ap chapter 26
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American Pageant Chapter 26 PowerpointTRANSCRIPT
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The American
Pageant
Chapter 26
The Great West and
the Agricultural
Revolution,
1865-1896
Cover Slide
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Red Cloud's Delegations, 1868
Red Cloud (seated, second from left), with other Oglala Sioux, visited President
Grant at the White House to argue for his people's right to trade at Fort Laramie,
Wyoming. His clothing, unlike the traditional Native American dress of the other
chiefs, reflected his desire to negotiate with whites on equal terms. ( National
Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.)
Red Cloud's Delegations, 1868
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Map: Agricultural Regions, 1889-1900
Agricultural Regions, 1889-1900
In the Pacific Northwest and east of the 28-inch-rainfall line, farmers could grow a greater variety of crops. Territory west of
the line was either too mountainous or too arid to support agriculture without irrigation. The grasslands that once fed buffalo
herds now could feed beef cattle.
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Map: Mining and Cattle Frontiers, 1860-
1890
Mining and Cattle Frontiers, 1860-1890
The western mining and ranching bonanzas lured thousands of Americans hoping to get rich quick.
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Map: Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi West, 1860-
1890
Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi West, 1860-1890
The West was not settled by a movement of peoples gradually creeping westward from the East. Rather, settlers first
occupied California and the Midwest and then filled up the nation's vast interior.
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Map: The Development and Natural Resources of the West
The Development and Natural Resources of the West
By 1890 mining, lumbering, and cattle ranching had penetrated many areas west of the Mississippi River, and railroads had
linked together the western economy. These characteristics, along with the spread of agriculture, contributed to the Census
Bureau's observation that the frontier had disappeared; yet, as the map shows, large areas remain undeveloped.
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Map: The Oklahoma Land Rush, 1889-1906
The Oklahoma Land Rush, 1889-1906
Lands in Oklahoma not settled by "Sooners" were sold by lotteries, allotments, and sealed-bid auctions. By 1907 the major
reservations had been broken up, and each Native American family had been given a small farm.
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Map: U.S. Territorial Expansion in the Late Nineteenth Century
U.S. Territorial Expansion in the Late Nineteenth Century
The major period of U.S. territorial expansion abroad came in a short burst of activity in the late 1890s, when newspapers
and some politicians beat the drums for empire.
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Map: Western Indian Reservations, 1890
Western Indian Reservations, 1890
Native-American reservations were almost invariably located on poor-quality lands. Consequently, when the Dawes
Severalty Act broke up the reservations into 160-acre farming tracts, many of the semiarid divisions would not support
cultivation.
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Plains Indians
Nomadic warriors Lifestyle centered around the Buffalo (wigwams, food, clothing, etc)
Resisted white encroachment-skilled and aggressive fighters (use of horse)
Warfare: often great cruelty & massacres on both sides
Revenge, punish whites for breaking treaties, defend lands & preserve way of life
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Reservations
Some of the most arid lands were set aside for the Indians as their Reservation
Indian agents often corrupt one w/ annual salary of $1,500 saved $50,000 in 4 years
Indian Reservations
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Clash of
Cultures Chivingtons Sand
Creek massacre 1864 Battle of the Washita
1868 Custer killed Black Kettle and his people
Wounded Knee 1890 200 Indians killed
Fettermans Massacre Sioux killed 81 soldiers and civilians along the Bozeman Trail 1866 (Government abandoned the Bozeman Trail)
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Custers Last Stand
Battle of the Little Big Horn 1876 (Montana)
Custer and 264 Officers and men killed
7th Calvary
Sitting Bull: And 2,500 Sioux
Buffalo Bill Cody Killed over 4,000 Buffalo in 18 months Kansas Railroad
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Clash of Cultures Ghost Dance 1890
outlawed bring back all buffalo & warriors - led to battle of wounded Knee
Chief Joseph: Nez Perce led US troops on 1,300 circuitous attempted escape to Canada: finally captured I will fight no more forever 1877 symbolized the end of the Indian Wars
Indians forced to surrender after the end of the buffalo (white butchery) & the Coming of the RR Unlimited troops and supplies; helped defeat the Indians
Indians now placed on the Reservation
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Clash of Cultures Geronimo Apache
resisted US & Mexican troops in Arizona and New Mexico
Indian boarding schools Carlisle School for Indians (Pennsylvania) effort to educate Native Americans
Government efforts to assimilate the Indians: Dawes-Severalty Act 1887 dissolved some tribes break up reservations = took away tribal ownership of land - 160 acres of land given to individuals (Indians) who farm for 25 years & give-up tribal ways of life
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Class of Cultures
A Century of Dishonor By Helen Hunt Jackson Outlined the many
broken treaties by the US to the Indians
Dawes Severalty Act Promise of citizenship in 25
years of they renounced their way of life make them rugged individuals (farms) assimilation
Wipe out tribal ownership of land & dissolve many tribes as legal entities
Only effort until 1934 Indian Reorganization Act (Indian New Deal) tried to restore tribal ownership of the reservations
Buffalo Soldiers
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Mining Pikes Peak gold discovered
Denver Boom Towns fifty niners or
Pikes Peakers Thousands go west 1858 Comstock Lode
Nevada $340 Million Black Hills (Gold) Mining brought large white
populations West Boom town to ghost towns
Individuals Vigilante committees Law and order
responsible citizens, churches, schools farmers
Large mining corporations begin mining Quartz mining deep in the ground - expensive
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Gold miners with sluice, c. 1850
At first, gold miners worked individually, each with a shovel and pan. By the 1850s devices
like the one shown here, a "long tom," were making mining a cooperative venture. Miners
shoveled clay, dirt, and stone into a long and narrow box, hosed in water at one end, stirred the
mixture, and waited for the finer gravel, which might include gold, to fall through small holes
and lodge under the box. (The Hallmark Photographic Collection, Hallmark Cards, Inc.
Kansas City, Missouri)
Gold miners with sluice, c. 1850
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Women = found work
running boarding
houses Gained
equality sooner:
Wyoming1869
Utah1870
Colorado 1893
Idaho 1896
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Cattle Kingdom
After Civil war Texas Longhorns Long Drive From
Texas to cow towns the RR terminals of: Abilene, Kansas Dodge City, Ogallala, Nebraska Cheyenne, Wyoming etc.
of cowboys are black
Range Wars vs. Cattlemen and sheep herders
Homestead Act of 1862 160 acres given was not enough in the West
Winter of 1886-7 cowherds die out
End of the Cattle Kingdom & the cowboy era
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Great Plains
Homestead Act 1862 160 acres of land- too small to be productive
Sodbusters sod homes soddies
Hard life lack of water dry farming,
Fencing: barbed wire-Joseph F. Glidden 1874
Farm tenancy renters
Oklahoma 1889 opened for homesteading Sooners jumped the gun staked claims eighty niners 10,000 in one day
Farmers began to rely on one crop Wheat or Corn
Poor market and harsh winters ended the era by 1890s
Large Bonanza Wheat farms begin to take over: Farms owned by corporations not individuals
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Frederick Jackson Turner Frontier thesis Significance of the
Frontier in American History American character: result of the West
individualistic, independent, hard-working West also served as a safety valve
immigrants who would have overcrowded cities, forced Easterners to pay higher wages, land of opportunity for farmers & Easterners, farmers could sell for a profit $$$
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Farmers
Isolation on farms, drought, winds, floods, early and late frosts - tough life
National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry Oliver H. Kelly social, educational and finally a political organization- Regulation of Railroads Granger laws in some states: over-ruled by Wabash Case 1886 which will lead to the
Interstate Commerce Act (Federal control of trade) Huge problem overproduction This leads to tenant farming in Midwest & South
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Greenback-Labor Party
Want greenbacks still in circulation cheap money
Too little money in circulation and this would lead to inflation (felt problems were because of deflated currency)
High-water mark: 1878: pooled 3% of population, their presidential candidate was James B. Weaver
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Farmers Alliances
Northwestern Farmers Alliance formed to try to break the grip of the Railroads by cooperative buying and selling
Southern Farmers Alliance split :Southern Colored Farmers Alliance
Meet in Ocala, Florida several populist demands of reform
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Peoples (Populists) Party
Successor to Greenback-Labor Party
Omaha Platform 1892
1. Sub-treasures warehouses
2. End national banks 3. End absentee
ownership of land 4. Direct election of
Senators
5. Government ownership of RR, telephone, telegraphs
6. Government ownership of postal savings banks
Graduated income taxes
Inflation of currency More socialistic-like
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Peoples (Populists) Party
Successes controlled 12 states, 6 governors, 3 Senators, 50 members of congress
James B. Weaver Presidential Candidate in 1892 won 1 million votes 22 electoral votes
Mary Elizabeth Lease,
farmers should raise
more hell and less corn
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Panic of 1893
Most severe depression to date 18% or higher unemployment
Philadelphia and Reading RR went bankrupt
Stock market crashes Cause: RR expansion & speculation 8,000 business go under 156 railroads,
400 banks
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Coxeys Army 1894
March on Washington DC to protest the economic situation
Demands 1. more money in circulation and 2. government works programs to get people working again
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Coxey's Army
Jacob Coxey's "army" of the unemployed reaches the outskirts of Washington, D.C.,
in 1894. Note the new electrical or telephone poles. (Library of Congress)
Coxey's Army
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Pullman Strike 1894
The Pullman Strike: nationwide conflict between labor unions and railroads in 1894.
The conflict began in the town of Pullman, Illinois on May 11 when approximately 3,000 employees of the Pullman Palace Car Company began a wildcat strike in response to recent reductions in wages, bringing traffic west of Chicago to a halt.
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Pullman Strike
The American Railway Union, the nation's first industry-wide union, led by Eugene V. Debs, subsequently became embroiled in what The New York Times described as "a struggle between the greatest and most important labor organization and the entire railroad capital" that involved some 250,000 workers in 27 states at its peak.
Labor unions, Populists & debtors saw the strike as proof of an alliance between business, federal government & courts against working class
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Pullman Strike 1894
John Peter Altgeld Governor of Illinois supported the strike
Richard Olney US Attorney General (former RR Attorney) held that the strike interfered with the US Mail
President Grover Cleveland supported this idea & Federal troops were sent in : Also, 1st use of a government Court injunction to end the strike
Eugene v. Debs is sentenced to 6 months jail he had defied a court injunction
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King Debs This famous cartoon about the Pullman strike, originally published July 14, 1894, in Harper's Weekly, shows Eugene Debs, head of the American Railway Union, sitting atop a railway bridge that has been turned to cut off all rail traffic. The railroad cars behind him are labeled "fresh vegetables," "beef," and "fruit," to emphasize the perishable nature of the products that could not be delivered, and others are identified as "U.S. Mail." In the background, factories have "closed" signs on them. This cartoon, and others like it, helped to mobilize opinion against the strikers. (Library of Congress)
King Debs
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1896 Election
Republican William McKinley
supported by the wealth of Marcus Alonzo Hanna
Gold bugs support gold standard some Democrats bolt the party and vote McKinley
McKinley wins 271 EV to 176 (close popular vote)
Democrats William Jennings Bryan 36
Nebraska Energetic & charismatic, great
orator, radiated honesty and sincerity
Famous Cross of Gold speech you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of Gold
promoting silverites: cause Unlimited coinage of silver major issue of election
Front Porch Campaign
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William Jennings Bryan
Bryan depicted as a Populist snake swallowing the Democratic Party; 1896 cartoon
A Republican satire on Bryan's "Cross of Gold" speech 1896
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Aftermath of the 1896
election Republican victory a
victory for big business, big cities, middle-class values & financial conservatives.
McKinley was an ear-to-the-ground politician but did have ability
Dingley Tariff passed to raise more revenue (46.5%)
Prosperity returned & Republicans took credit
Gold Standard Act 1900 paper $ redeemed in Gold
Gold discoveries in Alaska, the Klondike, Africa (more gold in world market) loosened monetary supply
Cheap cyanide process for extracting gold