutrophic conditions floodplain
freshwater Lake Mead limnetic zone littoral zone nonconsumptive use nonpoint source pollution Ogallala aquifer oligotrophic conditions pollution point source pollution primary water treatment
profundal zone reverse osmosis secondary water treatment sediment pollution septic systems sinkholes Three Gorges Dam unconfined aquifer wetlands wastewater
Chapter Objectives
1. Explain the importance of water and the hydrologic cycle to ecosystems, human health, and economic pursuits.
2. Delineate freshwater distribution on Earth. 3. Describe major types of freshwater
ecosystems.
4. Discuss how we use water and alter freshwater systems.
5. Assess problems of water supply and propose solutions to address freshwater depletion.
6. Assess problems of water quality and propose solutions to address water pollution.
7. Explain how wastewater is treated. From the Reading
1. Identify the sources of freshwater and the portion easily accessible for human use.
2. Define tributary and watershed.
3. Describe the process which allows agriculture to thrive in floodplains.
4. Define riparian zone.
5. Define wetland and identify three types of wetlands described by the authors.
6. Identify the ecosystem services provided by wetlands.
7. Identify and describe four zones typical of lakes and ponds.
8. Describe conditions affecting biota within lakes.
9. Distinguish between oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes and ponds.
10. Identify the significance of Lake Baikal and the Caspian Sea.
11. Identify the role groundwater plays in meeting human water needs.
12. Define aquifer recharge zone.
13. Contrast between confined and unconfined aquifer.
14. Identify the significance of the Ogallala Aquifer.
15. Compare and contrast water use in the United States with that of the globe.
16. Identify trends in irrigated land since the 1960.
17. Identify the benefits and drawbacks of irrigating cropland.
18. Summarize the current state of groundwater consumption both in the United States and throughout the world.
19. Identify at least five water diversion projects and reasons for each.
20. Identify the major benefits and costs of dams.
21. Identify two supply-side strategies for increasing water quantities.
22. Identify three strategies to improve efficiencies in farming.
23. Identify the benefits of using low-pressure irrigation and drip irrigations systems.
24. Identify the effects of subsidies for irrigation water on the effects of crop grown and water used.
25. Identify methods for reducing residential water use.
26. Identify methods for reducing industrial & municipal water use.
27. Contrast point-sources and non-point-sources of pollution.
28. Identify five categories of pollution.
29. Identify the nutrient usually responsible for eutrophication of freshwater systems and describe how this process dramatically changes aquatic ecosystems.
30. Identify the significance of biological pollution and discuss its impact on human health.
31. Identify the strategies to reducing risk of biological pollution.
32. Identify several of the categories of toxic chemicals and negative impacts they have on the environment.
33. Identify anthropogenic causes of sediment influx into rivers and their effect clear-water rivers.
34. Identify the effects of thermal pollution on ecosystems.
35. Identify and list biological, chemical, and physical indicators of water pollution.
36. Identify challenges to maintenance of groundwater supplies.
37. Identify four naturally occurring chemicals that may be found in groundwater at high concentrations.
38. Identify the sources of groundwater pollution noted by the authors and, for each, list the health issues caused by each.
39. Summarize the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 and the Clean Water Act of 1977.
40. Discuss why it is better to prevent pollution rather than mitigate it after it occurs.
41. Identify the sources of wastewater.
42. Identify and describe the steps in municipal wastewater treatment.
AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE STUDY GUIDE: CHAPTER 16
THE OCEANS: NATURAL SYSTEMS, HUMAN USE, AND MARINE
CONSERVATION
Key Terms benthic organsims bottom-trawling by-catch continental shelves coral reefs currents downwelling driftnetting estuaries
harmful algal blooms intertidal kelp littoral longlining mangrove marine protected areas (MPAs) marine reserves
methane hydrate oceanography pelagic purse seine red tides salt marshes tides upwelling
Chapter Objectives
1. Identify physical, geographical, chemical, and biological aspects of the marine environment.
2. Describe major types of marine ecosystems. 3. Outline historic and current human uses of
marine resources.
4. Assess human impacts on marine environments.
5. Review the current state of ocean fisheries and reasons for their decline.
6. Evaluate marine protected areas and reserve as innovative solutions.
From the Reading
1. Identify the amount of surface water and volume of the world ocean.
2. Identify three other substances (besides dissolved salts) that play an important role in marine ecosystems.
3. Describe the vertical structure of the world ocean.
4. Define heat capacity and describe its role in moderating the temperature of ocean surface water.
5. Identify four factors that drive surface currents.
6. Contrast the formation of an upwelling with the formation of a downwelling. Identify how these two vertical currents affect marine life.
7. Identify major structures of the ocean floor.
8. Define photic zone and identify its importance in ocean water.
9. Identify the importance of upwellings to marine life in the open oceans.
10. Identify the importance of kelp beds to both the environment and commerce.
11. Describe corals and their symbiotic relationship with algae.
12. Identify and describe the importance of coral reefs to both the shoreline and for marine organisms.
13. Describe coral bleaching and identify its possible causes.
14. Define and describe the intertidal zone.
15. Identify several factors that help make the intertidal zone home to a remarkable diversity of organisms.
16. Describe salt marshes and identify their importance to the environment.
17. Describe mangrove forests and identify their importance to the environment.
18. Describe estuaries and identify their importance to the environment.
19. Identify the sources of energy extracted from oceans.
20. Identify minerals currently extracted from oceans.
21. Describe methane hydrate and identify the possible benefits and costs of its extraction.
22. Identify the sources of oil pollution in the ocean.
23. Identify why it is important to minimize the amount of oil we release into coastal waters.
24. Describe the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990.
25. Identify why it is important to minimize the release of fertilizer and other nutrients into coastal waters.
26. Describe the current state of marine fish populations according to the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
27. Identify the nature and extent of historical overfishing,
28. Identify the effects of modern fishing fleets on marine life.
29. Describe a fishery collapse.
30. Identify reasons for the masking of fisheries declines.
31. Identify the following forms of commercial fishing and describe the effects of each on the environment.
A. Driftnets
B. Longline fishing
C. Bottom Trawling
D. Purse Seine
32. Describe “fishing down the food chain” and its significance.
33. Identify and describe two forms of fisheries management.
34. Contrast marine protected areas and marine reserves.
35. Describe how marine reserves are “win-win” proposition according to proponents.
36. Summarize the consensus statement of the effect of marine reserves according to prominent marine scientists.
AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE STUDY GUIDE: CHAPTER 17
ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE AND AIR
POLLUTION
Key Terms acidic deposition air pollutants air pollution atmosphere atmospheric pressure carbon monoxide chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Clean Air Act of 1970 Clean Air Act of 1990 climate cold front convective circulation Coriolis effect criteria pollutants
industrial smog inversion layer lead Montreal Protocol nitrogen dioxide ozone layer particulates photochemical smog primary pollutants radon
relative humidity secondary pollutants stratosphere sulfur dioxide temperature inversion thermal inversion toxic air pollutants troposphere tropospheric ozone volative organic compounds (VOCs) warm front weather
Chapter Objectives
1. Describe the composition, structure, and function of Earth’s atmosphere.
2. Outline the scope of outdoor air pollution and asses potential solutions.
3. Explain stratospheric ozone depletion and identify steps taken to address it.
4. Define acidic deposition and illustrate its consequences.
5. Characterize the scope of indoor air pollution and assess potential solutions.
From the Reading
1. What two gases make up over 90% of the atmosphere (include the % for each gas)?
2. List 4 layers of the atmosphere starting with ground level and giving a distinguishing characteristic of each. In which layer does the earth's "weather" take place?
3. In which layer is the concentration of ozone (O3) the highest? What service does the ozone layer provide and why is this so important to life on earth?
4. Study Fig. 17.4 on p. 476 and explain why the equator receives more energy from the sun compared to polar regions.
5. Study Fig. 17.5 and briefly explain the cause of the seasons.
6. Sketch Fig. 17.6 on p. 477. The troposphere is not heated directly by the sun – how is it heated? How does this process affect global air circulation? Make use of the term "convective circulation".
7. Study Fig. 17.8 on p. 478. What causes a thermal inversion and how does this phenomenon exacerbate air pollution? What areas are prone to this problem? The following may help with an explanation of the phenomenon:
Temperature inversions are a result of other weather conditions in an area. They occur most often when a warm, less dense air mass moves over a dense, cold air mass. This can happen for example, when the air near the ground rapidly loses its heat on a clear night. In this situation, the ground becomes cooled quickly while the air above it retains the heat the ground was holding during the day. Additionally, temperature inversions occur in some coastal areas because upwelling of cold water can decrease surface air temperature and the cold air mass stays under warmer ones.
Topography can also play a role in creating a temperature inversion since it can sometimes cause cold air to flow from mountain peaks down into valleys. This cold air then pushes under the warmer air rising from the valley, creating the inversion. In addition, inversions can also form in areas with significant snow cover because the snow at ground level is cold and its white color reflects almost all heat coming in. Thus, the air above the snow is often warmer because it holds the reflected energy.
8. How do convection currents affect the types of biomes on earth's surface? Use the Hadley cells that form North and South of the earth's equator as an example.
9. What is the Coriolis effect? How does it influence winds? (search for "global atmospheric circulation" by KeithMeldahl on YouTube for a good video animation of convection currents and winds to help with questions 9 & 10)
10. List 3 natural sources of air pollutants.
11. What provisions were made by the Clean Air Acts of 1970 and 1990?
12. List the 6 criteria pollutants which the EPA judges to pose particular health threats. What are their sources and effects?
13. Study Fig. 17.14. How do scrubbers reduce air pollution?
14. Which type of smog continues to be a problem in industrialized countries?
15. Study Fig. 17.15a on p. 487.
16. Describe how ozone, acid rain, and PANs are produced.
17. In what layer of the atmosphere is ozone a pollutant? What human activity causes its production?
18. Read “The Science Behind the Story” on pp. 490-491. Where is the ozone layer? What causes the “hole” in the ozone?
19. What is the Montreal Protocol?
20. Study Fig. 17.18 on p. 492 and the accompanying text. What 2 primary pollutants are contributing to acid deposition and what are their sources? What 2 secondary pollutants are involved and how do they form?
21. List some environmental damages caused by acid deposition.
22. Why didn’t the very successful cap and trade program involving sulfur emissions fully solve the acid deposition problem?
23. What 2 indoor air pollutants pose the greatest threat to human health in the U.S.? What poses the greatest threat in developing nations?
24. What are VOCs and what are sources of these pollutants?
AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE STUDY GUIDE: CHAPTER 18 GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
Key Terms aerosols cap and trade carbon capture carbon footprint carbon offsets carbon sequestration El Niño
ENSO global climate change greenhouse effect greenhouse gases Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) Keeling curve
Kyoto Protocol La Niña Milankovitch cycles proxy indicators radiative forcing thermal expansion of oceans thermohaline circulation
Chapter Objectives 1. Describe Earth’s climate system and explain the
variety of factors influencing global climate 2. Characterize human influences on the
atmosphere and global climate 3. Delineate modern methods of climate research
4. Summarize current consequences and potential future impacts of global climate change
5. Evaluate the scientific, political, and economic debates concerning climate change
6. Suggest potential responses to global climate change
From the Reading
1. Distinguish between global climate change and global warming.
2. Identify two ways in which current climatic changes differ from previous periods of climate change.
3. Identify three factors that exert the most influence on Earth’s climate.
4. Briefly explain the "greenhouse effect". Include a diagram with your explanation.
5. Identify six greenhouse gases and give examples of natural and anthropogenic sources for each.
6. Identify the global warming potential of four representative gases and explain their values.
7. Describe why changes in atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide are important.
8. Describe the trend in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration from the late 1700s to current time. Sketch the "Keeling Curve" … with appropriate scales and labels on the axes.
9. Identify two potential outcomes of increasing concentration of water vapor in the atmosphere due to global warming.
10. Identify the effects of aerosols on climate change.
11. Identify three types of Milankovitch cycles and summarize their influence on climate.
12. Summarize the effect of oceanic absorption on atmospheric levels of CO2.
13. Use point form to describe how El Niño conditions are triggered. What are its effects on both sides of the Pacific Ocean?
14. Describe how La Niña conditions are triggered. What are its effects on both sides of the Pacific Ocean?
15. Explain how proxy indicators (give examples) are used to study climate change.
16. Describe how climate models are used to predict future climate change.
17. Identify the major findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its Fourth Assessment Report in the year 2007.
18. Identify two factors attributable to sea-level rise.
19. Identify predicted impacts of climate change in the United States.
20. Identify predicted impacts of climate change on agriculture and forestry.
21. Identify predicted impacts of climate change on human health.
22. Describe the "cap and trade" strategy to reduce CO2 emissions.
23. Describe "carbon offsets".
24. Evaluate the precautionary principle.
AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE STUDY GUIDE: CHAPTER 19
FOSSIL FUELS: ENERGY & IMPACTS
Key Terms acid drainage aerobic anaerobic anthracite coal ANWR biogenic natural gas bituminous coal clean coal technologies coal coalbed gas
cogeneration crude oil (petroleum) energy conservation fossil fuels Hubbert’s Peak (Peak Oil) lignite coal liquefied natural gas methane hydrates mountaintop removal natural gas oil (tar) sands
OPEC peat primary oil extraction proven recoverable reserve refining scrubbers secondary oil extraction strip mining subsurface mining
Chapter Objectives 1. Survey the energy sources that we use 2. Describe the nature and origin of coal, and
evaluate its extraction and use 3. Describe the nature and origin of petroleum
and evaluate its extraction and use, and future depletion
4. Describe the nature and origin of natural gas, and evaluate its extraction and use
5. Outline and assess environmental impacts of fossil fuel use
6. Evaluate political, social, and economic impacts of fossil fuel use
7. Specify strategies for conserving energy From the Reading
1. Identify four nonrenewable energy sources currently in use.
2. Identify six renewable energy sources currently in use.
3. Briefly describe the ways in which solar energy is harnessed for usable energy.
4. In addition to the sun, identify three other sources from which we may derive energy.
5. Distinguish between renewable and nonrenewable energy sources.
6. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic decomposition and identify which forms fossil fuels.
7. Identify the regions and countries with the largest proven reserves of oil.
8. Identify the regions and countries with the largest proven reserves of natural gas.
9. Identify the regions and countries with the largest proven reserves of coal.
10. Contrast energy consumption and apportionment in developed and developing nations.
11. Identify the top coal producing and consuming countries in the world.
12. Summarize the process in which coal is used to generate electricity.
13. Distinguish between peat and the four types of coal.
14. Identify major impurities in coal and they can affect the environment.
15. Contrast subsurface mining and strip mining.
16. Identify the portion of the world’s commercial energy consumption attributable to oil.
17. Identify the top oil producing and consuming countries in the world.
18. Describe how technology and economics affect the amount of oil extracted from a known oil reserve.
19. Distinguish between primary extraction and secondary extraction of oil.
20. Identify the uses of many petroleum products.
21. Describe how using the reserves-to-production ratio can be used to estimate world oil supplies.
22. Identify Hubbert’s peak and its significance.
23. Briefly describe the process in which crude oil is refined.
24. Briefly describe biogenic and thermogenic formation of natural gas.
25. Identify the top natural gas producing and consuming countries in the world.
26. Identify three other types of fossil fuels that may be used in the future.
27. Summarize how fossil fuel emissions and leaks cause pollution and drive climate change.
28. Summarize ways in which coal mining affects the environment.
29. Summarize how oil extraction can alter the environment.
30. Describe the anticipated negative environmental impacts of oil drilling in ANWR.
31. Summarize the social, political, and economic situations for US oil production and consumption.
32. Explain why energy conservation efforts of the early 1970’s have mostly been abandoned.
33. Summarize the process of cogeneration and how it can increase the efficiency of a power plant.
34. Explain why energy conservation is not the only solution to our energy dilemmas.
AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE STUDY GUIDE: CHAPTER 2
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS & ECONOMICS
Key Terms Anthropocentrism biocentrism capitalist market economy centrally planned economy classical economics conservation cost-benefit analysis culture deep ecology ecocentrism ecofeminism ecolabeling ecological economists economics economy
ecosystem services Emerson, Ralph Waldo environmental economists environmental ethics environmental justice ethical standards ethics external cost externalities Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) goods Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Leopold, Aldo market failure Mill, John Stuart
Muir, John neoclassical economics nonmarket values permit-trading preservation relativists services Smith, Adam steady-state economies subsistence economy Thoreau, Henry David transcendentalism universalists worldview
Chapter Objectives
1. Characterize the influences of culture and worldview on the choices people make.
2. Outline the nature, evolution, and expansion of environmental ethics in Western culture.
3. Describe precepts of classical and neoclassical economic theory, and summarize their implications for the environment.
4. Compare the concepts of economic growth, economic health, and sustainability.
5. Explain the fundamentals of environmental economics and ecological economics.
From the Reading
1. Why is it important to have a basic understanding of both ethics and economics when addressing environmental problems?
2. How are culture and worldview related? Give an example.
3. The authors identify four factors that will shape a person’s worldview. Identify the four and provide a brief example of each.
4. Define ethics and briefly explain its importance in environmental science.
5. Briefly explain three ethical standards identified by the authors.
6. What is environmental ethics?
7. The authors identify two factors for expansion of ethical considerations. Briefly state what the factors are and the role they played.
8. In his book The Rights of Nature, Roderick Nash identifies 3 ethical perspectives. For each, briefly describe the perspective and the major tenets.
9. What are the major ideal of “transcendentalism?” List three prominent Americans associated with this movement.
10. Who is John Muir and why is he important to the study of environmental science?
11. Compare and contrast preservation ethic and conservation ethic. Support your statements with examples from the text.
12. Who is Aldo Leopold and why is he important to the study of environmental science?
13. Explain the term land ethic.
14. Briefly explain deep ecology.
15. Briefly explain ecofeminism.
16. Summarize the EPA’s definition of environmental justice. Identify several cases of environmental injustice.
17. Define economics. Explain how it may be linked to the environment.
18. Briefly describe three economic systems identified by the authors.
19. Define ecosystem services and identify several that support life.
20. Adam Smith is known as the “father of classical economics.” What is the underlying tenet as expressed by Smith.
21. What is neoclassical economics and how might it be applied to environmental issues?
22. What is cost-benefit analysis? Why is its use often controversial?
23. Identify four fundamental assumptions of neoclassical economics that have implications for the environment. For each, briefly describe the implications.
24. Define externality. List six externalities identified by the authors.
25. What argument is used by the critics of growth?
26. Economists disagree on whether economic growth is sustainable. A steady-state economy is an alternative to growth. What must be done to obtain a steady-state economy?
27. Market economies generally do not value ecosystem goods and services. Describe seven nonmarket values identified by the authors.
28. Identify and describe two methods of coping with market failure with respect to the environment.
AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE STUDY GUIDE: CHAPTER 20
CONVENTIONAL ENERGY ALTERNATIVES
Key Terms biodiesel biofuels biomass energy biopower breeder nuclear reactor Chernobyl ethanol
half-life hydroelectric power nuclear energy nuclear fission nuclear fusion nuclear meltdown
radioisotopes Three Mile Island Yucca Mountain
Chapter Objectives 1. Discuss the reasons for seeking alternatives
to fossil fuels 2. Summarize the contributions to world energy
supplies of conventional alternatives to fossil fuels
3. Describe nuclear energy and how it is harnessed
4. Outline the societal debate over nuclear power
5. Describe the major sources, scale, and impacts of biomass energy
6. Describe the scale, methods, and impacts of hydroelectric power
From the Reading
1. Summarize the current state of the world’s primary energy supply and total electricity generation.
2. Identify the three most developed and widely used alternative energy sources.
3. Summarize current US energy consumption by source.
4. Summarize contributions by conventional alternatives to primary energy and electricity generation.
5. Summarize the conflicted debate over the use of nuclear power.1
6. Identify the top consumers of nuclear power.
7. Describe the process of nuclear fission and identify the isotope of uranium used.
8. Summarize the process in which nuclear fission is used to generate electricity.
9. Summarize the process of breeder nuclear fission and explain why it is no longer a major supplier of electricity.
10. Describe nuclear fusion and explain why it is not used to generate electricity on a commercial basis.
11. Summarize the major environmental advantages and the drawbacks of using nuclear power.
12. Explain the significance of Three Mile Island.
13. Explain the significance of Chernobyl.
14. Summarize the results of a “cradle-to-grave” analysis of emissions from various power sources.
15. Identify the major issues concerning the disposal of nuclear waste.
16. Summarize the positive and negative arguments associated with the Yucca Mountain nuclear repository.
17. Summarize the health impacts of Chernobyl and the issues surrounding their determination.
18. Summarize the dilemmas that have slowed nuclear growth.
19. Identify sources of biomass energy.
20. Summarize the use of fuelwood and other traditional biomass sources in developing countries.
21. Identify new biomass sources currently being developed in industrialized countries.
22. Identify two types of biofuels that can power automobiles and summarize how they are used.
23. Summarize the reduction of emissions from the use of biodiesel as compared to petrodiesel.
24. Identify and briefly describe six methods in which biomass can be used to generate electricity.
25. Summarize the environmental and economic benefits of biomass energy.
26. Summarize the drawbacks of biomass energy.
27. Compare and contrast the storage technique and run-of-river technique for generating hydroelectric power.
28. Identify the top consumers of hydropower.
29. Identify and briefly describe two advantages hydropower over fossil fuels for producing electricity.
30. Identify and briefly describe the negative environmental impacts of hydropower.
31. Briefly describe the current state and future of hydropower in developed and developing countries.
AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE STUDY GUIDE: CHAPTER 21
NEW RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Key Terms active solar electrolysis geysers ground source heat pumps hydrogen fuel cell
NIMBY passive solar photovoltaic cells tidal energy wind farm wind turbines
Chapter Objectives 1. Outline the major sources of renewable
energy and assess their potential for growth 2. Describe solar energy and the ways it is
harnessed, and evaluate its advantages and disadvantages
3. Describe wind energy and the ways it is harnessed, and evaluate its advantages and disadvantages
4. Describe geothermal energy and the ways it is harnessed, and evaluate its advantages and disadvantages
5. Describe ocean energy sources and the ways they can be harnessed, and evaluate their advantages and disadvantages
6. Explain hydrogen fuel cells and assess future options for energy storage and transportation
From the Reading
1. The “new” renewable energy sources include solar, wind, and geothermal, which have been in used for centuries. Identify why they are called new.
2. Identify the total primary energy from renewable sources in the United States.
3. Identify the total electricity generation from renewable sources in the United States.
4. Identify the motivation for increasing use of renewable sources of energy and why this should continue into the future.
5. Identify the reasons we cannot switch to renewable sources of energy immediately.
6. Identify reasons fossil fuel and automobile industries have been slow to move toward renewable energy technologies.
7. Identify the average amount of solar energy reaching Earth’s surface.
8. Compare and contrast active solar and passive solar energy collection.
9. Summarize passive solar design techniques identified by the authors.
10. Briefly describe how solar energy is magnified to produce electricity.
11. Briefly describe how photovoltaic cells produce electricity directly from sunlight.
12. Identify the benefits from using solar power.
13. Identify the drawbacks from using solar power.
14. Briefly describe the process in which wind energy is converted into electrical energy.
15. Briefly describe how wind mills are designed to harness wind energy .
16. Identify the countries that have the greatest wind power generating capacity.
17. Identify the benefits of wind power.
18. Identify the downsides to wind power.
19. Briefly explain how geothermal energy is generated and how it differs from most renewable energy sources.
20. Briefly describe how geothermal energy is transformed into electrical energy.
21. Explain why geothermal plants may not operate indefinitely.
22. Explain how geothermal energy may be used for heating. Identify drawbacks to this process.
23. Identify the benefits and limitations to using geothermal power.
24. Briefly describe three methods for capturing energy derived from the Earth’s oceans.
25. Hydrogen fuel is considered to be a very clean fuel. Discuss conditions in which this may or may not be true.
26. Explain the process in which hydrogen fuel drives electricity generation in a fuel cell.
27. Identify the benefits of hydrogen and fuel cells.
AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE STUDY GUIDE: CHAPTER 22
WASTE MANAGEMENT
Key Terms composting deep-well injection hazardous waste incineration industrial ecology industrial solid waste leachate life-cycle analysis
material recovery facilities (MRFs)
municipal solid waste recycling Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) sanitary landfills source reduction
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund)
suface impoundments waste waste management waste stream waste-to-energy (WTE)
Chapter Objectives 1. Summarize and compare the types of waste
we genergate 2. List the major approaches to managing waste 3. Delineate the scale of the waste dilemma 4. Describe conventional waste disposal
methods: landfills and incineration
5. Evaluate approaches for reducing waste: source reduction, reuse, composting, and recycling
6. Discuss industrial solid waste management and principles of industrial technology
7. Assess issues in managing hazardous waste From the Reading
1. Distinguish between municipal solid waste and industrial solid waste.
2. Identify three reasons to pursue waste management.
3. Identify the three main components of waste management.
4. Identify methods to minimizing waste at it source –source reduction.
5. Briefly describe what recycling entails.
6. Identify major patterns in municipal waste.
7. Identify developed nations creating the greatest solid waste per capita and least.
8. Briefly describe how waste should be added to a landfill as specified by Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).
9. Identify the major components of a modern, engineered landfill.
10. Identify the drawbacks to landfills.
11. Identify four crucial findings about solid waste made by William Rathje.
12. Identify the wastes generated by incineration.
13. Identify the major components of a modern incinerator.
14. Explain how a waste-to-energy facility differs from a typical incinerator.
15. Describe landfill gas and how it may be used to produce energy.
16. Describe why source reduction is more effective at preventing waste.
17. Explain why reuse is an effective means to minimize waste.
18. Define composting and explain how it can be effective in eliminating solid waste.
19. Explain the three basic steps to recycling.
20. Explain how materials recovery facilities (MRFs) help the recycling process.
21. Identify the recovery rates for various material in the United States.
22. Explain the “pay-as-you-throw” approach to garbage collection.
23. Explain why Edmonton, Alberta, is a showcase for solid waste reduction.
24. Identify the amount of solid waste generated by industry.
25. Describe industrial ecology and explain why it is important in efforts to reduce solid industrial waste.
26. Identify four criteria used to define hazardous waste.
27. Identify the largest source of unregulated hazardous waste and identify some of materials.
28. Identify sources of organic compounds in hazardous waste and their effects on humans and other animals.
29. Identify the sources of heavy metals in hazardous waste and their effects on humans and other animals.
30. Identify e-waste and their potential for increasing their hazardous waste.
31. Identify the role of the EPA under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) in managing hazardous waste.
32. Identify the three main disposal methods for hazardous waste and briefly explain how they work.
33. Explain the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund).
AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE STUDY GUIDE: CHAPTER 3 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
Key Terms command-and-control environmental impact statement (EIS) environmental policy Envrionmental Protection Agency (EPA) executive branch green tax
judicial branch legislative branch lobbying marketable emissions permits National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) policy public policy
regulations regulatory taking subsidy United Nations (UN) World Bank World Trade Organization (WTO)
Chapter Objectives 1. Describe environmental policy and assess its
societal context. 2. Identify the institutions important to U.S.
environmental policy and recognize major U.S. environmental laws.
3. Categorize the different approaches to environmental policy.
4. Delineate the steps of the environmental policy process and evaluate its effectiveness.
5. List the institutions involved with international environmental policy and describe how nations handle transboundary issues.
From the Reading
1. Define policy. Briefly explain how public policy and environmental policy are related.
2. Identify three specific reasons for the implementation of environmental policy and, for each, give a brief explanation.
3. Identify the factors that hinder implementation of environmental policy.
4. Identify the three branches of U.S. government and, for each, the role they play in establishing environmental policy.
5. Briefly summarize the first wave of U.S. environmental policy and identify three examples.
6. Briefly summarize the second wave of U.S. environmental policy and identify three examples.
7. Who is Rachel Carson and why is she important to the study of environmental science?
8. Describe the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and identify its impact on the environment.
9. What is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)? Identify the duties of the EPA.
10. Identify several other prominent environmental laws enacted.
11. Identify and describe five approaches to environmental policy identified by the authors.
12. List six steps to the environmental policy process identified by the authors.
13. Gaining access to policymakers is an important step in the environmental process. Identify and discuss three methods of gaining access to policymakers.
14. Identify the underlying issue for international environmental policy.
AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE STUDY GUIDE: CHAPTER 4
FROM CHEMISTRY TO ENERGY TO LIFE
Key Terms acidic atoms autotrophs basic bioremediation carbohydrates cells cellular respiration chemical energy chemosynthesis compound consumers deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) electrons element
entropy eukaryotic first law of thermodynamics fossils fossil record genes geothermal energy half-life heterotrophs hydrocarbons ions isotopes kinetic enegy lipids macromolecules
molecules neutrons nucleic acids organelles pH photosynthesis polymers potential energy producers prokaryotic proteins protons radioisotopes ribonucleic acid (RNA) second law of thermodynamics
Chapter Objectives 1. Explain the fundamentals of environmental
chemistry and apply them to real-world situations.
2. Describe the molecular building blocks of living organisms.
3. Differentiate among the types of energy and recite the basics of energy flow.
4. Distinguish photosynthesis, respiration, and chemosynthesis, and summarize their importance to living things.
5. Itemize and evaluate the major hypotheses for the origin of life on Earth.
6. Outline our knowledge regarding early life and give supporting evidence for each major concept.
From the Reading
1. Identify the four most abundant elements in Earth’s crust.
2. Identify the four most abundant elements in Earth’s oceans
3. Identify the three most abundant elements in Earth’s atmosphere.
4. Identify the four most abundant elements in organisms.
5. Water is considered to be essential to life. Identify four properties of water and briefly describe how each contributes to supporting life on Earth.
6. What determines the measure of acidity?
7. The pH scale is used as a measure of acidity. Identify the range of the pH scale and the pH of pure water, normal rainwater, and acid rain.
8. What is the essential element in all organic compounds?
9. Identify four classes of macromolecules and, for each, briefly describe their role in organisms.
10. Identify the two broad classes of energy and, for each, provide an example.
11. Identify the First Law of Thermodynamics and provide an example.
12. Identify the Second Law of Thermodynamics and provide an example.
13. Define entropy and give a brief example.
14. Identify the primary source of energy that powers Earth’s organisms and flows through ecological systems. Give an example that demonstrates how this source provides energy.
15. Describe the function of photosynthesis both in a brief statement and using a summary equation.
16. Describe the function of cellular respiration both in a brief statement and using a summary equation.
17. Identify three additional, but minor sources of Earth’s energy.
18. Describe the function of chemosynthesis both in a brief statement and using a summary equation.
19. Distinguish between what scientists believe was the composition of Earth’s earliest atmosphere with the current composition of the atmosphere. Briefly explain why the earliest composition is important.
20. The authors identify three hypotheses for the origin of life on Earth. For each, identify the name, the mechanism, and an assessment of the current state of acceptance by scientists.
21. Identify two crucial steps for the development of life on Earth, giving a brief example of each.
22. What is the fossil record and what important ideas does it clearly show?
23. Besides fossils, what other means do biologists use to infer how evolution proceeded in the past?
AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE STUDY GUIDE: CHAPTER 5
EVOLUTION, BIODIVERSITY, AND
POPULATION ECOLOGY
Key Terms adaptation adaptive trait age distribution age structure artificial selection biodiversity biological diversity biotic potential birth rate carrying capacity communities community ecology Darwin, Charles death rate density dependent variables ecosystem ecology ecosystems
ecotourism emigration endemic species environmental resistance evolution exponential growth extinction generalists growth rate habitat habitat use immigration K-selected species limiting factors logistic growth curve mass extinction events mutation
natural selection niche population population density population dispersion population distribution population ecology population size r-selected species sex ratio specialists speciation species survivorship curves Wallace, Alfred Russell
Chapter Objectives
1. Explain the process of natural selection, and cite evidence for this process.
2. Describe the ways in which evolution results in biodiversity.
3. Discuss reasons for species extinction and mass extinction events.
4. List the levels of ecological organization.
5. Outline the characteristics of populations that help predict population growth.
6. Assess logistic growth, carrying capacity, limiting factors, and other fundamental concepts of population ecology.
7. Identify efforts and challenges involved in the conservation of biodiversity.
From the Reading
1. Define evolution in a broad sense.
2. Summarize biological evolution.
3. Define natural selection. Identify six logical issues associated with natural selection.
4. Identify and describe the few premises on which natural selection is based.
5. Identify and explain three results of natural selection.
6. How have humans altered natural selection for benefit?
7. Approximately how many species have been described worldwide? How does this number differ from the number of species thought to exist worldwide?
8. Define speciation. Briefly explain the process of allopathic speciation.
9. In what ways can species be separated?
10. How do speciation and extinction work together to determine Earth’s biodiversity?
11. What types of species are most vulnerable to extinction from environmental change? Provide several examples.
12. Describe background extinction rate. Differentiate between background extinction rate and mass extinction events. Provide at least one example of a mass extinction event.
13. Prior to current times, how many mass extinctions have occurred? We are currently in the next mass extinction. What makes this one different from previous ones?
14. Identify and define five levels of ecological organization.
15. Define habitat.
16. Define niche.
17. Differentiate between habitat and niche.
18. Contrast between specialist and generalist species.
19. Identify six characteristics of populations that are used to predict future dynamics.
20. Provide a general formula for population density.
21. Identify and briefly describe three patterns of population distribution.
22. What is an age structure diagram? What information can be obtained from an age structure diagram?
23. Identify three types of survivorship curves and provide an example and sketch of each.
24. Identify four factors of population change. Using the four factors, provide a mathematical formula to calculate population change.
25. How is growth rate calculated and expressed?
26. What is exponential growth? What is the shape of a growth curve for exponential growth?
27. What are limiting factors? Provide several examples. How do they determine carrying capacity?
28. What is a logistic growth curve? What shape does a logistic growth curve show?
29. What factors identified by the authors affect species and communities? Provide an example of each.
AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE STUDY GUIDE: CHAPTER 6
SPECIES INTERACTIONS AND
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
Key Terms amensalism autotroph/producer biome boreal forest chaparral climate diagrams climatographs commensalism competition consumer (primary - tertiary) decomposer desert detritivore ecological restoration
food webs fundamental niche herbivoroy invasive species keystone species mutualism parasitism pioneer species predation primary succession pyramid of biomass pyramid of energy realized niche resilience
resistance resource partitioning restoration ecology savannas secondary succession symbiosis temperate deciduous forest temperate grasslands temperate rainforest trophic levels tropical dry forest tropical rainforest tundra
Chapter Objectives
1. Compare and contrast the major types of species interactions.
2. Characterize feeding relationships and energy flow, using them to construct trophic levels and food webs.
3. Distinguish characteristics of a keystone species.
4. Characterize the process of succession and the debate over the nature of communities.
5. Perceive and predict the potential impacts of invasive species in communities.
6. Explain the goals and methods of ecological restoration.
7. Describe and illustrate the terrestrial biomes of the world.
From the Reading
1. Define competition. Distinguish between intraspecific and interspecific competition.
2. Describe competitive exclusion and provide an example.
3. Describe species coexistence. How does species coexistence differ from competitive exclusion?
4. Distinguish between fundamental and realized niche. Provide an example that demonstrates both for a single species.
5. Define resource partitioning and provide an example.
6. Identify and describe three types of exploitive interactions and provide clear examples of each.
7. Define mutualism and provide an example.
8. Define symbiosis and provide an example.
9. Compare and contrast amensalism and commensalism. Provide examples of each.
10. Describe allelopathy and provide an example.
11. Define trophic level.
12. Identify and describe producers.
13. Identify and describe consumers. Distinguish among primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers.
14. Relate herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores to trophic levels. Give specific examples.
15. Compare and contrast detritivore and decomposer.
16. What is the relationship between energy transfer and trophic levels.
17. What is the relationship between biomass and trophic levels.
18. What is the relationship between number of organisms and trophic levels.
19. Compare and contrast food chain and food web.
20. Define keystone species and describe its impact on a community. Give several examples.
21. Why is it hard to identify keystone species?
22. Identify and describe two general ways in which communities respond to disturbances.
23. Define succession. Distinguish between primary and secondary succession.
24. Define pioneer species and provide an example.
25. Describe a climax community.
26. Define invasive species and provide several examples.
27. Define ecological restoration and provide one national project and one international project.
28. Define biomes. What two factors most often define biomes.
29. List the ten biomes described by the authors - for each, you should know generally their locations on earth and roughly their climate profiles (precipitation/temperatures).
AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE STUDY GUIDE: CHAPTER 7
ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS AND
ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY
Key Terms ammonification aquifer assimilation atmosphere biogeochemical cycles biomass biosphere carbon cycle closed system convergent plate boundary core crust denitrification divergent plate boundary dynamic equilibrium ecosystem ecotone emergent properties eutrophication evaporation feedback loop gross primary production
groundwater Haber-Bosch process homeostasis hydrologic cycle hydrosphere hypoxia igneous rock infiltration landscape ecology lava legume plants lithification lithosphere magma mantle metamorphic rock negative feedback loop net primary productivity nitrification nitrogen cycle nitrogen fixation
nutrient cycles nutrients open system phosphorous cycle plate tectonics positive feedback loop precipitation productivity recharge zone ring of fire rock cycle runoff secondary production sediment sedimentary rock subduction system transform plate boundary transpiration water table
Chapter Objectives
1. Describe the nature of environmental systems.
2. Define ecosystems and evaluate how living and nonliving entities interact in ecosystem-level ecology.
3. Compare and contrast how carbon, phosphorous, nitrogen, and water cycle through the environment.
4. Explain how plate tectonics and the rock cycle shape the earth beneath our feet.
From the Reading
1. Define system
2. Distinguish between negative and positive feedback loops. Provide an example of each.
3. Explain how processes in dynamic equilibrium contribute to homeostasis.
4. Distinguish between open and closed systems. Relate these two types of systems to Earth.
5. Explain why the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico systems must be considered together and not as independent systems.
6. Distinguish between the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Explain how the boundaries are not exact.
7. Define ecosystem.
8. Describe the fate of energy and matter as they move through an ecosystem.
9. Define ecotone.
10. Explain the difference between gross primary production and net primary production. How do these terms relate to net primary productivity?
11. What are nutrients and why are they important to ecosystems?
12. Explain biogeochemical cycles. Distinguish between sources & sinks of the geochemical cycles.
13. What roles do photosynthesis, respiration, and food webs play in the carbon cycle.
14. Identify the major sources and sinks of carbon. How are humans altering these sources and sinks for carbon?
15. Identify the major sources and sinks of phosphorous. How are humans altering these sources and sinks? What is unique about the phosphorous cycle compared to the other cycles?
16. Identify the major sources and sinks of nitrogen. How are humans altering these sources and sinks?
17. What is nitrogen fixation and why is it important?
18. Distinguish between nitrification and denitrification within the nitrogen cycle.
19. Identify the major reservoirs for water. What percentage of water is fresh and, of that amount, how much is available.
20. What is meant by the "water table"? Why is groundwater depletion a major source of concern?
21. Identify and briefly describe the major processes of the hydrological cycle. How do humans alter this cycle?
22. Differentiate between igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rock types.
23. Describe plate tectonics. Explain how it is responsible for the physical geography of Earth’s surface.
24. Briefly describe the three layers of the Earth as identified by the authors.
25. Identify the three types of plate boundaries and the types of structures associated whit each.
26. What is the "ring of fire"? What causes it?
27. The Galapagos and Hawaiian Islands are volcanic islands that appear far from plate boundaries. How can the formation of these islands be explained?
AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE STUDY GUIDE: CHAPTER 8
HUMAN POPULATION
Key Terms age structure pyramid birth control pill China one-child policy contraceptives crude birth rate crude death rate demographic transition demography doubling time
emigration family planning programs HIV/AIDS immigration industrial stage infant mortality IUD life expectancy Malthus, Thomas
natural rate of population change population density post-industrial stage pre-industrial stage replacement fertility rule of 70 sterilization (male & female) total fertility rate (TFR) transitional stage
Chapter Objectives
1. Assess the scope of human population growth.
2. Evaluate how human population, affluence, and technology affect the environment.
3. Explain and apply the fundamentals of demography.
4. Outline and assess the concept of demographic transition.
5. Describe how wealth and poverty, the status of women, and family planning programs affect population growth.
6. Characterize the dimensions of the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
From the Reading
1. What is the current estimate of world population? What is the "best guess" population projection in 2050? What are the top three countries, ranked by population? (see fig 8.7 and 8.8)
2. What is the current human growth rate according to the authors?
3. According to figure 8.3, describe those regions of the world with the highest population growth rates. What do these areas have in common?
4. What is the rule of 70? How is it calculated?
5. If a population grows at 2% per year, how long will it take to double the population?
6. If a population increases from 20 million to 40 million in 25 years, what was its growth rate over that time?
7. What was Thomas Malthus's concern about population growth (p. 5)? According to p. 211 what is one reason that Malthus and his modern-day followers (neo-Malthusians) have been wrong in their predictions so far?
8. Identify each of the variables in the Ehrlich and Holdren's IPAT model. For each variable, give an example.
9. Explain demography.
10. Identify and briefly describe the nine factors studied by demographers.
11. Identify the variables in an age-structure diagram (aka population pyramid). Explain how the shape of an age-structure diagram can predict population growth patterns.
12. What is total fertility rate (TFR) and why is it used by demographers?
13. Explain the relationship between total fertility rate and replacement fertility. Why is it slightly higher than 2?
14. Define demographic transition.
15. Identify and describe the contributing factors to the four stages in demographic transition and, for each, briefly describe what is happening to birth rates, death rates, and population increase.
16. Explain why the demographic transition model may not apply to all countries.
17. Identify the factor that seems to have the greatest affect on population growth rates. Briefly describe (point form) how this factor may be implemented (emphasized) in various cultures.
18. Briefly describe how both poverty and affluence can create environmental impacts.
19. How is HIV/AIDS impacting human population. Identify regions of the world where this influence is greatest.
20. Describe China's one-child policy and list pro's & con's.
AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE STUDY GUIDE: CHAPTER 9 SOIL AND AGRICULTURE
Key Terms A horizon agriculture arable land B horizon bedrock C horizon clay conservation district contour farming crop rotation cropland desertification Dust Bowl E horizon erosion fertilizer green revolution
gully erosion horizon industrialized agriculture inorganic fertilizer intercropping irrigation leaching loam monoculture no-till farming O horizon organic fertilizer overgrazing parent material rangeland reduced-till farming
R horizon Rill erosion salinization sheet erosion shelterbelt silt soil soil profile soil texture triangle splash erosion terracing topsoil traditional agriculture waterlogging weathering
Chapter Objectives
1. Explain the importance of soils to agriculture, and describe the impacts of agriculture on soils.
2. Outline major historical developments in agriculture.
3. Delineate the fundamentals of soil science, including soil formation and the properties of soil.
4. State the causes and predict the consequences of soil erosion and soil degradation.
5. Recite the history and explain the principles of soil conservation.
From the Reading
1. What problem was facing farmers of Southern Brazil in the latter half of the 20th century? What is "no-till" agriculture – how did a switch to this practice impact the problem?
2. What is soil? The authors claim it is a renewable resource - is it "renewable" in the conventional sense of that term? Explain.
3. Define "soil degradation".
4. Identify the continent with the most degraded soil and the reason for the degradation.
5. Identify the continents where soils are currently being degraded the fastest.
6. Identify the three uses of land that are most responsible for the world’s soil degradation. Briefly explain how each leads practice affects soil.
7. What is meant by "traditional" or "subsistence" agriculture?
8. Identify the five areas most widely accepted as responsible for agricultural development. For each, list the foods each area developed.
9. Identify the key elements of industrial agriculture.
10. Describe the composition of soil.
11. Contrast weathering and erosion.
12. Distinguish between physical, chemical, and biological weathering.
13. Identify five factors that influence soil formation. For each, describe the effects on soil formation.
14. Identify the layers of soils in a soil profile. For each, provide a brief description.
15. What does it mean for soil to be "leached" of nutrients?
16. Identify and briefly describe four characteristics of soil.
17. Identify three particle sizes used to define soil texture. How do they relate to water infiltration and water holding capacity of soil?
18. What soil type is most desirable for agriculture?
19. Identify three practices in which humans have increased the vulnerability of soils.
20. Describe the four principal kinds of water erosion.
21. Identify typical erosion rates for U.S. croplands.
22. Define desertification. Identify general characteristics for land that is prone to desertification. Identify specific areas that have undergone desertification.
23. What and when was the Dust Bowl? How did the U.S. government respond to the Dust Bowl?
24. Describe six methods farmers can employ to protect against soil degredation.
25. Summarize the use of water for irrigation.
26. Identify two significant problems that arise as a result of irrigation.
27. Why are fertilizers applied to crops?
28. Distinguish between inorganic fertilizers and organic fertilizers.
29. Summarize how grazing practices and policies contribute to soil degradation.
30. Identify the impacts of forestry on soils.
31. Identify and briefly describe U.S. and international programs to promote soil conservation.