ap biology discussion notes wednesday 3/25/2015. goals for the day be able to predict the outcomes...
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AP Biology Discussion Notes
Wednesday 3/25/2015
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Goals for the day• Be able to predict the outcomes of crosses with
intermediate inheritance, co-dominance, or multiple alleles
• Be able to define and perform dihybrid crosses and use multiple strategies to predict the outcomes
• Be able to use probabilities to simplify & complete complex problems.
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Question of the day 3/25
• Fill out the 3 questions at the top of your note sheet -
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Intermediate Inheritance & Co-Dominance
Answer the 3 questions at the top of your page.
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Intermediate Inheritance & Co-Dominance
1. Based on the problems you have done previously, predict the PHENOTYPE(s) of the offspring from a cross between a Red flower and a white flower where red is dominant to white.
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Intermediate Inheritance & Co-Dominance
2. How many phenotypes were possible in the problems we have done so far (look at the legend or the phenotypic ratio)?
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Intermediate Inheritance or Incomplete Dominance
3. What does intermediate mean?
What does incomplete mean?
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Intermediate Inheritance
Intermediate Inheritance/Incomplete Dominance - is when two alleles BLEND together.
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Example: When you cross a Red (FRFR) flower with a White flower (FWFW) you get all pink flowers (FRFW) in the
offspring. (Red x White = 100% Pink)
Legend
Parents Cross it Genotypic Ratio
Phenotypic Ratio
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Intermediate Inheritance or Incomplete Dominance
Note in the cross that the Genotype & Phenotype ratios are now the same!
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Co-Dominance
What does Dominance mean?
What does “CO” mean? (As in cooperate or Coauthors)
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Co-Dominance = Dominant together
Co-Dominance means: BOTH alleles are represented that is they both SHOW UP!
(They are dominant together)
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Intermediate inheritance & Co-Dominance
* The difference between Intermediate Inheritance & Co-dominance is in the PHENOTYPE. In Intermediate Inheritance (aka Incomplete Dominance) the alleles _________ together.In Codominance both alleles _____ _______, are EXPERESSED (Both traits are seen in the phenotype)
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Cross a homozygous black dog with a homozygous white dog
Legend
Parents Cross it Genotypic Ratio
Phenotypic Ratio
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Intermediate inheritance & Co-Dominance
Questions?
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Multiple allelesSome traits may be expressed by more than two possible alleles. This is multiple allele expression. One very important trait expressed through multiple alleles is human blood type.
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Multiple allelesThere are four possible types of human blood:
– A, B, AB, and O
•These are expressed by immunoglobulin proteins, so the three possible alleles are written in this way:
IA & IB are both CO-DOMINANT (they both _______ ___) and i is recessive to them.
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Multiple allelesMultiple alleles – Traits are controlled by more than 2 possible alleles.
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Multiple allelesEven with multiple alleles each individual still only gets _______ alleles for each trait!
One allele from _______ and one allele from ______
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Multiple allelesBlood types in humans are a good example of a multiple allele trait. - They are also an example of CO-Dominance – dominant together – Both alleles/traits _________ _____.
Blood Type
(________type)
Alleles
(_______type)
IAIA or IAi
IBIB or IBi
IAIB
ii
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Multiple alleles
Very Important in Blood Transfusions!
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Multiple alleles
Very Important in Blood Transfusions!
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Multiple alleles1. One parent is homozygous type A and the other is heterozygous type A
Legend
Parents Cross it Genotypic Ratio
Phenotypic Ratio
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Mendel’s Law of Segregation
• Each individual has a pair of factors (alleles) for each trait
• The alleles segregate (separate) during gamete (sperm & egg) formation
• Each gamete contains only one factor (allele) for each trait
• Fertilization gives the offspring two factors (alleles) for each trait
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Dihybrid CrossesUp until now we have been looking at Monohybrid crosses. Mono means _______.
This is to say that we have been looking at one ________, or characteristic, at a time. Often times we want to look at two traits at once. If we are looking at the outcomes of two traits in one cross we will call it a __________ ___________. •Di = _______ Mono = _________
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Dihybrid CrossesOften times we want to look at two traits at once. If we are looking at the outcomes of two traits in one cross we will call it a Dihybrid Cross
Di = _______ Mono = ______
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Dihybrid Crosses
Dihybrid cross – two trait cross
In monohybrid crosses each parent was represented with ___ alleles and there were ____ possible allele combinations.
(Ex. A parent could be AA, Aa, or aa)
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Dihybrid Crosses
Dihybrid cross – two trait cross
In Dihybrid crosses there are ___ alleles/parent and ____ possible Allele Combinations.
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Mendel tested Two-Trait Inheritance
• Dihybrid cross Mendel used true-breeding (__________/____________) plants differing in two traits
– Observed phenotypes among F2 plants
– Formulated Law of Independent Assortment
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Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment
The Alleles for one trait segregate (separate) independently of the alleles for other traits
All possible combinations of alleles can occur in the gametes(________/_______)*These are ____________ cells ( __ n) and made through the process of ____________
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Meiosis Review Let’s refresh our Memory!
OrganismCell type & chromosome # Haploid # Diploid #
Mountain Goat Horn cell = 50
Leopard Seal Tongue cell = 10
Amaryllis Bulb Egg cell = 15
Emperor Penguin Sperm cell = 20
Bald Eagle Heart cell = 100
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Meiosis Review Let’s refresh our Memory!
OrganismCell type & chromosome # Haploid # Diploid #
Mountain Goat Horn cell = 50 25 50Leopard Seal Tongue cell = 10
Amaryllis Bulb Egg cell = 15
Emperor Penguin Sperm cell = 20
Bald Eagle Heart cell = 100
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Meiosis Review Let’s refresh our Memory!
OrganismCell type & chromosome # Haploid # Diploid #
Mountain Goat Horn cell = 50 25 50Leopard Seal Tongue cell = 10 5 10Amaryllis Bulb Egg cell = 15
Emperor Penguin Sperm cell = 20
Bald Eagle Heart cell = 100
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Meiosis Review Let’s refresh our Memory!
OrganismCell type & chromosome # Haploid # Diploid #
Mountain Goat Horn cell = 50 25 50Leopard Seal Tongue cell = 10 5 10Amaryllis Bulb Egg cell = 15 15 30Emperor Penguin Sperm cell = 20
Bald Eagle Heart cell = 100
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Meiosis Review Let’s refresh our Memory!
OrganismCell type & chromosome # Haploid # Diploid #
Mountain Goat Horn cell = 50 25 50Leopard Seal Tongue cell = 10 5 10Amaryllis Bulb Egg cell = 15 15 30Emperor Penguin Sperm cell = 20
20 40
Bald Eagle Heart cell = 100
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Meiosis Review Let’s refresh our Memory!
OrganismCell type & chromosome # Haploid # Diploid #
Mountain Goat Horn cell = 50 25 50Leopard Seal Tongue cell = 10 5 10Amaryllis Bulb Egg cell = 15 15 30Emperor Penguin Sperm cell = 20
20 40
Bald Eagle Heart cell = 100 50 100
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Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment
Round is _______________ to wrinkled.
Yellow is ________________ to green.
In honor of Mendel we will do an example of a dihybrid cross with pea plants.
R – Round
r – wrinkled
Y – Yellow
y - green
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Dihybrid Cross
F1 gen. all (100%) RrYy
Parental Generation (P1): RRYY x rryy
Possible Gamete(s) from RRYY:
Possible Gamete(s) from rryy:
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Dihybrid Cross – F.O.I.L
F1 generation: RrYy
F – first
O – Outside
I – Inside
L - Last
Possible Gametes from RrYy: ______ , ______ , ______ , _______
RrYy
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RY Ry rY ry
RY
Ry
rY
ry
R=Round r =wrinkledY= Yellow g= green RrYy
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RY Ry rY ry
RY RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy
Ry RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy
rY RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy
ry RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy
R=Round r =wrinkledY= Yellow g= green RrYy
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Phenotype (Phenotypic Ratio)
Round & Yellow: ___/16 Round & ________: ___/16 _________ & Yellow: ___/16 __________ & __________ : ___/16
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Phenotype (Phenotypic Ratio)
Round & Yellow: ___/16 Round & ________: ___/16 _________ & Yellow: ___/16 __________ & __________ : ___/16
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RY Ry rY ry
RY RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy
Ry RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy
rY RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy
ry RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy
R=Round r =wrinkledY= Yellow g= green RrYy
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Dihybrid Crosses
Phenotypic Ratio: ___: ___: ___: ___ - This will always be the phenotypic ratio for a Heterozygote cross in normal patterns of inheritance. *This will also be a test question!
Typically for Dihybrid Crosses we will only ask you to find the Phenotypic Ratio, and not the Genotypic Ratios
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Dihybrid Crosses REVIEWThere are now __ possible allele combinations that could be passed on in the gametes of these parents.
Remember that Crossing over, which happens during Prophase 1 of Meiosis, is a source of _______________.
*This Variation is in part why we might be able to have __ different allele combinations.
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Dihybrid Crosses REVIEW*This Variation is in part why we might be able to have 4 different allele combinations.
If I had a heterozygote AaBb I might have AB on one chromosome and ab on another. The possible gametes then would only be AB and ab. The ONLY WAY to get the other possible gametes ___ ___ & ___ ___ are through crossing over which allows the gametes to inherit the alleles in a different way to have (VARIATION)!!!
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Wednesday PM
• I will be unavailable – talk to me if you plan to work on corrections after school.
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Species of the Day 3/25Common Grackle- Quiscalus quiscula
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Species of the Day 3/25Common Grackle- Quiscalus quiscula
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Species of the Day 3/25Common Grackle- Quiscalus quiscula
European Starling- Sternus vulgaris