ap biology discussion notes friday 11/07/2014. goals for the chapter 1.learn about the theory of...
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AP Biology Discussion Notes
Friday 11/07/2014
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Goals for the Chapter1. Learn about the Theory of Evolution and
evidence that is used to support this theory
2. Understand the development of this theory in the context of a historical timeline
3. Develop critical thinking skills that help us examine evidence for ALL theories.
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Question of the Day
• What does the process of Natural selection act on?
• What evolves?
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Descent with Modification
• Descent -the fact or process of originating by generation from an ancestor
• Descent with modification all life comes from a common ancestor.
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Evidence for EvolutionThe Tree of Life
• Is this theory saying that everything can be traced back to one common ancestor?
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Evidence for Descent with Modification
• Fossil Record• Homologies
– Tree of Life– (Not chain of being)
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The Fossil Record• Fossils provide an actual record of Earth’s
past life-forms and gives evidence that:
1. Earth is about 4.5 billion years old.
2. Organisms have inhabited Earth for most of its history.
3. All organisms living today share common ancestry with earlier, simpler life-forms.
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Evidence for Natural Selection
• Fossil Record shows the– Succession of
Fossil forms
– Chronological appearance of vertebrates and other groups
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Formation of Fossils
Why isn’t the fossil record complete?
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Evidence for Descent with Modification
• Fossil Evidence– Cetaceans (Whales)– Whales are mammals,
unlike sharks which are fish !
• Tree of Life– Not chain of being
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Evidence for Descent with Modification
• Homologies – characteristics resulting from common ancestry
– Anatomical Homology– Embryological Homology– Molecular ( __ __ __ )Homology
How & why collect all of those animals?– To compare their structure and describe them.
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Evidence for Descent with Modification• Anatomical Homologies – fore limbs of mammals have
the same bones, which have changed over time to adapt to different lifestyles of different organisms
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Evidence for Descent with Modification• Embryological Homologies – development of vertebrates
is very similar in early stages
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Evidence for Descent with Modification• Molecular Homologies
– All species of life use the same basic machinery (DNA & RNA)
• Used to build Molecular Phylogenies
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Evidence for Descent with Modification
Used to build Molecular Phylogenies
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Evidence for Descent with Modification
Used to build Molecular Phylogenies
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Evidence for Evolution
Molecular Homologies
Used to build Molecular Phylogenies
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Evidence for Natural Selection• Artificial Selection – provides
evidence of how many small changes can amount to a large change over time.
Are dogs really descended (come from) wolves and why do scientists believe that?
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Evidence for Natural Selection• Vestigial Structures - Structures present in an
organism, but reduced in size and either have no use or have a less important function than they do in other, related organisms.
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Evidence for Natural Selection• Vestigial Structures - Structures present in an
organism, but reduced in size and either have no use or have a less important function than they do in other, related organisms.
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Evidence for Natural Selection
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Evidence for Natural Selection
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Evidence for Natural Selection
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Evidence for Natural Selection
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Evidence for Natural Selection• What kind of creatures did scientists think
whales descended from?
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Evidence for Evolution
• A good theory not only explains, but PREDICTS.
• Prediction #1:• There should be
intermediate forms between major groups of organisms.
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According to Darwin…..• Evolution’s Mechanism/driving force/cause is
____________ ___________ or an organism’s __________________.
• What needs to be present for evolution(change over time) to occur?
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According to Darwin…..• What needs to be present for
evolution/change over time to occur?
–VARIATION• What must be true of this variation that is
present?
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According to Darwin…..
What are Sources of GENETIC VARIATION?
– Sexual Reproduction:• Crossing over in Meiosis• Recombining of DNA (½ from Mom and ½ from Dad)
– MUTATION!• A ____________ in an organism’s __________
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According to Darwin…..
What ENVIRONMENTAL factors could have affected the kiwi ancestors?
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According to Darwin…..
Why could it be an advantage for a kiwi to have a smaller wing?
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Microevolution
The changes that occur within a species over time.
Typically happens over short periods of time, and can therefore be more easily observed.
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Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria….
….Let’s say you have one little pathogenic bacteria in your body….
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Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria….
….Let’s say you have one little pathogenic bacteria in your body….
….which becomes 2….…. which becomes….
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Wait….what happened here?
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Wait….what happened here?
It appears we have some variation!
How could that have occurred?
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By now you must be feeling pretty sick!
…….time for some medicine........ How about some Antibiotics!.........
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Did we get them all?
What can this bacteria do now?
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You guessed it!
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You guessed it!
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You guessed it!
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You guessed it!
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You guessed it!
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You guessed it!
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You guessed it!
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Seems like you’re not feeling well again
…….time for some more medicine........
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You guessed it!
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You guessed it!
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Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria….
Now what?
If this represents a change WITHIN a species, than this is also an example of what type of evolution?
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Lets get back to our Kiwis…..
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Macroevolution
Changes that lead to the formation of an ENTIRELY NEW SPECIES!
USUALLY difficult to observe since it typically happens over a LONG period of time
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So what makes a species?
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Biological Species Concept
• Reproductively isolated from other such groups– Produce fertile offspring
• Works well for ANIMALS• Doesn’t work well for PLANTS
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What could prevent these 2 groups from breeding? (Even if
they got back together?)
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If we stopped walking, would our legs eventually shrink and
become useless?• What does Darwin say has to be present
for evolution to occur?
• What would need to be true of that variation?
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If we went back into the water, would we eventually develop
gills?• What does Darwin say has to be present
for evolution to occur?
• What would need to be true of that variation?
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What if there is trouble in Paradise?
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Can the Kiwi’s get their wings back?
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Unfortunately Evolution is not forward thinking!
• ………maybe because its not “thinking”
• Things that were beneficial in the past may not be of benefit in the future.
• What is done is hard to undo!
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What would need to be present for Evolution to occur?
• What has to be true of that Variation?
• What happens if there aren’t any Kiwi’s that had a longer wing?
• How long would this take to happen if it could?
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Testing the testable components