AP Biology

March 7, 2012 BellRinger:

Explain how the number of choices an organism has may affect its mating behaviors

Objective: Students will familiarize themselves with the

structure/function of animal reprodcutive systems.

Homework: Ch 46 Notes Chp 32 & 47 due Friday

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AP Biology 2007-2008

Animal Reproduction&

Development

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Overview Reproductive Anatomy Gametogenesis Regulation Development

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StructuresStructures Gonads

testes & ovaries produce reproductive

cells & sex hormones

Ducts transport gametes

Accessory Organs secrete fluids

External Genitalia strucs invol. with

reproductive proceses

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Male Reproductive System Overview Testes Duct system- transports sperm & fluids

Epididymis Ductus (vas) deferens Urethra

Accessory organs- Secrete fluids

Seminal vesicles Prostate Bulbourethral glands

External genitalia Penis Scrotum

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Female Reproductive Anatomy Ovaries are the

primary female reproductive organs Make female gametes

(ova) Secrete female sex

hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

Duct System uterine tubes uterus vagina

External genitalia – external sex organs

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Function of Reproductive SystemFunction of Reproductive System creation of offspring by producing,

storing nourishing, and transporting reproductive cells (gametes)

AP Biology

March 8, 2012 BellRinger:

Explain the expression “a female is born with all of her eggs in one basket”

Objective: Students will familiarize themselves with the

structure/function of animal reproductive systems.

Homework: Chp 32 & 47 due Friday

general idea of development & differences btwn phyla

AP Biology

Think ahead… How is gametogenesis different

between males and females?

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Sperm productionEpididymis Testis

Coiledseminiferoustubules

Vas deferens

Cross-section ofseminiferous tubule

spermatozoa

spermatids(haploid)

secondaryspermatocytes

(haploid)

primaryspermatocyte

(diploid)

germ cell (diploid)

MEIOSIS II

MEIOSIS I

Spermatogenesis continuous & prolific process each ejaculation =

100-600 million sperm

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Spermatogenesis

• Puberty until death!

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Egg production

Meiosis 1 completedduring egg maturation

Meiosis 2 completedtriggered by fertilization

ovulation

Oogenesis eggs in ovaries halted

before Anaphase 1 Meiosis 1 completed

during maturation Meiosis 2 completed

after fertilization 1 egg + 2 polar bodies

What is the advantage of this development system?

unequal divisions

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Gametogenesis – note the differences

Spermatogensis Oogenesis

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Learning Check What is the function of

gametogenesis? How are they different in males & females?

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Male and Female Differences Meiosis

Males—produces four functional sperm Females—produces one functional ovum and

three polar bodies

Sex cell size and structure Sperm are tiny, motile, and equipped with

nutrients in seminal fluid Egg is large, non-motile, and has nutrient

reserves to nourish the embryo until implantation

AP Biology 2005-2006

Regulation: Reproductive hormones Testosterone

from testes functions

sperm production 2° sexual

characteristics

Estrogen from ovaries functions

egg production prepare uterus

for fertilized egg 2° sexual

characteristics

LH &FSH

testesor

ovaries

AP Biology 2005-2006

Sex hormone control in males

Hypothalamus

Pituitary

Testes

Body cells

GnRH

FSH & LH

testosterone

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The female pattern Estrous cycles/estrus (many

mammals) Menstrual Cycle (humans &

primates) Hormonal Cycle

Regulation of FSH & LH by the pituitary

Regulation of estrogen and progesterone by the ovaries

Ovarian cycles~ Follicular phase ~ follicle growth Ovulation ~ oocyte release Luteal phase~ hormone release

Uterine Cycle Menstruation Proliferative & Secretory Phases

AP Biology 2005-2006

LH

FSH

estrogen

progesterone

lining of uterus

egg development ovulation = egg release

corpus luteum

0 7 14 21 28days

Menstrual cycle

Hypothalamus

Pituitary

Ovaries

Body cells

GnRH

FSH & LH

estrogen

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Egg maturation in ovaryFollicle maturationFollicle maturation under hormonal control under hormonal control

one follicle maturesone follicle matures ~Days 1-14 ~Days 1-14

OvulationOvulation 10-14 days after the onset 10-14 days after the onset

of menstruationof menstruation one mature follicle will one mature follicle will

burst then release the burst then release the secondary oocyte into secondary oocyte into fallopian tube fallopian tube

Corpus luteum produces progesterone

to maintain uterine lining

Will remain through preg. if ovum is fertilized

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Ovulation

Figure 16.11

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Menstruation & Ovulation What factors can impact a woman’s

menstruation? At what point in the month is a woman most

likely to get pregnant? (When is a woman most fertile?)

Create a 28 day calendar with the hormonal, uterine, and ovarian events to help answer these questions P. 926 in the 5th edition can help

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Fertilization

fertilization cleavage gastrulation neurulation organogenesis

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Fertilization Joining of sperm & egg

sperm head (nucleus) enters egg

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Cleavage Repeated mitotic divisions of zygote

1st step to becoming multicellular unequal divisions establishes body plan

different cells receive different portions of egg cytoplasm & therefore different regulatory signals

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Cleavage zygote morula blastula

establishes future development

zygote

blastulamorula

gastrulation

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Establish 3 cell layers ectoderm

outer body tissues skin, nails, teeth nerves, eyes, lining of mouth

mesoderm middle tissues

blood & lymph, bone & notochord, muscle

excretory & reproductive systems endoderm

inner lining digestive system lining of respiratory, excretory &

reproductive systems

Gastrulation

ectoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

protostome vs. deuterostome

gastrulation inprimitive chordates

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Neurulation Formation of notochord & neural tube

develop into nervous system

Notochord

Neural tube

develops intovertebral column

develops into CNS (brain & spinal cord)

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OrganogenesisUmbilical blood vessels

Chorion

Amnion

Yolksac

AllantoisFetal blood vessels

Maternal blood vessels

Bird embryo

Mammalian embryo

Placenta

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Placenta Materials exchange across membranes

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Human fetal development

7 weeks4 weeks

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Human fetal development10 weeks

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Human fetal development

12 weeks 20 weeks

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Human fetal development The fetus just spends much of the 2nd & 3rd

trimesters just growing …and doing various flip-turns & kicks inside amniotic fluid

Week 20

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Human fetal development 24 weeks (6 months; 2nd trimester)

fetus is covered with fine, downy hair called lanugo. Its skin is protected by a waxy material called vernix

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Human fetal development 30 weeks (7.5 months)

umbilical cord

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Getting crowded in there!! 32 weeks (8 months)

The fetus sleeps 90-95% of the day & sometimes experiences REM sleep, an indication of dreaming

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Birthpositive feedback

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Intestine

Placenta

Umbilicalcord

Wall ofuterus

VaginaCervix

Birth (36 weeks)

Bladder

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Parturition

OXYTOCIN~ stimulates uterine contractions

1st stage: Opening up and thinning of

the cervix. Ending in complete dilation.

2nd stage: Expulsion of the baby as a

result of strong uterinecontractions.

3rd stage: Expulsion of the placenta.

Lactation ~ prolactin & oxytocin

AP Biology

The end of the journey!

And you think 9 months of

AP Bio is hard!