ap chemistry notes solutions & colligative properties
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AP Chemistry Notes
Solutions & Colligative Properties
A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances. The solute is(are) the substance(s) present in the
smaller amount(s). The solvent is the substance present in the larger
amount.
Solutions…
Solutions…
An electrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved in water, results in a solution that can conduct electricity.
A nonelectrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved, results in a solution that does not conduct electricity.
nonelectrolyte weak electrolyte strong electrolyte
Solutions…
A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of a solute that will dissolve in a given solvent at a specific temperature.
An unsaturated solution contains less solute than the solvent has the capacity to dissolve at a specific temperature.
A supersaturated solution contains more solute than is present in a saturated solution at a specific temperature.
Solutions…
Three types of interactions in the solution process: solvent-solvent; solute-solute; and solvent-solute
Hsoln = H1 + H2 + H3
Solutions…
Two substances with similar intermolecular forces are likely to be soluble in each other. ‘LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE’
Non-polar molecules are soluble in non-polar solvents CCl4 in C6H6
Polar molecules are soluble in polar solvents C2H5OH in H2O
Ionic compounds are more soluble in polar solvents NaCl in H2O or NH3 (l)
Concentration…
The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a given quantity of solvent or solution.
Percent by Mass:
= x 100%mass of solutemass of solution
Concentration…
Mole Fraction (X)
XA = moles of A
sum of moles of all components
Concentration…
Molarity:
Molality:
M =moles of solute
liters of solution
m =moles of solute
mass of solvent (kg)
Concentration…
What is the molality of a 5.86 M ethanol (C2H5OH) solution whose density is 0.927 g/mL?
m =moles of solute
mass of solvent (kg)M =
moles of solute
liters of solution
Assume 1 L of solution: 5.86 moles ethanol = 270 g ethanol927 g of solution (1000 mL x 0.927 g/mL)
mass of solvent = mass of solution – mass of solute
= 927 g – 270 g = 657 g = 0.657 kg
m =moles of solute
mass of solvent (kg)=
5.86 moles C2H5OH
0.657 kg solvent= 8.92 m
Solubility…
Solid solubility and
temperature
Solubility…
Gas solubility and
temperature
Solubility…
Pressure and Solubility of Gases The solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional
to the pressure of the gas over the solution (Henry’s law).
Mathematically expressed: c = kP c is the concentration (M) of the dissolved gas P is the pressure of the gas over the solution k is a constant (mol/L•atm) that depends only on
temperature
Henry’s Law:
low P
low c
high P
high c
The solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the The solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas over the solution (pressure of the gas over the solution (Henry’s lawHenry’s law).).
Colligative Properties
NON-Electrolytic Solutions
Colligative Properties…
Colligative properties are properties that depend only on the number of solute particles in solution and not on the nature of the solute particles. Vapor-Pressure Lowering Boiling Point Elevation Freezing Point Depression Osmosis
Vapor Pressure Lowering…
Raoult’s law: P1 = X1 P 10
P 10 = vapor pressure of pure solvent
X1 = mole fraction of the solvent
If the solution contains only one solute:
X1 = 1 – X2
P 10 - P1 = P = X2 P 1
0
X2 = mole fraction of the solute
Vapor Pressure Lowering…
At a given temperature water has a vapor pressure of 22.80 mmHg. Calculate the vapor pressure above a solution of 90.40 g of sucrose (C12H22O11) in 350.0 mL of water, assuming the water to have a density of 1.000 g/mL.
Vapor Pressure Lowering…
90.40 g C12H22O11 0.26 mol
350.0 ml H2O 19.4 mol X = (19.4/(19.4+0.26)) = 0.9868 VP = XP
VP = (0.9868)(22.80)
VP = 22.50 mmHg
Vapor Pressure Lowering…
23.00 g of an unknown substance was added to 120.0 g of water. The vapor pressure above the solution was found to be 21.34 mmHg. Given that the vapor pressure of pure water at this temperature is 22.96 mmHg, calculate the Molar Mass of the unknown.
Vapor Pressure Lowering…
23.0 g X 120.0 g H2O 6.65 mol H2O VP = 21.34 P = 22.96 VP = XP 21.34 = X (22.96) X = 0.929 X = mol H2O / total mol 0.929 = 6.65/(6.65 + x) X mol = 0.506 M = g/mol = 23.0 / 0.506 M = 45.46 g/mol
Vapor Pressure Lowering…
PB = XB P B0
PT = PA + PB
PT = XA P A0 + XB P B
0
PA = XA P A0
Ideal Solution
Vapor Pressure Lowering…
At 20.0 oC the vapor pressures of methanol (CH3OH)and ethanol (C2H5OH) are 95.0 and 45.0 mmHg respectively. An ideal solution contains 16.1 g of methanol and 92.1 g of ethanol. Calculate the vapor pressure.
Vapor Pressure Lowering…
16.1 g CH3OH 0.5 mol
92.1 g C2H5OH 2 mol Total mol = 2.5 VP = XaPa + XbPb
VP = (0.5/2.5)(95) + (2/2.5)(45)
VP = 55 mmHg
Boiling Point Elevation…
Tb = Tb – T b0
T b is the boiling point of the pure solvent
0
T b is the boiling point of the solution
Tb > T b0 Tb > 0
Tb = Kb m
m is the molality of the solution
Kb is the molal boiling-point elevation constant (0C/m)
Freezing Point Depression…
Tf = T f – Tf0
T f > Tf0 Tf > 0
T f is the freezing point of the pure solvent
0
T f is the freezing point of the solution
Tf = Kf m
m is the molality of the solution
Kf is the molal freezing-point depression constant (0C/m)
Constants…
What is the freezing point of a solution containing 478g of ethylene glycol (antifreeze) in 3202 g of water? GIVEN: The molar mass of ethylene glycol is 62.01 g.
Tf = Kf m
m =moles of solute
mass of solvent (kg)= 2.41 m=
3.202 kg solvent
478 g x 1 mol62.01 g
Kf water = 1.86 0C/m
Tf = Kf m = 1.86 0C/m x 2.41 m = 4.48 0C
Tf = T f – Tf0
Tf = T f – Tf0 = 0.00 0C – 4.48 0C = -4.48 0C
Summary…
Colligative properties are properties that depend only on the number of solute particles in solution and not on the nature of the solute particles.
Vapor-Pressure Lowering P1 = X1 P 10
Boiling-Point Elevation Tb = Kb m
Freezing-Point Depression Tf = Kf m
Osmotic Pressure () = MRT
Colligative Properties
Electrolytic Solutions
Colligative Properties…
Colligative properties are properties that depend only on the number of solute particles in solution and not on the nature of the solute particles.
0.1 m NaCl solution 0.1 m Na+ ions & 0.1 m Cl- ions 0.1 m NaCl solution 0.2 m ions in solution
van’t Hoff factor (i) = actual number of particles in soln after dissociation
number of formula units initially dissolved in soln
i should be1
2
3
Nonelectrolytes
NaCl
CaCl2
Colligative Properties…
Boiling-Point Elevation Tb = i Kb m
Freezing-Point Depression Tf = i Kf m
Osmotic Pressure () = iMRT
Colligative Properties…
At what temperature will a 5.4 molal solution of NaCl At what temperature will a 5.4 molal solution of NaCl freeze?freeze?
Solution:Solution:
∆∆TTFPFP = K = Kff • m • i • m • i
∆ ∆TTFPFP = (1.86 = (1.86 ooC/molal) • 5.4 m • 2C/molal) • 5.4 m • 2
∆ ∆TTFP FP = 20.1= 20.1 ooCC
FP = 0 – 20.1 = -20.1FP = 0 – 20.1 = -20.1 ooCC
Colligative Properties…
Osmotic Pressure ():Osmosis is the selective passage of solvent molecules through a porous membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one.
A semipermeable membrane allows the passage of solvent molecules but blocks the passage of solute molecules.
Osmotic pressure () is the pressure required to stop osmosis.
dilute moreconcentrated
Colligative Properties…
HighP
LowP
= MRT
M is the molarity of the solution
R is the gas constant
T is the temperature (in K)
Colloids…
A colloid is a dispersion of particles of one substance throughout a dispersing medium of another substance. Colloid versus solution:
Collodial particles are much larger than solute molecules Collodial suspension is not as homogeneous as a solution